Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Research Articles

Energy Efficient Routing with MAX-Min Energy Scheme in Ad-hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector routing for MANET

During the past few years, there has been increasing interest in the design of energy efficient protocols for wireless ad-hoc networks. Node within an ad hoc network generally relies on batteries (or exhaustive energy sources) for power. Since these energy sources have a limited lifetime, power availability is one of the most important constraints for the operation of the ad hoc network. Therefore energy efficiency is of vital importance in the design of protocols for the application in such networks and efficient operations are critical to enhance the network lifetime. A routing protocol that does not take into account of congestion control will result in usage of paths that are already heavy in traffic load. It will add more burdens on the energy consumption to these paths and indirectly lead to imbalanced energy consumption of the whole network. The nodes in a high traffic load path will ‘die’ off faster than nodes in paths that have lower traffic load. AOMDV protocol is provided the alternative path from source to destination so that if one path is congested another path can be use to send the packet from source to destination and thus reduce energy consumption. in these research work we are using threshold value to choose some path from the selected path then average energy scheme is used to choose the path for packet delivery.

Bandwidth Assurance Using Energetic Fusion Channel In Ad-Hoc Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have been proposed to provide cheap, easily deployable and vigorous Internet access. Improving user throughput is a primary objective in a WMN. The system focus on wireless networks with inactive nodes, such as community wireless networks. The goal of the metric is to choose a high-output path between a source and a destination. Metric assigns weights to individual links based on the Expected Transmission Time (ETT) of a packet over the link using many to many communications. In such networks, most of the nodes are either stationary or minimally mobile and do not rely on batteries. Hence, the effort of routing algorithms is on improving the network capacity or the performance of individual transfers for this, the system use Ad-hoc On-Demand Multi Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) for selecting and Demanding Shortest Path for transmission with Bandwidth Assurances. One of the main problems facing such networks is the reduction in total capacity due to interference between multiple simultaneous transmissions.

Ant Colony Optimization based modified AOMDV for Multipath Routing in MANET

In this paper, modified ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) for multipath routing using ant colony for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is presented. For this purpose, Ant-AODV is used for comparison with AntAOMDV. The idea behind the working of Ant-AODV and Ant-AOMDV is that the RREQ message packets are sent to single path in case of Ant-AODV based routing and to multiple paths in case of Ant-AOMDV based routing. RREQ message packets can be termed as pheromone in terms of standard algorithm of ACO used by the ants. Selecting the transmission path dynamically through regular updating of pheromone of transmission path expects to improve routing performance. Simulation results show that Ant-AOMDV algorithm outperforms Ant-AODV effectively in terms of packet delivery fraction, normal routing load and packet drop compared with AODV and AOMDV. The main goal is to reduce the routing overhead, congestion and increase the performance. General Terms Security, Algorithms, Quality of Service, Routing, Load Balancing, Congestion control.

Analysis of Quality of Service for the AOMDV Routing Protocol

Due to the dynamic nature of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), the provision of Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees is challenging. The route failure probability in a MANET is increased due to the mobility of nodes, which increases routing overhead. Multi-path routing protocols have relatively greater ability to reduce the routing overheads. This paper discuses the performance analysis of the Ad-hoc On-Demand Multi-Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. AOMDV is a multi-path extension of a very well known single path routing protocol, (AODV). Extensive simulations were carried out using ns-2.34 and the study concluded that for CBR traffic AOMDV performance degrades as the data packet generation rate increases.

Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol Based on Node State

To improve the performance of Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) protocol, we proposed NS-AOMDV which is short for “AOMDV based on node state”. In NS-AOMDV, we introduce node state to improve AOMDV’s performance in selecting main path. In route discovery process, the routing update rule calculates the node weight of each path and sorts the path weight by descending value in route list, and we choose the path which has the largest path weight for data transmission. NS-AOMDV also uses the technology of route request (RREQ) packet delay forwarding and energy threshold to ease network congestion, limit the RREQ broadcast storm, and avoid low energy nodes to participate in the establishment of the path. The results of simulation show that NS-AOMDV can effectively improve the networks’packets delivery rate, throughput and normalized routing overhead in the situation of dynamic network topology and heavy load.

A Real Time Video Transmission Routing Protocol in Multi-Interface Multi-Channel Ad Hoc Based on Queue Length and Delay Contraint

Real-time video transmission demands tremendous bandwidth, throughput and strict delay. For transmitting real-time video in the multi-interface multi-channel Ad hoc, firstly, we applied multi-interface multi-channel extension methods to the AOMDV (Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol, and improved extant channel switching algorithm, called MIMC-AOMDV (Multi-Interface Multi-Channel AOMDV) routing protocol. Secondly, we proposed video streaming delay QoS(Quality of Service) constraint and link-quality metrics, which used the multi interface queue’s total used length to get QMMIMC-AOMDV (Quality metric MIMC -AOMDV) routing protocol. The simulations show that the proposed QMMIMC-AOMDV can reduce the frame delay effectively and raise frame decodable rate and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), it is more suitable for real-time video streams.

Impact of trust model on on-demand multi-path routing in mobile ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a set of limited range wireless nodes, which works well only if those mobile nodes are trusty and behave cooperatively. However, MANETs are subjected to a variety of attacks by malicious nodes. In order to reduce the hazards from such nodes and enhance the security of network, this paper presents a trust prediction model to evaluate the trustworthiness of nodes, which is based on the nodes’ historical behaviors and fuzzy logic rules prediction method. As an application of the proposed trust model, extended from the ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector routing (AOMDV) protocol, a trust-based reactive multi-path routing protocol, named as ad hoc on-demand trusted multi-path distance vector routing (AOTMDV) protocol, is proposed for MANETs. This new protocol provides a flexible and feasible approach to choose the shortest path that meets the security requirements of data packets transmission, malicious node detection in multi-agent systems and threat mitigation from those nodes. Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed mechanism in malicious node identification and attack resistance. Experimental results show that AOTMDV achieves a remarkable improvement in the packet delivery ratio, network throughput and malicious attack resistance.

Secure Video Transmission Against Black Hole Attack in MANETs

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) are open to a wide range of attacks due to their unique characteristics like dynamic topology, shared medium, absence of infrastructure, and resource constraints. Data packets sent by a source node may reach destination through a number of intermediate nodes. In the absence of security mechanism, it is easy for an intermediate node to intercept or modify the messages, thus attacking the normal operation of MANET. One such attack is Black hole attack, in which, a malicious node called Black hole node attracts all the traffic of the network towards itself, and discards all the packets without forwarding them to the intended recipients. This paper evaluates the performance of Adhoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and its multi-path variant Adhoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocols under black hole attack. Non-cryptographic solutions Secure Blackhole AODV (SBAODV) and Secure Blackhole AOMDV (SBAOMDV) have been proposed to mitigate the effect of black hole attack. Through NS-2 simulations, the performance of the proposed protocols with video streaming is analyzed. The results show that the proposed solutions provide better performance than the conventional AODV and AOMDV.

Back propagation neural network-based energy efficient routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks

The focus of this paper is to take into account several factors in wireless networks routing design, the rationale of which are the routing protocols that are designed only based on one criterion, e.g., shortest path or residual energy. The paper proposes two energy efficient routing schemes which consider residual energy, shortest path and network lifetime. These protocols, i.e., energy efficient (EE-AOMDV) and optimal (OP-AOMDV), extend the node-disjoint version of ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector protocol (AOMDV). The first EE-AOMDV protocol considers the hop count of the route and residual energy of the node and determines energy efficient route with the help of back propagation neural network, where we define a routing metric as the ratio of residual energy over initial energy and which is exchanged over the routing packets. Also, the second OP-AOMDV protocol considers multiple criterions to select an efficient shortest path route for data transfer. Our simulation results show that energy can be efficiently utilised with the proposed protocols as compared to original AOMDV protocol.

Performance Study of Multi-Path in VANETs and Their Impact on Routing Protocols

Modeling complicated vehicular traffic behavior and analyzing effects on the communication performance of routing protocols taken by environmental factors have been a challenging task for the past several years. In this paper, we study the performance of multi-path routing protocol. Then, we investigate both multi-path and single-path routing protocol and analyze characteristics such as network connectivity, vehicle-node density etc. To better understand this phenomenon, we use mobility model with different parameters and evaluate the performance of routing protocols (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector and Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector routing protocols) through NS2 platform. The simulation results show the significance of multi-path on the throughput, loss and average delay of VANETs. The results of this paper may be used to study designing route protocols and applications of VANET.

Performance analysis and comparison of AODV and AOMDV routing protocols

Mobile Ad Hoc network is a self-organizing network in which routing protocols play an important role.The authors described the features of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing(AODV)protocol and Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing(AOMDV)protocol and evaluated their performance through a variety of test scenes and different Media Access Control(MAC)protocols in NS2.The experimental results show that AOMDV protocol provides better performance than AODV protocol in terms of average delay and route discovery frequency,and worse performance in terms of packet delivery ratio and normalized rooting load.

CROSS-LAYERED MAC AND MULTIPATH ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKS

In this paper, we propose a multipath routing scheme for wireless mobile networks which extends the Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol, by introducing a novel load-balancing approach to concurrently distribute the traffic among the multiple paths. The traffic-path allocation scheme is based on cross-layer measurements of path statistics reflecting the size and congestion level of each path. In order to provide an efficient support to the proposed routing scheme at the MAC layer, we also study the composition effect of a IEEE 802.11-based enhanced MAC forwarding mechanism called Fast Forward (FF), used to reduce the effects of self-contention among frames at the MAC layer. The protocol framework has been modelled and extensively simulated for a large set of metrics and scenarios. Simulation results provide guidelines for multi-hop communication solutions under both static and mobile scenarios and different traffic loads.