Adaptation Measures Research Articles

Water-saving irrigated area expansion hardly enhances crop yield while saving water under climate scenarios in China

Facing climate change risks of water shortages and crop yield losses, it is unclear in China that whether and how irrigated area expansion and technological yield improvement can increase production with less water. Here we used 2000–2018 as the baseline and simulated the grid responses of total crop water use, production, unit water footprint by cropping modes in 2030s–2090 s in 75 scenarios with considering each 5 levels of two adaptation measures under 3 climate change pathways. Compared with climate change alone, further irrigation expansion has limited effects on increasing production (below 20.8%) and decreasing water footprint (below 3.6%). Combined two adaptation measures magnifies their respective effects, with technological yield improvement dominating contributions to production (37.0–99.6%) and water footprint (90.4–102.3%). In comprehensive optimal scenario, water footprint will reduce with increased production. No water is saved with reduced green water (1.6–1.7%) and increased blue water (6.6–21.6%).

A systemic, multidimensional and territorialized framework for assessing the adaptation potential of sustainable agrifood transitions: theoretical guidelines and exploratory insights from the metropolitan region of Chile

IntroductionThe urgency of responding to climate change poses new challenges for agrifood systems, both to make them more sustainable and neutral in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, meet carbon neutrality commitments, and promote their adaptation to a changing climate, while also promoting territorial resilience. In this context, fostering the transformation of traditional agriculture toward innovative models that promote the development and adoption of innovative and ecologically sustainable and resilient adaptation measures, mechanisms and processes becomes extremely urgent. Growing interest has been emerging around approaches and experiences to develop and assess barriers and opportunities for ‘sustainable’ agrifood transitions (‘SAT’). Despite these developments, there is still a lack of an integrated and territorialized analytical framework to account for the potential of SAT to respond to the risks and challenges associated with climate change. In view of this, this paper proposes an analytical framework that hopes to integrate the previous advances around a robust, systemic, multisectoral and context-sensitive observation of the potential of SAT as a strategy to address climate change risks.MethodsThis framework articulates around four complementary analytical lenses: the ‘risk’ lens addresses the ‘potential’ need for adaptation (why do we need SAT?); the ‘resilience’ lens focuses on how SAT may reduce risk (what do SAT do?); the third, ‘sociotechnical transitions’, looks at potential opportunities and barriers for the adoption and scaling up of these practices (how can SAT occur?); finally, the socio-technical “imaginaries” lens sheds light on the perceptions, expectations and visions behind the SAT (what are they for?). These analytical frameworks will be exemplified through incipient research that applies these observation lenses with the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile as a case study.Results and discussionThis exploratory approach allows to illustrate the observation framework and generating initial hypotheses about the territory under study. This favors a more holistic and systemic view of food security and the different elements that can generate risks to it, or promote its resilience, from a systemic and territorial approach, helping to understand why the SAT are necessary and how they can become potential strategies to promote food security in a context of climate change.

Breaking new ground: First AquaCrop calibration and climate change impact assessment on Arabica coffee.

Breaking new ground: First AquaCrop calibration and climate change impact assessment on Arabica coffee.

Medidas de adaptação e mitigação das alterações climáticas em uma metrópole sul-americana

The city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has a rich history and its own. She went through several categories administrative. This has brought some benefits, but has been accompanied by several problems, which are getting worse with climate change. This study aimed to identify the main risk factors associated with climate change, as well as to analyze the public mitigation and adaptation policies developed by the city's public administrators. It was based on a bibliographic and documentary research. We concluded from the more significant findings of the study that the main climatic impacts that the city is subject to are the rains and strong winds, the waves and heat islands, the increase in sea level and the prolonged drought, and that its administrators neither adopted any effective measure in order to reduce such impacts, nor they are properly addressed, although there is strategic planning that contemplates them. In addition, it also emerged from the research that, although the city presented a reduction bias in its GHG emissions, this resulted from the change in the economic scenario that reduced its GDP, instead of the adoption of effective mitigation and adaptation measures.

Analysis of the dynamics of cyberattacks and fraud methods using machine learning algorithms for IIoT: Information security of digital twins in Industry 4.0

This paper analyzes the dynamics of cyberattacks and fraud techniques using machine learning algorithms for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems. Special attention is paid to information security issues of digital twins within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept. Various machine learning techniques, such as logistic regression, random forest, and the nearest neighbor method, are considered for classifying attacks in IIoT systems, taking into account the problem of data imbalance inherent in rare attacks. The use of data balancing and cross-validation methods can improve the accuracy of the models and minimize the number of false positives. The results demonstrate that the random forest model outperforms other methods in terms of accuracy, confirming its effectiveness for IIoT security and digital twin protection. Additionally, feature selection and optimization techniques were explored to enhance model performance further. The study also highlights the importance of real-time threat detection, which is crucial for maintaining the integrity and resilience of IIoT environments. Future research is planned to investigate more sophisticated methods, including deep learning, to improve attack detection and classification in the context of Industry 4.0. The integration of federated learning and adaptive AI-driven security measures may also offer promising solutions to emerging cyber threats.

Sustainable Cotton Production in the Era of Climate Change: Challenges and Adaptive Measures

Climate change is impacting agriculture, particularly cropping systems, in Pakistan due to rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns. The cultivation of cotton (Gossypium spp.), a globally significant fiber crop, is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Cotton crops face various stresses due to climate change, including extreme temperature stress, drought stress, and salinity stress. Elevated temperatures during the reproductive phase of cotton adversely affect its growth and productivity by disrupting critical physiological processes, including germination, root development, and fruit formation. Similarly, drought stress remains a major limiting factor, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where cotton is predominantly cultivated, resulting in suppressed plant growth and significant yield losses. Plants employ their mechanisms to adapt to drought conditions, but excessive moisture can also negatively impact growth and yield. Excessive salts in the soil profile and irrigation water trigger salinity stress, which adversely impacts cotton’s vegetative and reproductive growth, with young seedlings being especially sensitive. Air pollution stress, particularly ozone, can damage cotton plants, affecting yield and photosynthetic efficiency. Sustainable management practices, including mulching, cover cropping, and improved irrigation, play a pivotal role in minimizing stress-induced losses in cotton. Simultaneously, breeding for enhanced heat and drought tolerance is imperative for cultivar development. The chapter underlines the crucial role of water management, timely irrigation scheduling, and the strategic use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in optimizing cotton productivity. Furthermore, the application of Decision Support Systems (DSS) and ICT tools supports efficient resource utilization and improves cotton growers' capacity to adapt to climatic challenges. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices, aimed at boosting productivity, enhancing adaptability to climatic stresses, and curbing greenhouse gas emissions, are crucial for the sustainability of cotton farming. Climate-smart cotton practices and technologies can enhance production, improve farmers' livelihoods, and mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on cotton cultivation. Adopting a climate-smart cotton production system is crucial for ensuring the sustainability of cotton cultivation in the face of the climate change challenges of this era.

Strategies to Redress the Resilience of Residential Buildings Following Climatic Impacts: Perspectives from the UK Construction Industry

Housing environments are designed to provide comfort and protection but climate change has compromised the resilience of residential buildings. This study examines the impacts of climate change on UK residential buildings, identifying key vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies. A qualitative approach was used, involving ten semi-structured interviews with experts. A thematic analysis of the interview transcripts using NVivo (V.14) software revealed connections between climate change drivers and building factors such as location, age, orientation, typology, and material integrity. Adverse effects on buildings and occupants include structural degradation, increased energy demands, and indoor discomfort. This study underscores the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration among housing owners, community members, construction professionals, and policymakers to enhance the resilience of buildings. Construction professionals are seen as key players in the implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures. This study emphasises the need for proactive adaptation measures, informed policy interventions, and improved construction practices to safeguard housing against climate change. It contributes to understanding the effects of climate change on UK residential buildings and offers strategic insights for improving their resilience.

Placemaking and Blue Green Infrastructure for Liveable, Resilient Places: Insights from Dundee, Scotland

Climate change means that urban areas are experiencing more extreme weather events. Although effective, grey infrastructure solutions to flooding have been criticised for harming the environment, having a negative impact on place and not delivering social and wellbeing benefits. There is increasing interest in using natural elements, such as rain gardens and green roofs, in combination with a placemaking approach to facilitate solutions to flooding that deliver multiple benefits. However, the means to achieve this is poorly understood. This paper contributes to the limited knowledge base on how placemaking and adaptation measures can be integrated in urban areas to meet the needs of communities. This was achieved through research undertaken in the Dundee local authority area. This area faces threats from groundwater, coastal and surface water flooding and a range of socio-economic challenges. Findings from 24 semi-structured interviews with practitioners and community group members (CGMs) suggest that while placemaking and blue green infrastructure (BGI) can deliver multiple benefits, the realisation of these can be hampered by a range of obstacles. For example, a lack of clear consensus on who is responsible for maintenance and a preference for grey infrastructure solutions. Practical guidance is provided to help overcome the obstacles identified to enhance flood resilient and liveable places. This guidance will be particularly relevant to colleagues in academia, planners, policy makers and a range of practitioners with a remit in flood risk management, climate change and water management and the communities they serve. Ethical Compliance: This study received ethical approval on January 30 2024 from the School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law Ethics Committee at the University of Dundee, approval number UoD-SHSL-EES-PGR-23/24-001.

A comprehensive review of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in Africa

ABSTRACT This work presents a comprehensive review of climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) efforts in 12 African countries, namely Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Benin, Ethiopia, Comoros, Malawi, Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Kenya. The present state of knowledge on major disasters, vulnerability to climate change, impacts of climate extremes and disasters, adaptation measures, and DRR strategies in these countries was analyzed. Furthermore, efforts were undertaken to recognize deficiencies and obstacles in the execution of these measures, with the aim of providing recommendations for future research and policy. The review presents evidence that indicates that climate change has already impacted these countries in various ways. Some of these impacts include more frequent and intense extreme weather events, as well as an increase in droughts and floods. African governments are developing national adaptation plans, facilitating the incorporation of adaptation measures and strategies for reducing disaster risks. However, some of these are limited institutional capacity, inadequate financial resources, insufficient governance structures, and lack of public awareness and participation. There is a need for a more integrated framework for CCA and DRR in these countries, with a focus on building institutional and community resilience.

Simulation of structural and non-structural measures for climate change adaptation in water resources systems in the Capibaribe and Ipojuca River basins, Pernambuco state, Brazil

ABSTRACT This paper evaluated the structural and non-structural mitigation measures in the Capibaribe and Ipojuca River basins in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, listing the best measures to deal with climate change and ensure water security in areas that already suffer from water scarcity. For this, five global circulation models were used, after bias correction, as input data for the self-calibrated hydrological model (MODHAC). Subsequently, ten water allocation scenarios were simulated, using historical data and future scenarios (2051–2080) to meet the water demand for human and industrial supply, water for livestock and other farm animals, irrigation, and energy in the studied river basins. The allocation scenarios involve the implementation of structural and non-structural measures either in isolation or in combination. Among all solutions, the transfer of water from the São Francisco River offers the most significant increase in supply, but it requires the largest investments. Thus, public agencies should consider "soft path" (non-structural) measures more closely, as they require fewer financial resources and can yield satisfactory results in various scenarios. However, in some scenarios, these measures are not sufficient to meet all demands, and other solutions must be considered.

Sustainable Agriculture Production, Innovation Spillovers, Adoption Challenges and Opportunities: A Systematic Review

This research emphasizes on review of existing empirical and theoretical literature on impacts of Research and Development (R&D) innovation spillovers for sustainable agriculture productivity. Furthermore, it identifies the challenges and opportunities that agrarians have in innovation adaptation for sustaining the agricultural output. Government and private sector intervention performs a productive role in agriculture adaptation and adoption measures of innovation spillovers. The review is based on 101 existing bodies of publication in scientific journals internationally. This research provides a qualitative review of studies from 2000 to 2022 addressing sustainable agriculture, R&D innovation, innovation spillovers, embracing, and returns on agricultural R&D for sustainable food security and economic development. This study aims to identify the role of innovation spillovers, knowledge spillovers, innovative capacity, absorptive ability, and other challenges faced in sustainable agriculture output. Specifically, this research highlights the challenges and opportunities that contain the farmers in sustainable agriculture through innovation adoption and spillover shocks that are anticipated in previous literature. The evidence shows that innovation spillover performs a mediator role in sustainable agriculture productivity, while agrarian absorptive ability, knowledge capital, adoption capacity, and government extension services are key challenges.

Developing a crop- wild-reservoir pathogen system to understand pathogen evolution and emergence.

Crop pathogens reduce yield and contribute to global malnourishment. Surveillance not only detects presence/absence but also reveals genetic diversity, which can inform our understanding of rapid adaptation and control measures. An often neglected aspect is that pathogens may also use crop wild relatives as alternative hosts. This study develops the beet (Beta vulgaris) rust (Uromyces beticola) system to explore how crop pathogens evolve to evade resistance using a wild reservoir. We test predictions that crop selection will drive virulence gene differentiation and affect rates of sex between crop- and wild-host rust populations. We sequenced, assembled, and annotated the 588 Mb beet rust genome, developed a novel leaf peel pathogen DNA extraction protocol, and analysed genetic diversity in 42 wild and crop isolates. We found evidence for two populations: one containing exclusively wild-host isolates; the other containing all crop-host isolates, plus five wild isolates. Effectors showed greater diversity in the exclusively wild population and greater differentiation between populations. Preliminary evidence suggests the rates of sexual reproduction may differ between populations. This study highlights how differences in pathogen populations might be used to identify genes important for survival on crops and how reproduction might impact adaptation. These findings are relevant to all crop-reservoir systems and will remain unnoticed without comparison to wild reservoirs.

Impacts of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and adaptation strategies in Ethiopia: a review paper

Climate change and variability are changes in the state of climate and weather conditions due to anthropogenic and physical factors. The main aim of this review paper is to examine the impacts of climate change and variability on rural livelihood and adaptation strategies employed in southern Ethiopia. In this review paper, the selection of literature was mainly based on search engines and raised areas from Google Scholar, Web of Science, Research Gate, Science Direct, and many other scientific journal publishing websites. This review focuses on climate change and variability in southern Ethiopia, highlighting its impact on rural livelihoods and adaptation strategies. Climate change and its variability affect sub-Saharan countries such as Ethiopia, crop production, livestock rearing, land productivity, water availability, biotic growth, rangeland quality, and soil productivity. This was due to rain-fed agricultural activity, low adaptation capacity, less attention given to policy development/implementation, lack of awareness, lack of modern agricultural input, and lack of effective, and efficient technology, etc. Ethiopian rural livelihoods need a comprehensive approach to mitigate climate change impacts. Mitigation should focus on sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, and non-farm activities, while adaptation involves livelihood diversification, early warning systems, community-based initiatives, policy frameworks, and capacity-building programs. Despite adaptation measures such as cropping practices, modern input, crop diversification, and land management, climate change variability remains severe in Ethiopia, particularly in pastoral and semi-pastoral regions. The reviewer suggested that the government, NGOs, community, and private organizations should work together to address climate change and variability, focusing on enhancing adaptive capacity and sustainable environments.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS AND THE PRIORITY OF SECURITY OF UKRAINE'S PARTNER COUNTRIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GEOPOLITICAL THREATS

The article identifies the problem of geopolitical threats to partner countries that have arisen as a result of full- scale military aggression by russia against Ukraine. It is substantiated that geopolitical threats lead to socio- economic transformations and increase the priority of ensuring national security. The ambiguous attitudes of certain countries toward the new challenges posed by geopolitical threats are noted. Adaptive response measures by partner countries to the challenges and threats of full-scale military aggression have been characterized, particularly regarding the strengthening of the defense sector—especially in the Baltic countries—in response to the imperial ambitions and strategic objectives of rf aimed at undermining their statehood, national security, and sovereignty. Based on an analysis of macroeconomic indicators, the influencing factors and economic consequences of the russian- ukrainian war have been determined using Lithuania as an example. The features of social transformation in Ukraine’s partner countries under the influence of geopolitical threats have been elucidated—namely, the dynamics of migration processes, demographic changes, transformations in the labor market and education sector, and government responses to the need for the social integration of Ukrainian refugees. It is concluded that geopolitical threats violate the principles of sustainable economic development—aimed at improving quality of life—and introduce new financial, social, ecological, and political challenges, the resolution of which requires a global consolidation of efforts by the international community and the adaptation of national socio-economic and security policies. In turn, the interdependence between economic development and security challenges under the influence of geopolitical threats necessitates that partner countries adopt flexible political decisions aimed at bolstering economic resilience, supporting social cohesion, and establishing effective crisis response mechanisms.

Integrated Risk Assessment of Floods and Landslides in Kohistan, Pakistan

Climate change and global warming have increased the frequency and intensity of natural hazards such as floods, landslides, and avalanches. These hazards not only have significant individual impacts but are also interconnected, often amplifying their destructive effects. Therefore, it is crucial to manage their consequences and ensure that communities and infrastructure are resilient enough to withstand these challenges. Given the limited research assessing the collective impact of natural hazards, particularly in Pakistan, this study investigates the effects of floods and landslides in the Kohistan District of northern Pakistan, an area which is highly vulnerable to such hazards yet minimally studied. Machine learning techniques, including the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and weighted overlay, along with geographic information systems (GISs) and remote sensing (RS), were employed to analyze the causative factors of these hazards. The resulting flood risk and landslide risk maps were then superimposed to produce an integrated dual-hazard risk assessment. The research findings serve as a foundation for policy-making, offering strategies to reduce risks for all stakeholders, implement adaptive measures for communities, and ensure that future developments are both resilient and sustainable.

What can be said about risks, vulnerabilities, and adaptation to climate change in Caribbean small island developing states (SIDS)? The case of Dominica. A qualitative study

Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are qualified as disproportionately vulnerable to climate change, including climate extremes like hurricanes. Yet, there is a paucity of research regarding climate risks that refer to health and human mobility, and there is a need for vulnerability and adaptation assessment in Caribbean SIDS. Our study discusses risks and vulnerabilities including local adaptive capacity in a Caribbean context to inform future adaptation measures to climate change. Our discussion is based on qualitative data collected in the Caribbean islands of Dominica and Guadeloupe. The data emanates from semi-structured interviews organized between March 2020 and January 2021 with people who were either displaced within Dominica following climate extremes that struck Dominica in 2015 (Tropical storm Erika) and 2017 (Hurricane Maria), and also with people who migrated to Guadeloupe in 2017. Interview guides were based on conceptual frameworks on climate change, migration and health, and vulnerability to climate change. Data was analyzed deductively, based on frameworks and inductively to allow new codes to emerge. Participants demonstrated diverse perspectives on climate change. The study highlighted the significance of social ties and resources in supporting local adaptive capacity and mobility in response to climate extremes. Agriculture’s vulnerability raised concerns for long-term economic implications and food security. Some recommendations for building local adaptive capacity to climate change underscore the need for knowledge and information exchange between actors and institutions, and community inclusion; equity; enhanced coordination between government and local actors and decentralisation; and public health programmes and resources. Institutions such as health, education and media should be strengthened to build adaptive capacities for communities in the face of climate change.

Respiratory medicine in climate change

DGP pneumologists advocate measures for adaptation, prevention and the implementation of sustainable health care. To protect patients and mitigate the health threat posed by climate change, resilient systems should be built. To protect lung health, they call for action to counteract rising temperatures and the development of extreme weather events, and for further reductions in air pollution. They point out particularly vulnerable population groups that need to be protected.

PRESERVING LAKE POSO THROUGH THE INTEGRATED AND COMPREHENSIVE LEGAL POLICIES

Lake Poso, Indonesia's third-largest lake, faces severe ecological threats that endanger its biodiversity and the livelihoods of local communities. Despite its ecological significance, legal and policy responses remain fragmented, hindering effective conservation. This research employs a normative research method, integrating doctrinal and statutory approaches with qualitative analysis of relevant regulations and scientific literature. Findings highlight critical challenges, including endemic species decline, water quality degradation, climate change impacts, and socio-economic pressures from fisheries decline and unregulated tourism. Governance fragmentation emerges as a central issue, with national laws lacking ecosystem-specific provisions and regional regulations suffering from weak enforcement, limited institutional capacity, and inadequate funding. Drawing on successful conservation models from other Indonesian lakes, this research proposes a framework for integrated legal policies. Key recommendations include watershed management, sustainable fisheries practices, targeted pollution control, climate adaptation measures, and community-based conservation incorporating traditional ecological knowledge. By addressing regulatory gaps and enhancing policy coherence, this research provides a roadmap for Lake Poso’s long-term preservation and sustainable development.

Panag-ipon: Traditional Goby Fry Fishing Practices in Ilocos Sur Coastal Communities in Northern Philippines

This research ventured into the traditional panag-ipon (goby fry) fishing of Ilocos Sur coastal municipalities of Caoayan and Santa in the Philippines, highlighting fishing methods, economic contributions, and adaptive measures in the face of environmental, economic, and regulatory challenges. Utilizing an ethnographic thematic research design, data were gathered using participant observation and interviews with local fishermen. Findings indicate that panag-ipon is an integral part of Ilocano cultural traditions with fishing methods such as scooping and encircling using nets governed by the lunar calendar and collective beliefs. Panag-ipon economically sustains coastal livelihood through high market demand for ipon that sustains local income and food security within the community. However, threats to its sustainability come from climate change, declining fish resources, and conservative fishing regulations. Fishermen are countering this with diversified fishing techniques, emerging technologies like weather apps, compressors, and goggles, as well as community-initiated conservation practices. Despite such challenges, panag-ipon remains a strong element of Ilocano identity and calls for policies that support cultural conservation and environmental sustainability. The research highlights the need for enhanced fishing management and sustainable measures to ensure that panag-ipon remains a cultural and economic lifeline for Ilocos Sur coastal communities.

Climate Risk and Corporate Rescues

Abstract Climate risk poses a significant threat to economic actors across the world. Given the (systemic) nature of this risk, governments stand ready to rescue or extend relief to distressed firms in various ways. As in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, widespread government rescues or targeted interventions in firms deemed ‘too important to fail’ are a real possibility in the case of climate-change-related impacts. While such interventions may be ex-post efficient or rather politically driven, they do not prevent deadweight losses and may create moral hazard in the sense that firms, ex ante, do not identify and/or address the climate risks they face. This ultimately means that climate change adaptation – a policy goal whose importance increases as climate change remains unmitigated – will not reach socially optimal levels. A better strategy involves adaptation policies where the relevant framework guides, incentivizes and pushes firms to build resilience to climate risks. Stress testing coupled with proactive adaptation measures that respond to revealed vulnerabilities appears to be the best option among various risk management strategies. In cases where government relief remains inevitable, there is a further need to ensure that it is fair and efficient.