Adaptive Theory Research Articles

Haider's "Mousetrap": Politicized Audiences in "Shakespearean" Kashmir

This paper interrogates Vishal Bhardwaj's Haider as an adaptation of Shakespeare's Hamlet, and the extent to which a critical understanding of audience illuminates the political possibilities of adaptation. Placing the song sequence "Bismil" at the center of inquiry, we bring together theories of Shakespearean adaptation and Bollywood melodrama to underline the way Haider navigates the cultural and political ethics of a Shakespearean adaptation of a Kashmiri narrative. We place Haider in a long history of audience-centric criticism of Hamlet and attempt to understand how refashioning the play into a Bollywood melodrama complicates our notions of the affective and critical possibilities of Shakespeare and drama. The history of alienation and self-reflexivity within the play, and the newly conferred melodramatic excess and its use of public and nonindividuated audiences come together in understanding how Haider's departure from Hamlet might be in how it refashions its audience.

A network-of-networks adaptation for cross-industry manufacturing repurposing

During a crisis, manufacturing processes in supply chains of different industries may network with each other as an adaptation response. We propose and examine a “network-of-networks” mechanism of such a cross-industry adaptation to learn about the value of reducing uncertainty through collaborative crisis preparedness and response during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study allows revelation of the underlying trade-offs between the manufacturing capacity conversion time and effort required to adapt and the gains from collaborative preparedness to uncertainty. Through a real-life data-based analysis with the help of mathematical optimization, we connect the networks-of-networks coordination design and the outcomes of scenario modeling demonstrating a superiority of the coordinated capacity repurposing when compared to ad-hoc adaptation. We conclude that an appropriate collaboration of governmental agencies, healthcare, and industry is crucial for a prompt capacity conversion to healthcare production in a pandemic. Concrete implementation ways are visibility, healthcare inventory monitoring, technology backup plans, and repurposing contingency plans at the preparedness stage. At the response stage, a correct adaptation start time determines success. The results obtained can be instructive to develop technological and managerial plans for a cross-industry adaptation. The proposed “network-of-networks” perspective contributes to theory of supply chain viability and adaptation under disruptions using intertwined supply networks.

Thomas D’Urfey’s Adaptation of Cervantes’s Quixote: The Comical History of Don Quixote

Abstract The Comical History of Don Quixote (1694) is one of the first dramatizations of Miguel de Cervantes’s novel in English, written in three parts. Starting with the episode of Cardenio and Luscinda in the first part, Thomas D’Urfey takes liberties with the characters and twists the plot, mixing chapters and embellishing it with songs by composer Henry Purcell and music by other contemporary artists. However, this dramatist presents us with a noble and quite sensible Don Quixote, as opposed to a histrionic Sancho, thus inverting the essence of the original characters in Cervantes’s novel.This article will analyze – from the perspective of studies on theatrical adaptation, such as Linda Hutcheon’s A Theory of Adaptation (2006) and Jane Barnette’s ADAPTURGY: The Dramaturg’s Art and Theatrical Adaptation (2018) – Thomas D’Urfey’s The Comical History of Don Quixote (1694) as an adaptation of Miguel de Cervantes’s Quixote. The author will explore the different episodes that D’Urfey chose to rewrite in the three parts of his play, analyzing the differences and similitudes between the original stories in the novel and their adapted version in the play, in order to prove that, on the one hand, Cervantes’s novel was already widely known by English audiences when D’Urfey’s plays were premiered, on the other, that he adapted the existing material to suit the preferences of English seventeenth-century audiences and, finally, that he created a parody in which Don Quixote is actually a nobler character than that of the preceding seventeenth-century adaptations.1

Factors Affecting Adaptability of Teachers in Teaching at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Under the Covid – 19 Pandemic

This study is to clarify the factors affecting the adaptability in the teaching of lecturers at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities (VNU-HCM) due to the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic. From the general theoretical basis: concepts, theory of adaptability, characteristics of lecturers, and characteristics of adaptability in teaching, the research identified, and analyzed factors affecting the adaptability in the teaching of lecturers include: (1) Psychology; (2) Attitude; (3) Technology; (4) University Support; (5) Students’ participation; and (6) CCognitivefactor. Accordingly, six hypotheses are built based on the research model. The study used quantity active research methods and conducted cited surveys with 222 lecturers of VNU-HCM using online and face-to-face questionnaires. Collected data were processed by SPSS20 software. After checking the reliability of the scale by Cronbach's Alpha and analyzing the EFA factor, the remaining four hypotheses were tested and achieved high reliability (in which the factors of Student participation and Cognition were disqualified due to failure to meet Cronbach's Alpha criteria). The results of multivariate regression analysis have identified three facto which three factors include (1) Attitude; (2) Technology;(3) University Support have a positive impact on the adaptability in the teaching of teachers. From the research results, the study proposes solutions to improve the adaptability in the teaching of -HCM in the changing conditions caused by the epidemic in particular and changes in the teaching methods in general.
 
 Received: 21 May 2023 / Accepted: 29 July 2023 / Published: 5 September 2023

Инновационный подход к исследованию адаптационных резервов и элементного статуса у населения Арктической зоны Российской Федерации (обзор)

The paper suggests an innovative scientific approach to processing data from a survey of residents of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) and an approach to implementing preventive measures to protect the health of the population based on it. The object of the analysis are the adaptive reserves and elemental status (based on blood and hair samples) of the indigenous and newcomer population of AZRF. Innovativeness is understood here as the use of a body model, fundamental interdisciplinary knowledge, and adaptation theory to explain and interpret the differences in the statistical data of the population survey. In addition to the adaptation theory, the author turned to the theory of homeostasis by C. Bernard and W. Cannon, theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin, theory of nonspecific reactions by L.Kh. Garkavi, systems approach, doctrine of chemical elements, approach to modelling the state of functional reserves of the population, and method of medical SWOT analysis. The paper describes the physiological mechanisms of the formation of adaptive reactions in the indigenous rural population of AZRF, which ensure the body’s transition to a new level of energy supply necessary for living in extreme environmental conditions. The stressful state of the newcomer population of AZRF is substantiated. A body model is presented that can be used to identify disease determinants. Moreover, the connection of the model’s components with the body’s elemental composition and muscle tissue is described. Based on this model, the influence of the elemental status of the indigenous and newcomer residents of AZRF on the state of their organs and systems was analysed. As a result, a strategy of personalized preventive measures to preserve the health of the population of AZRF as well as recommendations on nutrition and lifestyle were suggested. The approach presented can be used to develop official recommendations for disease prevention in the population of AZRF as well as to improve the selection procedure for rotational work in AZRF.

Theory of climate resilience, disaster adaptation, and flood mitigation in territorial spatial planning systems: A case study of the Fujian Delta Region

为落实国土空间规划体系的改革，满足国家对城市安全及韧性治理提出的新要求，运用韧性城市理论，融合遥感解译、GIS及智能算法等技术方法，构建了契合国土空间规划“五级三类”体系的韧性规划理论框架，提出了应对气候变化的“减缓与适应”的韧性规划原则，论述了城市群、流域、街区等多尺度的韧性承洪设计内容，构建了智慧识别风险及生态适灾承洪的技术路线，创新了韧性国土及智慧承洪规划理论。在此基础上，以闽三角地区为例，提出了发挥区域及城市群生态海绵、城市半人工-半自然海绵的滞洪泄洪功能，耦合高密度城区的智慧排水网及立体海绵径流消减作用，协同蓝-灰-绿基础设施的韧性承洪承涝的规划响应方法。

The influence of classroom context on AAC device use for nonspeaking school-aged autistic children

Purpose: Language learning, including on a speech-generating device (SGD), relies on having communication opportunities to use language. Yet, children who use SGDs do not consistently use their devices throughout the day. As a first step towards increasing device use, it is important to determine how the numerous contexts (e.g. recess, lunch, academic) that exist throughout the school day impact the frequency and type of communication opportunities that children have. Within this study, we used complex adaptive systems theory to investigate whether there were differences in how frequently nonspeaking autistic children classified as emerging communicators (i.e. children who do not consistently produce two-word utterances independently and do not communicate for a variety of communicative functions) used their SGDs to communicate and the type of communication they produced (i.e. spontaneous, prompted, or imitation) across different classroom contexts. Method: Fourteen autistic children who use an SGD as their primary mode of communication were videotaped up to nine times throughout different school days. The videos were coded for the type of device use (i.e. whether the child’s use of the device was spontaneous, prompted, or imitation) and classroom context, which were categorised by the inherent level of support and directiveness. Result: There was a significant difference in SGD use across classroom contexts. Overall, the children communicated more and engaged in more spontaneous, prompted, and imitated communication in classroom contexts with high levels of structure (e.g. tabletop work) compared to contexts with low levels of structure and directiveness (e.g. free play). Conclusion: This study highlights the need to increase communication opportunities across all school contexts. Creating appropriate communication opportunities in all contexts, especially those with less structure, will help ensure that communication does not become context-bound.

Towards a conceptual model of measuring the influence of service innovation on business performance

The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model that can be utilised to measure the influence of service innovation on business performance. The complexity adaptive theory is adopted as an overarching theoretical lens in this paper. A literature review of previous studies on the influence of service innovation on business performance for the period 2010 to 2023 was conducted to achieve the research objective of this paper. This paper argues that the impact of environmental factors in the relationship between service innovation and business performance should not be neglected. Future research directions are provided in this paper.

Discovering novel barriers to eBook implementation.

Medical errors when managing inpatient paediatric patients with diabetes mellitus can lead to significant morbidity and mortality, necessitating improvement in training of medical trainees. Previous educational interventions have focused on time and resource intensive methods, restricting their applicability to teaching in time-limited scenarios. We chose a blended learning approach to create and implement a novel eBook for use by trainees and then aimed to determine the efficacy and potential barriers to that implementation. We grounded our work in complex adaptive systems theory and used the framework of complex adaptive blended learning system (CABLS) to shape both our implementation and evaluation. We utilised an embedded mixed methodology to quantitatively evaluate efficacy via knowledge acquisition and self-reported confidence and to qualitatively evaluate barriers via open-ended questions. Between 2022 and 2023, the study enrolled 72 learners and 12 educators. There was no statistically significant difference in change in knowledge acquisition and self-reported confidence between learners who did and did not have access to the eBook. Learners and educators identified several unique and novel barriers to eBook implementation, which were mapped to the CABLS framework. Our results on the efficacy of implementation are inconclusive, possibly due to the small participant size and implying a need for multi-institutional evaluation. Our qualitative results demonstrated previously unknown barriers to eBook implementation. This knowledge can assist other medical specialties as they implement their own eBooks. We also hope to use these barriers to improve implementation in our next iteration: the outpatient setting.

Influence of Adaptive Leadership Safe Environment dimension on Organizational Performance in Kenya’s Insurance Companies

The specific objective of the study was to examine the extent to which a safe environment as a dimension of adaptive leadership influences organizational performance. The study was guided by the Adaptive Leadership theory. The positivism philosophy and descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The population consisted of 311 senior and middle-level managers from 56 licensed insurance companies in Kenya. A census survey was used and primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire in this study. Descriptive statistics used in the analysis included the mean and standard deviation while inferential statistics included the Chi-square test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The study found a positive and significant correlation between a safe environment and organizational performance. The study found that a safe environment significantly predicted organizational performance, β = 0.698, t (239) = 9.784, p < .001 hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. The study concluded that a safe environment has a significant influence on organizational performance. The study, therefore, recommends that leaders should create safe environments to enhance organizational performance.

Influence of Getting on the Balcony Behavior on Digital Transformation of Insurance Firms in Kenya

This paper examines the influence of getting on the balcony behavior on digital transformation of insurance firms in Kenya within the framework of adaptive leadership theory. The study acknowledges the pivotal role of adaptive leadership behavior in fostering leader-organization value-congruence, perspective-taking, and self-awareness. A positivist approach and a descriptive research design were employed; targeting a population of 392 supervisors from the 56 registered insurance firms listed by the Insurance Regulatory Authority. Using a stratified random sampling technique, a final sample of 127 respondents was obtained, representing a response rate of 63% from the initial study sample of 198. Getting on the balcony behavior was operationalized through value congruence, perspective taking, and self-awareness dimensions. At the same time, digital transformation was assessed using digital innovation, customer experience, and returns on assets capabilities metrics. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including means, standard deviation, correlation analysis, chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and ordinal logistic regression, were employed to analyze the research data and to test the study hypothesis. The ordinal logistic regression analysis findings, represented by the Nagelkerke Pseudo R-square coefficient, indicated that getting on the balcony behavior explains 37.2% of the variance in digital transformation (Nagelkerke Pseudo R² = .372). Furthermore, the parameter estimates derived from the ordinal regression analysis revealed that getting on the balcony behavior predicted digital transformation, with a significant beta coefficient of -4.100, p≤.05. In conclusion, this study establishes a substantial connection between "getting on the balcony" behavior, encompassing value congruence, perspective taking, and self-awareness, and the digital transformation of insurance firms in Kenya. Specifically, when leaders actively pursue value congruence through perspective-taking and self-awareness practices, this adaptive leadership behavior significantly and positively influences digital transformation. Consequently, the study recommends insurance leaders to proactively embrace getting on the balcony behavior by implementing policies and practices that promote value congruence, enhance perspective-taking, and establish self-awareness. Further, the adaptive leadership framework should be evaluated in broader financial services sector and other industries and regions.

Strategic Implementation and Organizational Performance in Kenya Rural Roads Authority in Mount Kenya Region

Purpose: The study examined strategic implementation and organizational performance in Kenya Rural Roads Authority Mount Kenya region. The objectives of the study comprised of examining the influence of resource allocation, leadership, communication and culture on organizational performance of Kenya Rural Roads Authority. The study was anchored on the following theories: Theory of resource allocation, Transformational leadership theory, Adaptive structuration theory, Organizational culture theory, and Resource based view theory.
 Methodology: A descriptive research design was employed in the study. The target population comprised of 147 managers from Kenya Rural Roads Authority operating in Mount Kenya Region. A census was utilized where all the managers were included in the study. The study employed 5-point Likert scale questionnaires to gather data from the respondents. Both inferential and descriptive statistics were employed in analysing the collected data. Descriptive statistics comprised of means, standard deviation and average while inferential statistics comprised of correlation and regression analysis. The results of the analysis was displayed in form of tables and figures.
 Findings: The study established that of resource allocation, leadership, communication and culture bears a positive and significant influence on organization performance of Kenya Rural Roads Authority. This is depicted by beta values of 0.439, 0.354, 0.246 and 0.173 and significance values of 0.000, 0.000, 0.003, and 0.012 respectively. The results implies that increasing either resource allocation, leadership, communication or culture with one unit results to increase in levels of organizational performance with respective better unit of the independent variable. The study concluded that strategic implementation bears a positive and significant influence on organizational performance of Kenya Rural Roads Authority.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: It is therefore recommended that strategy managers nurture and avail aspects of resource allocation, leadership, communication, and culture while implementing.

Kimura's Theory of Non-Adaptive Radiation and Peto's Paradox: A Missing Link?

Karyotype diversity reflects genome integrity and stability. A strong correlation between karyotype diversity and species richness, meaning the number of species in a phylogenetic clade, was first reported in mammals over forty years ago: in mammalian phylogenetic clades, the standard deviation of karyotype diversity (KD) closely corresponded to species richness (SR) at the order level. These initial studies, however, did not control for phylogenetic signal, raising the possibility that the correlation was due to phylogenetic relatedness among species in a clade. Accordingly, karyotype diversity trivially reflects species richness simply as a passive consequence of adaptive radiation. A more recent study in mammals controlled for phylogenetic signals and established the correlation as phylogenetically independent, suggesting that species richness cannot, in itself, explain the observed corresponding karyotype diversity. The correlation is, therefore, remarkable because the molecular mechanisms contributing to karyotype diversity are evolutionarily independent of the ecological mechanisms contributing to species richness. Recently, it was shown in salamanders that the two processes generating genome size diversity and species richness were indeed independent and operate in parallel, suggesting a potential non-adaptive, non-causal but biologically meaningful relationship. KD depends on mutational input generating genetic diversity and reflects genome stability, whereas species richness depends on ecological factors and reflects natural selection acting on phenotypic diversity. As mutation and selection operate independently and involve separate and unrelated evolutionary mechanisms-there is no reason a priori to expect such a strong, let alone any, correlation between KD and SR. That such a correlation exists is more consistent with Kimura's theory of non-adaptive radiation than with ecologically based adaptive theories of macro-evolution, which are not excluded in Kimura's non-adaptive theory. The following reviews recent evidence in support of Kimura's proposal, and other findings that contribute to a wider understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of non-adaptive radiation.

Priming cross-session motor imagery classification with a universal deep domain adaptation framework

Electroencephalogram (EEG) based motor imagery (MI) brain–computer interfaces (BCI) are widely used in applications related to rehabilitation and external device control. However, due to the non-stationary and low signal-to-noise ratio characteristics of EEG, classifying motor imagery tasks of the same participant from different recording sessions is generally challenging. Whether the classification accuracy of cross-session MI can be improved from the perspective of domain adaptation is a question worth verifying. In this paper, we propose a Siamese deep domain adaptation (SDDA) framework for cross-session MI classification based on mathematical models in domain adaptation theory. The SDDA framework primarily consists of three components: a novel preprocessing method based on domain-invariant features, a maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) loss for aligning source and target domain embedding features, and an improved cosine-based center loss designed to suppress the influence of noise and outliers on the neural network. The SDDA framework has been validated with two classic and popular convolutional neural networks (EEGNet and ConvNet) from BCI research field in two MI EEG public datasets (BCI Competition IV IIA, IIB). Compared with the vanilla EEGNet and ConvNet, the SDDA framework improves the MI classification accuracy by 10.49%, 7.60% respectively in IIA dataset, and 4.59%, 3.35% in IIB dataset. The SDDA not only significantly improves the classification performance of the vanilla networks but also surpasses state-of-the-art transfer learning methods, making it a superior and user-friendly approach for MI classification.

A theory of oligogenic adaptation of a quantitative trait.

Rapid phenotypic adaptation is widespread in nature, but the underlying genetic dynamics remain controversial. Whereas population genetics envisages sequential beneficial substitutions, quantitative genetics assumes a collective response through subtle shifts in allele frequencies. This dichotomy of a monogenic and a highly polygenic view of adaptation raises the question of a middle ground, as well as the factors controlling the transition. Here, we consider an additive quantitative trait with equal locus effects under Gaussian stabilizing selection that adapts to a new trait optimum after an environmental change. We present an analytical framework based on Yule branching processes to describe how phenotypic adaptation is achieved by collective changes in allele frequencies at the underlying loci. In particular, we derive an approximation for the joint allele-frequency distribution conditioned on the trait mean as a comprehensive descriptor of the adaptive architecture. Depending on the model parameters, this architecture reproduces the well-known patterns of sequential, monogenic sweeps, or of subtle, polygenic frequency shifts. Between these endpoints, we observe oligogenic architecture types that exhibit characteristic patterns of partial sweeps. We find that a single compound parameter, the population-scaled background mutation rate Θbg, is the most important predictor of the type of adaptation, while selection strength, the number of loci in the genetic basis, and linkage only play a minor role.

Modeling Theory of Mind in Dyadic Games Using Adaptive Feedback Control

A major challenge in cognitive science and AI has been to understand how intelligent autonomous agents might acquire and predict the behavioral and mental states of other agents in the course of complex social interactions. How does such an agent model the goals, beliefs, and actions of other agents it interacts with? What are the computational principles to model a Theory of Mind (ToM)? Deep learning approaches to address these questions fall short of a better understanding of the problem. In part, this is due to the black-box nature of deep networks, wherein computational mechanisms of ToM are not readily revealed. Here, we consider alternative hypotheses seeking to model how the brain might realize a ToM. In particular, we propose embodied and situated agent models based on distributed adaptive control theory to predict the actions of other agents in five different game-theoretic tasks (Harmony Game, Hawk-Dove, Stag Hunt, Prisoner’s Dilemma, and Battle of the Exes). Our multi-layer control models implement top-down predictions from adaptive to reactive layers of control and bottom-up error feedback from reactive to adaptive layers. We test cooperative and competitive strategies among seven different agent models (cooperative, greedy, tit-for-tat, reinforcement-based, rational, predictive, and internal agents). We show that, compared to pure reinforcement-based strategies, probabilistic learning agents modeled on rational, predictive, and internal phenotypes perform better in game-theoretic metrics across tasks. The outlined autonomous multi-agent models might capture systems-level processes underlying a ToM and suggest architectural principles of ToM from a control-theoretic perspective.

The effects of casino proximity and time on poverty levels in New York City

The effect of casino proximity and time on poverty levels in New York City examines levels of poverty over a 5-year duration for urban casino communities under the theoretical dimensions of exposure and adaption. Links between casino proximity and problem gambling or other gambling-related problems that could adversely impact individuals in disadvantaged communities were reported before the influx of urban casinos in major metro areas. This analysis uses Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) from the American Community Survey (ACS) estimates. A two-way factorial ANOVA measured poverty-level outcomes at high and low casino proximity in year 1 and year 5 after an urban casino had been opened. No significant interaction was found between casino proximity and year for poverty-level outcomes. The hypothesis that levels of poverty defined as PUMS score in urban casino communities and two levels of casino proximity in the New York metro area for the first and fifth year after the casino had been opened would not report statistically significant changes was supported. Higher poverty-level outcome scores were reported at closer distances measured as high casino proximity with approximately the same reported scores for year 1 and year 5, suggesting that closer distances to a casino despite the lifespan of the casino could influence poverty levels and other potential socio-economic factors. Contextualizing the findings in the exposure and adaptation theory frameworks suggests that exposure to a casino can have adverse consequences based on the increase in poverty-level outcome scores. Conversely, adaptation, which could occur over time, typically at the 5-year mark of operation, was not indicated due to the negligibility of poverty-level scores between year 1 and year 5; thus, refuting adaptation theory. This research expands the literature on urban casino proximity in the context of exposure and adaptation theory. Implication of these results provide the broader community of legislators, community workers, scholar-practitioners, preventionists, and industry with a better understanding of the phenomenon, and any potential adverse consequences to host and neighboring communities so that policy, intervention, prevention, and treatment can be implemented well before a casino opens.

The Religious Approach Prevents Threat of Environmental Damage

Protection against the threat of damage to the natural environment, is more often faced with the creation of laws and regulations to prevent it. However, the rules made are more defeated by economic factors, domestic and world market needs. Likewise, the protection and management of the environment and natural resources relies heavily on economic factors as the main motive which subordinates norms and ethical factors. Many environmental experts are of the opinion that practical and technical measures to protect and manage the environment and natural resources that only rely on scientific and technological assistance are not the right solution. Then various solutions are offered to prevent environmental damage, including through the theory of adaptation. Another offer is through a religious teaching approach because the assumption is that through the argument of the holy book, excessive exploitation of nature and damage to the environment due to human actions can be prevented and is an important alternative. This research will discuss whether a religious approach can be effective in avoiding damage to the surrounding natural environment or not using a literature review technique. The results show that the verses and hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad actually invite mankind to listen, think, and be grateful for God's creation by utilizing nature, the environment and protecting the environment. Hence, the conclusion is religious approach can contribute to regional development in the era of regional autonomy freedom in facing environmental preservation in the midst of a very sharp and ruthless global capitalism. Even though the dominant form of this knowledge in modern society is not religious, but religion legitimizes social institutions and orders by giving them ontological status. Thus, the Ulama Fatwa in dealing with environmental damage is an important step to maintain a better life.

Comparison of short-term fertility intentions of albanian women in Italy with non-migrants in Albania and italian women

The central aim of this paper is to get a deeper understanding of short-term fertility intentions of native, migrant and non-migrant partnered women by testing for adaptation, socialization and selection theories while applying an origin-destination perspective. To find support for these hypotheses, data was drawn from several sources (FSS and SCIF for Italy, DHS for Albania), harmonized and merged into a unique dataset combining information on partnered women according to their migrant/non-migrant status. Binary regression models on positive fertility intentions, Average Marginal Effects, Adjusted Predictions for Prototypical Cases and multivariate non-linear decompositions are estimated to account for differences and/or similarities across groups of women. Results found that positive fertility intentions of Albanian migrant women resemble those of Italian women and are significantly lower than those of non-migrants, supporting adaptation theory. Findings also reported selection into migration, given that the gap in likelihood of being intended to have a child would be reduced if migrants were like non-migrants in terms of their educational attainment.

Communication Style and Cultural Adaptation of Nias Students in the City of Medan

Tuti Halawa, a student from Nias who migrated to the city of Medan to continue her education at university. However, in interactions with the Medan community, Tuti experienced shock, she felt the Medan community's communication style was like someone angry. As a newcomer, Tuti comes to a new area that has a different language, culture, and tribe, she definitely feels a culture shock, but she is also required to adapt to that environment so that her interactions with the surrounding community are more comfortable. Based on this phenomenon, researchers are interested in analyzing the communication styles of Nias students in Medan. The purpose of this study was to analyze the communication style and cultural adaptation of Nias students in the city of Medan and identify the obstacles students experience in adapting. This study uses the theory of communication styles and cultural adaptation. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and descriptive method. Data collection was carried out using interview and observation methods. The subjects in this study were determined using a purposive technique. The data analysis technique in this study uses the Miles and Huberman interaction model. The results obtained from this study found that Nias students experienced a change in communication style from a high-context communication style to a low-context communication style. In interaction with the Medan community, Nias students experience culture shock in the process of cultural adaptation. Overall, Nias students have managed to adapt well.