BackgroundNeutropenic enteropathy is one of the important causes of death during intensive phase of chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It follows a prolonged course of neutropenia and carries a mortality rate up to 30%. The study aimed to find out the outcomes of typhlitis during induction phase of treatment of childhood ALL. Material and methodsThis prospective case control study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from November 2018 to January 2021. Children (<19 years) with ALL who developed neutropenic enteropathy during induction phase of chemotherapy without any comorbid condition were included in this study. The clinico-radiological diagnosis of neutropenic enteropathy was based on a standard diagnostic criteria. Complete blood count, serum electrolytes, albumin, blood culture, stool culture, abdominal X-ray and ultrasonogram were performed in all the cases. ResultsThirty-six patients developed neutropenic enteropathy. 8 (22.2%) died. Thrombocytopenia (p = 0.001), hypoalbuminemia (Odd ratio 21.0, p < 0.001), positive blood culture (Odds ratio 6.11, p = 0.026). ConclusionThis study found a mortality rate of 22.2% amongst the pediatric patients with ALL who developed neutropenic enteropathy during induction chemotherapy. Thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and a positive blood culture predicted mortality.