Actual Activity Research Articles

Climate change and oil and gas production regulation: an impossible reconciliation?

Abstract Fossil fuel combustion is undeniably the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. In order to meet the Paris Agreement target of keeping global warming below 2°C, globally, a third of oil and half of gas reserves should remain unused from 2010 to 2050. In 2021, the International Energy Agency estimated that in the net-zero emissions scenario there is no need for fossil fuel exploration, new oil and natural gas fields beyond those already been approved for development, or new coal mines or mine extensions. While greenhouse gas emissions from the actual exploration and production activities (upstream emissions) are increasingly regulated, the emissions from the final combustion of the produces oil and gas are not taken into account when new projects are approved. This paper argues that there is a significant lack of integration between climate and energy regulation which, if not corrected, may result in challenges to achieve the global climate targets. It analyses the mechanisms for better inclusion of climate considerations at the oil and gas development approval stage. It starts with a review of international initiatives examining the lack of engagement with the climate regime and fossil fuel production. It further analyses the oil and gas development approval regime in the UK with a view to highlighting the lack of integration of climate concerns in the licensing and environmental assessment processes.

Method for Predicting Transverse Wave Velocity Using a Gated Recurrent Unit Based on Spatiotemporal Attention Mechanism

Abstract Transverse wave velocity plays an important role in seismic exploration and reservoir assessment in the oil and gas industry. Due to the lack of transverse wave velocity data from actual production activities, it is necessary to predict transverse wave velocity based on longitudinal wave velocity and other reservoir parameters. This paper proposes a fusion network based on spatiotemporal attention mechanism and gated recurrent unit (STAGRU) due to the significant correlation between the transverse wave velocity and reservoir parameters in the spatiotemporal domain. In the case of tight sandstone reservoirs in the Junggar Basin, the intersection plot technique is used to select four well logging parameters that are sensitive to transverse wave velocity: longitudinal wave velocity, density, natural gamma, and neutron porosity. The autocorrelation technique is employed to analyze the depth-related correlation of well logging curves. The relationship between the spatiotemporal characteristics of these well logging data and the network attention weights is also examined to validate the rationale behind incorporating the spatiotemporal attention mechanism. Finally, the actual measurement data from multiple wells are utilized to analyze the performance of the training set and test set separately. The results indicate that the predictive accuracy and generalization ability of the proposed STAGRU method are superior to the single-parameter fitting method, multiparameter fitting method, Xu-White model method, GRU network, and 2DCNN-GRU hybrid network. This demonstrates the feasibility of the transverse wave velocity prediction method based on the spatiotemporal attention mechanism in the study of rock physics modeling for tight sandstone reservoirs.

The Effect of Real-Profit Management Operations on the Market Returns of Jordanian Industrial Enterprises’ Shares

This research aims to examine the impact of actual earnings management activities on stock market returns. The study utilizes data from 56 industrial corporations listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (AXE) between 2011 and 2020. After removing entities with insufficient data, the sample size was reduced to 43 enterprises. The research findings indicate a significant positive relationship between actual earnings management activities and the market returns of industrial enterprise shares. This study contributes to the existing literature on earnings management by providing evidence on real activity manipulation, which has received less attention so far. Real activity manipulation refers to management actions that deviate from typical business operations to achieve specific profit targets. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to understanding the role of actual earnings management activities in influencing market returns. The results have implications for investors, regulators, and financial analysts, who can use this knowledge to make informed investment decisions, monitor financial reporting practices, and identify potential earnings management activities.

Time is muscle: measuring workflow and procedure duration in the catheterization laboratory

Abstract Introduction Cardiac catheterization laboratories (cath labs) represent one of the most significant labour- and cost-intensive departments within the hospital. In the coming years, the demand for interventions in cath labs will rise with the increase of the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, optimization of cath lab efficiency is a growing necessity. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of efficiency improvements in hospitals. For example, reliable estimations of procedure duration and real-time progress indications have proven to be critical conditions to enhance efficiency in the operating theatre. Similar developments could also benefit cath labs, as workflow monitoring and management present opportunities to increase both efficiency and patient safety. Purpose The aim of this study is to measure and quantify the workflow within a cath lab, consisting of all clinical activities and the associated daily routine. Furthermore, the impact of process-, patient-, and staff-related parameters on the workflow will be assessed. Methods During an observational study, diagnostic cardiac angiograms (CAGs) were recorded with 5 video cameras in the cath lab. Subsequently, clinically-relevant key points were manually annotated by two independent observers based on the collected video images. These predefined key points were established by consensus among cardiologists. The annotations were converted to represent durations of specific procedure phases. Clinical information of the included procedures was collected from the electronic patient files. Multivariate regression analysis was used to test for correlations between clinical parameters and phase durations. Results A total of 297 diagnostic CAGs were included in this study. The mean total duration of a CAG was 46,67 minutes (SD ± 17,17). Of all the phases, the preparation phase had the longest duration, with an average of 20,42 minutes (SD ± 9,90). The most contributing factor to the total duration of a procedure was the use of one or more additional catheters besides the standard equipment (Spearman’s ρ=0,42). Furthermore, the cardiologist performing the CAG significantly influenced the phases involving the actual clinical activities, with mean durations ranging from 35,86 minutes to 63,47 minutes. Patient characteristics such as age, BMI and gender did not cause the phase durations to deviate significantly. Conclusions This study measured cath lab workflow based on key events which were visible during CAGs. The impact of process-, patient- and staff-related factors on the workflow was determined and quantified. This will enable hospital staff and management to understand their current workflow and improve accordingly. Moreover, a detailed understanding of the workflow provides ways to assess workload and guidance towards optimal working conditions. Ultimately, these insights support the development of an algorithm capable of automated continuous workflow monitoring.

Decreasing Demurrage Time by Increasing Port Service Level and Utilities Considering Crane Formation Using Discrete Simulation

Maritime logistics has a great influence on large-scale economic development. Maritime logistics has the largest logistics flow in Indonesia. Economic development can be seen by how much logistics flow in an area. The distribution of logistics using sea transportation must be controlled effectively and efficiently so that the flow of material does not stop or be disrupted. Teluk Lamong Terminal is the only green smart terminal in Surabaya, so there are many requests for ships to lean on the pier. The method of this research is to conduct a survey and collect information about the main activities of loading and unloading ships docking at the pier, the number of cranes used, the current crane formation (before improvement) and problems in the operation of containers. After that, create a simulation model that will be developed using Simulation Software that has inputted entities, activities, and model resources according to their actual activities. Scenario results improvements 1 to 4, the selection of crane formations in serving container ship loading and unloading is the most effective in scenario 3, namely by setting 3 cranes to serve 1 berthing ship and 2 cranes to serve 1 berthing ship. In scenario 3 with the simulation results obtained that the ship’s effective time at the dock was 9.19 hours and the demurrage time for container loading and unloading was 13.79 hours. Furthermore, crane utilization value is in scenario 3 with the results obtained from the simulation of 18.21%.

Activities of daily living in heart failure patients and healthy subjects: when the cardiopulmonary assessment goes beyond traditional exercise test protocols.

Heart failure (HF) patients traditionally report dyspnoea as their main symptom. Although the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and 6 min walking test are the standardized tools in assessing functional capacity, neither cycle ergometers nor treadmill maximal efforts do fully represent the actual HF patients' everyday activities [activities of daily living (ADLs)] (i.e. climbing the stairs). New-generation portable metabolimeters allow the clinician to measure task-related oxygen intake (VO2) in different scenarios and exercise protocols. In the last years, we have made considerable progress in understanding the ventilatory and metabolic behaviours of HF patients and healthy subjects during tasks aimed to reproduce ADLs. In this paper, we describe the most recent findings in the field, with special attention to the relationship between the metabolic variables obtained during ADLs and CPET parameters (i.e. peak VO2), demonstrating, for example, how exercises traditionally thought to be undemanding, such as a walk, instead represent supramaximal efforts, particularly for subjects with advanced HF and/or artificial heart (left ventricular assist devices) wearers.

Identification of Some Priority Heavy Metals Driver of Environmental Degradation Caused by Agricultural Activity; A Case Study in Ebonyi State Nigeria

Agriculture operation remained the main emitter of top priority pollutants in the environment. This research identified actual agricultural activities that led to unabated emission heavy metal pollutant into the environment while signaling how it has contaminated agricultural yields. Descriptive statistic were used to analze quantification of the pollutants from various sources. It was reported non-sustainable agricultural operation is mother of all environmental issues verified with statistical data which showed it constituted (80%) caused ecological deterioration and deforestation. This study identified, atleast a majority (86%) of the farmers used agrochemical in their farming activities which has led to intensification of agriculture that triggered environmental degradation. Moreso, majority (88%) of the farmers used NPK fertilizer while 82% used ammonium nitrate fertilizer on their yields. It was reported that these chemical caused serious threat to life e.g N2O in particular in severe situation. The study identified, majority (75%) of the pollutants entered into the environment through erosion (leasing) of soil nutrients. The variants responsible for determining effects conventional approach to agricultural on the environment correlation relationship was tested with multiple regression analysis the was R2 82.6% which is statistically important variables that constituted the main sources of ecological crisis. The study recommended new orientation for more sustainable context approach to agriculture to produce health food and the ecosystem.

Making Gymnastics Catholic: The Life, Death, and Resurrection of the Croatian Orao in Interwar Yugoslavia

Abstract This article focuses on the Croatian Orao, a gymnastic organization that became hegemonic among the Croatian Catholic population of interwar Yugoslavia. The first section examines the genesis of the Croatian Orao within the changing Catholic landscape of Croatia, Yugoslavia, and Europe more broadly, with particular emphasis on Orao’s relationships with Orel – a gymnastic movement very similar to Orao that was popular among Slovenes – and the Holy See, as well as Orao’s role in conflicts in the Croatian Catholic sphere. Part 2 will situate the Croatian Orao in the complex ecosystem of youth and gymnastic organizations present in the first Yugoslav state, especially with respect to the different Sokol organizations. Focusing on the actual sport activities practiced in Orao, the aim is to tackle the specific place of gymnastics in the associational culture of the Croatian Orao. The third and final part will explore the dismantling of Orao’s associational network by the state in 1929, and the association’s reorganization in other, more radical guises in 1930.

Nonlinear SAR Modelling of Mosquito Repellents for Skin Application.

Finding new marketable mosquito repellents is a complex and time-consuming process that can be optimized via modelling. In this context, a SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship) model was designed from a set of 2171 molecules whose actual repellent activity against Aedes aegypti was available. Information-rich descriptors were used as input neurons of a three-layer perceptron (TLP) to compute the models. The most interesting classification model was a 20/6/2 TLP showing 94% and 89% accuracy on the training set and test set, respectively. A total of 57 other artificial neural network models based on the same architecture were also computed. This allowed us to consider all chemicals both as training and test set members in order to better interpret the results obtained with the selected model. Most of the wrong predictions were explainable. The 20/6/2 TLP model was then used for predicting the potential repellent activity of new molecules. Among them, two were successfully evaluated in vivo.

INTER-RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE QUR'AN: THE VALUES ANALYSIS OF INTER-RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN THE QUR'AN

According to the Qur'an, this study concludes that inter-religious education is education with an anthropocentric orientation based on equality, togetherness, and justice in a democratic world with a pluralistic society. Humans are expected to carry out their functions with the values of tolerance, dialogue, cooperation, and brotherhood. This is in line with what is commanded by God in the Qur'an. Research and data analysis in this study uses qualitative-exploratory methods. In contrast, the approach used is philosophical-normative, meaning that it tries to dive to obtain actual activities that are rarely known and discussed. As a result, the Qur'an contains the values of inter-religious education, namely

On contemporary architectural processes

Architectural activity processes have been studied. In architectural practice, the place of the architect in the process of developing an architectural object has been reconsidered. The architect is looked at as an artist and space developer. The engineering and strategic part of the architectural project is now dealt with by other professionals. In architectural science, the basic principles of architectural theory are reviewed to fit the needs of today. There are indications of transition from the material or the abstract material to the phenomenological, sensual, transcendental. The attitude towards the environment is changing qualitatively: augmented reality allows both the old and the new to “exist” in the same territory (with the help of special tools). The attitude towards heritate conservation is also changing dramatically. The study of actual architectal activities in architectural practice and scientific activity has revealed a range of problems that are currently being addressed: development of new teaching aids for architectural education, and development of materials for practical use in building design and urban planning.

Development of interactive multimedia based on educational games of plant parts and their functions to improve student learning outcomes

Natural Science (IPA) is an activity to study nature systematically through actual activities and trains students to think critically and objectively to achieve learning objectives. Using learning media in the learning process can support success in the learning process. This study aims to determine interactive multimedia development's validity, practicality, and effectiveness based on the educational game "Plant World" material about plant parts and their functions. This research uses the R&D (Research and Development) method with the ADDIE model, which consists of 5 stages, namely 1) analysis, 2) design, 3) development, 4) implementation, and 5) evaluation. Data collection techniques using expert validation questionnaires, teacher and student responses, and pre-test and post-test evaluations were then analyzed using qualitative and quantitative descriptive. The results showed that the development of interactive multimedia based on the educational game "Plant World" with the validation of media and material experts obtained an average percentage of 86% very valid criteria, teacher responses received a percentage of 89% very practical criteria, and student responses obtained a percentage of 90% very good criteria. The effectiveness was obtained from the average pre-test result of 57.7 and the post-test of 81.7. It was found that the post-test value was higher than the pre-test value, and the specified KKTP was 75. Strengthened by the Paired Sample-test results obtained 0.001 <0.05, there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test evaluation.

Enhancing Cross-Subject Motor Imagery Classification in EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces by Using Multi-Branch CNN.

A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a computer-based system that allows for communication between the brain and the outer world, enabling users to interact with computers using neural activity. This brain signal is obtained from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. A significant obstacle to the development of BCIs based on EEG is the classification of subject-independent motor imagery data since EEG data are very individualized. Deep learning techniques such as the convolutional neural network (CNN) have illustrated their influence on feature extraction to increase classification accuracy. In this paper, we present a multi-branch (five branches) 2D convolutional neural network that employs several hyperparameters for every branch. The proposed model achieved promising results for cross-subject classification and outperformed EEGNet, ShallowConvNet, DeepConvNet, MMCNN, and EEGNet_Fusion on three public datasets. Our proposed model, EEGNet Fusion V2, achieves 89.6% and 87.8% accuracy for the actual and imagined motor activity of the eegmmidb dataset and scores of 74.3% and 84.1% for the BCI IV-2a and IV-2b datasets, respectively. However, the proposed model has a bit higher computational cost, i.e., it takes around 3.5 times more computational time per sample than EEGNet_Fusion.

Well-being of university students during the Covid-19 pandemic: An Indonesian case study

The spread of COVID-19 worldwide challenged the foundations of many people's lives. This research aimed to investigate the impact of the pandemic and its associated lockdown restrictions on the physical activity behaviours and attitudes of a small group of sports science students in a provincial state university in Indonesia. The study results showed that most of the respondents (93%) believed in the importance of maintaining their physical activity during lockdown. However, the actual activity levels practised failed to match the international guidelines considered necessary for this age group. Only 23% practised daily physical activity, and 40% were active for three days or less. The intensity of the physical activity was only classified as light in over 80% of the cases, and 26% reported that their activity was less than 30 minutes. A further concern about mental health was identified in the finding that over 73% of the participants reported suffering significant boredom during the lockdown conditions imposed. Students reported carrying out exercise and a range of other activities aimed to reduce boredom and avoid more potentially dangerous feelings of stress and depression. Recommendations include maintaining and improving fitness through physical activity and participating in moderate activity between 70 - 80% with a maximum pulse rate of 150 - 300 minutes per week to high intensity between 80 - 90% maximum pulse with a frequency of at least 3 days or more per week, 75-150 minutes per week. All physical activities can be done gradually over time with the principle of progressive exercise. Meanwhile, to reduce boredom, apart from doing physical activity in the form of sports and exercise, other active daily physical activities such as washing vehicles, gardening, cleaning the house and environment, and pursuing hobbies may be considered.

Corporate‐startup partnering: Exploring attention dynamics and relational outcomes in asymmetric settings

AbstractResearch SummaryStartups that partner concurrently with a large corporation must compete for the latter's attention. We extend the attention‐based view from an intraorganizational to an interorganizational context, exploring how startups differ in the amount of attention they receive, their actions to attract and sustain attention, and the impact of attention dynamics on the relational outcome of the partnership. Our research uncovers two separate contests for attention involving corporate and divisional managers, highlighting the distributed nature of attention. Reflecting these, our findings reveal how startups' responsiveness to the respective cognitive schemas and corresponding stimuli of corporate and divisional managers is critical to understanding their distinct relational trajectories and disparate outcomes. Our focus on attention is complementary to the focus on trust that has hitherto dominated research on relational dynamics.Managerial SummaryStartups partner with large corporations to access needed complementary resources. However, truly benefiting from such partnerships is challenging and requires them to attract as well as sustain the latter's attention. Our study reveals two contests for attention: one with corporate managers tasked with running a startup partnering initiative and the other with divisional managers in business units with whom actual commercial joint activity is forged. These two sets of managers have different priorities (schemas) that result in differences in the nature and amount of attention they pay to startups' actions (stimuli). Startups seeking corporate partnerships would do well to recognize this heterogeneity within large corporations and accordingly manage the attention–attraction process through suitable partner‐centric behaviors. On their part, large corporations need to be aware of and sensitive to the challenges such disparate schema of corporate and divisional managers pose for successful partnering outcomes as the relationship transitions from the early to later stages.

O.4.6-8 Dutch school policies for less sitting and more physical activity in primary schools

Abstract Purpose A more dynamic school day that includes less sitting and more physical activity throughout the day may support health in primary school children. In this mixed methodologies study, we assessed which physical activity possibilities are incorporated in the school policies of Dutch primary schools and if this translates into more physical activity in pupils. Methods Seven primary schools were included in the study. The head teachers completed a questionnaire on the incorporation of physical activity in the school policy. Physical activity policy was assessed for physical education, physical activity during breaks, scheduling of physical activity during lessons, after school physical activity and active transport to school. In each school, actual physical activity was objectively measured using accelerometers in pupils in two classes and planning and logging of PA by teachers. Results We will assess the impact of the school policy on physical activity in pupils using logistic regression. We will assess the impact of the several school policies on total physical activity in pupils, and on the three (light, moderate and high) modalities of physical activity. Conclusion The results of this study will give us more insight in the current role of physical activity in Dutch primary schools. The potential impact of the school policy on physical activity levels in pupils can be used as a starting point for a more integral dynamic school day approach. Support/Funding Source This study was partially funded by “Stichting Westelijke Tuinsteden’.

Sustainable Assessment of the Environmental Activities of Major Cosmetics and Personal Care Companies

The cosmetics and personal care industry has, by its nature, contributed to global environmental issues such as climate change, waste, water scarcity, habitat destruction, and water and air pollution. Therefore, it is more important than ever for the cosmetics and personal care companies to be responsible and proactive in addressing environmental issues. Meanwhile, the complexity of the cosmetics and personal care industry has never been greater. The roles of not only brand companies but also OEM/ODM and retail companies are becoming increasingly important, and the boundaries are also collapsing. Despite the urgency of environmental issues, there has been a lack of research on specific and practical environmental activities of cosmetics and personal care companies, and the environmental responsibilities of OEM/ODM companies and retailers have been overlooked. Therefore, the need for this study was recognized. The purpose of this study was to expand the scope of assessment to include not only cosmetics brand companies but also OEM/ODM companies and retailers in general to identify the actual and concrete environmental activities being carried out. Therefore, in this study, the keywords cosmetics, environmental, eco-friendly, and sustainable, which have recently become the topics of discussion, were empirically analyzed. This study selected and analyzed 18 out of 28 annual reports, nonfinancial statements, and sustainability reports of 16 cosmetics- and personal-care-related companies. In addition, 456 articles were found through PubMed, Google Scholar, Google, and Scopus, and the final 108 articles were referenced using the PRISMA flow chart. The novelty of this study is, first, in the fact that it identified the actual and specific strategies and practices of cosmetics and personal care companies with respect to environmental issues. Second, it established common standards for environmental issues and compared corporate environmental activities. Third, this study included OEM/ODM companies and retailers, whose influence has been increasing in recent years, to understand the status of eco-friendly activities across the industry. This study makes a practical contribution by encouraging environmental activities in the cosmetics industry through comparing and evaluating the specific and practical environmental activities of not only brand companies but also OEM/ODM companies and retailers and laying the foundation for the development of a framework for environmental assessment. In addition, this study recognizes the need to study the environmental activity behavior of the cosmetics industry as a whole and contributes to the study of cosmetics companies’ environmental activities by suggesting how to use companies’ nonfinancial performance reports as materials to assess their actual environmental activities.

Sexual differentiation as a determinant of the cognitive sphere of programmers in professional activity and at the stage of university training

Introduction. The relevance of the work is due to the rapid changes in the field of education associated with widespread digitalization. In this regard, the training of specialists whose activities are aimed at working with digital means is especially significant. The aim of the work was to study the problem of explaining the specifics of programmers’ activity according to the criterion of sexual differentiation, both at the stage of university training and at the stage of professionalization, which is relevant in theoretical and practical terms. Within its framework, a comprehensive study of the basic cognitive determinants of this activity at the level of their structural organization was carried out for the first time. Materials and methods of research. R. Amthauer's test was used to diagnose the main parameters of the cognitive subsystem, as well as to determine its overall potential. Methods of mathematical and statistical processing were also used (multivariate correlation analysis, the method of structural analysis of intercorrelation matrices, etc.) and methods based on the methodology of structural psychological analysis. The study involved 284 people (of which 178 students of specialized specialties of the Yaroslavl University named after P.G. Demidov, Yaroslavl and 106 IT specialists). The results of the study. For the first time, it was established that differences in the content of cognitive support for programmers’ activity between men and women take place mainly at the structural level of the organization of the cognitive subsystem of the psyche that is in terms of the content and structure of the organization of basic cognitive qualities. This is manifested in the qualitative heterogeneity of such structures according to the criterion of sexual differentiation. So the coherence index in men significantly exceeds that of women (ICSm=33 and 34 students and specialists, respectively, ICSf =21 and 29 students and specialists), All the revealed differences are found, first of all, at the stage of professional training, whereas in relation to the stage of the actual professional activity they become significantly less pronounced. Therefore, the differences themselves in the structural organization of the cognitive sphere and the specifics of their manifestations in the activity of programmers are more determined by the factors of sexual differentiation. Their role, however, becomes less pronounced with professionalization, and it is replaced by an increasing degree of activity determination proper. Conclusion. A number of new data have been obtained that reveal and explain the general pattern, which consists in the fact that differences in the cognitive support of programmers’ activity between men and women are determined mainly by structural features and patterns, that is, localized at the structural, and not at the analytical level of their organization. They consist in varying degrees of severity of integrative means and mechanisms in men and women. In turn, the implementation of these tools is based on the mechanism of generating system qualities and generating, as a result, new functionality of the integrated components: individual cognitive processes and qualities. Thus, there is an increase in the functional capabilities of their totality and the expansion of the overall functional resource of the cognitive subsystem, which is most important for the implementation of complex and cognitively saturated types of activity, especially programming.

STEAM Education Concept in English Teaching Practice Process Based on Big Data Evolutionary Network Influence Analysis

INTRODUCTION: English language teaching in China is primarily traditional test-based education. Few teachers customize teaching activities according to the content and students' characteristics, which results in students' low interest in learning English and reduces their understanding and application of knowledge to the point that their speaking skills are generally weak. English is different from Chinese in that it combines skills and practice and covers a wide range of knowledge. It is a subject category that combines general knowledge of life with theoretical knowledge. Although it is only a language subject, in the process of learning it, students can also learn the human background, customs, history and culture of foreign countries, enriching their understanding of world culture.
 OBJECTIVES: Organic combination of the STEAM model and English teaching can promote academic innovation, on the one hand, to enhance learning hobbies from the aspect of learning needs and to cultivate students' comprehensive literacy, and on the other hand, the innovation of practice and concepts can enhance students' practical ability and innovation ability.
 METHODS: This study is based on big data evolutionary network influence analysis of STEAM education concept in English teaching time process analysis of students in the classroom participation, interest in learning English and learning self-confidence and the phenomenon of mismatch between the students' learning foundation, to enhance the student's classroom participation, the interest in learning English and self-confidence, the students' comprehensive literacy, and the acquisition of English language skills.
 RESULTS: STEAM + ELT practices + interdisciplinary teaching can be realized by organically combining STEAM education concepts across multiple subject areas.
 CONCLUSION: Designing appropriate English teaching activities based on the STEAM education concept and applying the theory in actual teaching activities can achieve the expected results.

Submillimeter fMRI Acquisition Techniques for Detection of Laminar and Columnar Level Brain Activation.

Since the first demonstration in the early 1990s, functional MRI (fMRI) has emerged as one of the most powerful, noninvasive neuroimaging tools to probe brain functions. Subsequently, fMRI techniques have advanced remarkably, enabling the acquisition of functional signals with a submillimeter voxel size. This innovation has opened the possibility of investigating subcortical neural activities with respect to the cortical depths or cortical columns. For this purpose, numerous previous works have endeavored to design suitable functional contrast mechanisms and dedicated imaging techniques. Depending on the choice of the functional contrast, functional signals can be detected with high sensitivity or with improved spatial specificity to the actual activation site, and the pertaining issues have been discussed in a number of earlier works. This review paper primarily aims to provide an overview of the subcortical fMRI techniques that allow the acquisition of functional signals with a submillimeter resolution. Here, the advantages and disadvantages of the imaging techniques will be described and compared. We also summarize supplementary imaging techniques that assist in the analysis of the subcortical brain activation for more accurate mapping with reduced geometric deformation. This review suggests that there is no single universally accepted method as the gold standard for subcortical fMRI. Instead, the functional contrast and the corresponding readout imaging technique should be carefully determined depending on the purpose of the study. Due to the technical limitations of current fMRI techniques, most subcortical fMRI studies have only targeted partial brain regions. As a future prospect, the spatiotemporal resolution of fMRI will be pushed to satisfy the community's need for a deeper understanding of whole-brain functions and the underlying connectivity in order to achieve the ultimate goal of a time-resolved and layer-specific spatial scale. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.