Activity Of Ethanolic Crude Extracts Research Articles

Atividade schistosomicida do extrato etanólico dos galhos, folhas, flores e frutos de plantas de Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos (Bignoniaceae) e caracterização do perfil metabólico por análise de UPLC-ESI-QTOF

Abstract Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, is a severe and widely distributed parasitic disease, affecting about 200 million people worldwide. The disease is recognized by elevated mortality rates, especially among those living in areas of poor sanitation. Currently, the chemotherapeutic treatment is solely based on using the praziquantel drug. Therefore, there is a need for the discovery of new medicines for the treatment of this parasitosis. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the schistosomicidal activity of ethanolic crude extracts from the branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart ex DC.) Masttos and characterize its metabolic profile by UPLC-ESI-QTOF analysis. Evaluation of plant extract on S. mansoni was carried out in adult worms in vitro, in which the mortality rate was quantified, and the damages in the tegument of the worms were monitored. All extracts induced changes in the viability of adult males of S. mansoni, causing the death of the parasites, which was directly dependent of the concentration.

Cytotoxic activities of ethanolic crude extracts from fruiting bodies of bamboo mushrooms (Dictyophora spp.) against cholangiocarcinoma cells

Introduction: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly progressive tumor. The standard chemotherapy varies in its effectiveness, with generally low efficacy. So, the discovery of novel chemotherapy is still required. The objective of this preliminary study was to determine the cytotoxic effects induced by three kinds of bamboo mushrooms (Dictyophora indusiata or Chinese bamboo mushroom; Ch-DTP, Short skirt bamboo mushroom (Thai isolate); Th-DTP, and orange skirt bamboo mushroom; Or-DTP) on CCA cells.
 Materials and methods: CCA cell lines, including CL-6, HuCCT1, HuH28, and OUMS normal fibroblast cells, were treated with various concentrations of DTP extracts. The MTT assay was used to determine cytotoxicity, and cell morphology was observed by using phase-contrast microscopy.
 Results and discussion: The results suggested that Ch-DTP effectively killed all three CCA cell lines in both low (0.3 mg/mL) and high (0.6 mg/mL) doses, but Th-DTP and Or-DTP had significantly reduced cell viability only at high doses (p<0.001). Ch-DTP had the best effect by showing a response of more than 50% at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL. Th-DTP had moderate effects at a concentration of lower than 0.6 mg/mL but worthwhile at higher concentrations, whereas Or-DTP had limited effects at concentrations of 0.4 mg/mL and downward, although the effects were significantly increased in the higher concentration range. Morphology of the Ch-DTP treated cells was greatly transformed both at low and high doses, but Th-DTP and Or-DTP showed definite alteration only at high doses. The morphological changes revealed apoptotic induction. In OUMS cells, no effects were recognized with any of the three DTPs.
 Conclusion: This study indicated that DTP extracts could induce cytotoxicity in cholangiocarcinoma, with a high potential of being an effective therapeutic agent.

In Vitro Antibiotic Activity of red Shallot (Allium ascalonicum), Mulberry (Morus indica), and Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Extracts against Streptococcus pyogenes

Bacterial infection is a major global health concern. One of the critical problems is the widespread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from inappropriate and prolonged use of antimicrobial agents in both humans and animals. Plant extracts might afford the chance to replace antibiotic drugs and reduce the emerging of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to examine the antibiotic activity of ethanolic crude extracts of some Thai medicinal plants grouping in their parts as whole onions of red shallot (Allium ascalonicum), petals of marigold (Tagetes erecta), mulberry leaves, and root barks (Morus indica) to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes. The antibiotic activities of the crude extract of three Thai medicinal plants using absolute ethanol were trialed against Streptococcus pyogenes using the disk diffusion method. Erythromycin and Ceftriaxone discs were chosen to be positive control standards as the representative of antibiotic drugs. Each dried plant extracts was prepared to test the inhibition with a concentration at 25, 50, and 75 mg/mL stock solution. The results showed that three groups from all testing groups of Thai medicinal plant extracts had the potential of antibiotic activity against S. pyogenes. The highest antibiotic activity against S. pyogenes was detected from whole onion extract red shallot followed by the extract of the mulberry leaves and root barks of mulberry strain Nakhon Ratchasima 60 (Nak 60) while the extract of marigold petal did not present antibiotic activity. The results revealed that crude extract of those two Thai medicinal plants, including red shallot and mulberry, had antibiotic activity against bacterial growth of S. pyogenes in the experiment and these medical Thai plants had potential benefits for developing as alternative treatment agents for S. pyogenes infections in both humans and animals in the future.

Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Crude Extracts of Libyan Peganum harmala Seeds

Peganum harmala is one of the most famous medicinal plants and natural products commonly used in traditional medicine and extensively spread in Middle and East Asia and North Africa. This study aimed to evaluate the radical scavenging activity of ethanolic crude extracts of P. harmala seeds from Libya using DPPH assay; to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the P. harmala seeds crude extracts against Gram-negative Salmonella typhi ATCC14028 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and also Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591; and to screen the phytochemicals in the ethanolic crude extracts of the Libyan P. harmala seeds using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The IC50 value of P. harmala seeds extract was 179.62±7.32 μg/mL. The MIC ranged from 1.95 to 31.25 mg/mL while the MBC ranged from 7.80 to 62.50 mg/mL. The eight compounds identified were harmine, harmaline, leptalorine, hexahydro fluorene, 3-methoxy-6-methyl, 1H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole,2,34,9- tetrahydro-6methoxy-1-methyl, 9,12-octadienoic acid ethyl ester, linoleic acid ethyl ester, 9,12-octadienoic acid (z,z). This study has, therefore, revealed the antixodant and antibacterial efficacy of P. harmala ethanolic extract. Thus, it could be further developed as a substitute for chemical antioxidants and as antibacterials agent.

In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic crude extracts of Capsicum annum against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from pus and stool samples at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital, Rwanda

In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic crude extracts of Capsicum annum against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from pus and stool samples at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital, Rwanda

In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic crude extracts of Capsicum annum against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from pus and stool samples at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital, Rwanda

This work aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of ethanolic crude extracts of leaves and fruits of Capsicum annum against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; isolated from pus and stools samples of patients in Ruhengeri Referral hospital, Rwanda. Fruits and leaves of C. annum samples were collected from Sina Gerard enterprise in Rulindo District in July, 2012. Plant samples were shade dried for 10 days, and then standard method was used for extraction using 96% ethanol as a solvent. Antibacterial activities of ethanolic crude extracts of fruits and leaves of C. annum were determined against E. coli and S. aureus using standard disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were also determined. Results showed that crude extracts of leaves and fruits of C. annum had antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus and E. coli. The mean diameter of inhibition zones and standard deviation of fruits crude extract against S. aureus and E. coli ranged from 8.17± 0.15 to 11.0 ± 0.89 mm, and 14.0 ± 0.25 to 17.9 ± 0.35 mm; respectively, while those of leaves crude extract ranged from 9.7 ± 0.26 to 14.7± 0.25mm, and 8.7± 0.35 to 11.1 ± 0.38 mm; respectively, at increasing extract concentration from 50 to 200 mg/ ml. MIC of fruits ethanolic crude extract against E. coli and S. aureus was 25 and 12.5mg /ml; respectively, while MBC was found to be 50 and 25mg/ ml, respectively. However, MIC of leaves ethanolic crude extract against E. coli and S. aureus were 50 and 12.5mg/ ml respectively, while MBC was found to be 100 and 50 mg/ ml, respectively. We concluded from this study that, ethanolic crude extract of both fruits and leaves of C. annum collected from Rwanda had antibacterial potential against tested bacteria, thus could be used as sources of new drugs.

In Vitro Antimalarial Activity and Cytotoxity of 20 Ethanolic Crude Extracts from Thai Herbs Against Plasmodium Falciparum TM267

Objective: To determine the antimalarial activity of ethanol crude extracts from 20 Thai herbs against Plasmodiumfalciparum (P. falciparum) chloroquine-resistant strain TM267. Molecular docking of the active compounds from the selected Thaiherbs were analyzed with Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (PfDHFR).Material and Method: An in vitro study of antimalarial activity against P. falciparum TM267 was done using a parasitelactate dehydrogenese assay, and the cytotoxic effects of extracts were tested against Vero cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and 50%cytotoxicity concentration were calculated from the dose-response curves. Molecular docking and post-dockingwere analyzed with the x-ray crystal structure of PfDHFR-thymidylate synthase complexed with pyrimethamine,nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and deoxyuridylate.Results: Of these, the Plumbago indica L. root extract showed high antimalarial activity, with an IC50 value of 3.7μg/ml and less cytotoxicity when tested against Vero cells, followed by the Citrus hystrix DC. fruit extract, Vitex trifoliaLinn. root extract, Ocimum sanctum L. leave extract, of Allium sativum L. bulb extract and Salacia chinensis L. stem extract,respectively. All 7 active compounds reported from these herbal extracts had high docking scores against PfDHFR.The Citrusoside C from Citrus hystrix DC. had the highest docking score.Conclusion: It could be purposed that there were active compounds in Plumbago indica L., Vitex trifolia Linn. and Citrus hystrix DC. which are potential inhibitors against malaria that could bind to the active site of PfDHFR. However, the active Citrusosides from Citrus hystrix DC. should be further investigated for their effectiveness against malaria.

The antiangiogenic activities of ethanolic crude extracts of four Salvia species

BackgroundAngiogenesis is one of cancer hallmarks that are required for both cancer progression and metastasis. In this study we examined the antiangiogenic properties of the ethanolic crude extracts of four Salvia species grown in Jordan.MethodsThe direct antiangiogenic activity was evaluated using various models: ex vivo rat aortic ring assay, in vitro assessment of HUVEC proliferation and migration, and in vivo CAM assay, while we used the changes in the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in breast cancer cells (MCF 7) as an indicative for the indirect antiangiogenic activity.ResultsAll four crude extracts showed a potential antiangiogenic activity in the rat aortic assay, however two species were found to be cytotoxic against Fibroblast cell line (PLF); the finding that caused the exclusion of these two extracts from further studies. Of the two remaining extracts, S. triloba showed very promising direct and indirect antiangiogenic activities. S. triloba inhibited the HUVEC proliferation with an IC50 of 90 μg/mL and HUVEC migration by 82% at 150 μg/mL. Furthermore, the in vivo CAM assay also illustrated the high impact of S. triloba against the newly formed vessel in the chicken embryonic membrane. Interestingly, the S. triloba inhibited the expression of VEGF at the mRNA and protein and the HIF-1α mRNA in the MCF 7 breast cancer cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.ConclusionsTaken together, all these findings of the direct and indirect angiogenic investigations nominated S. triloba as a highly potent antiangiogenic plant that may have chemotherapeutic and/or chemoprevention potentials.

Anthelmintic Activity of Medicinal Plants Used in Northern Côte d'Ivoire Against Intestinal Helminthiasis

Based on the results of ethnomedical and ethnoveterinary surveys that we had carried out in northern Côte d'Ivoire during 1999–2001, 79 plant species belonging to 36 families were selected for in vitro. anthelmintic screening. The activity of ethanol crude extracts was investigated using the nematode Haemonchus contortus. Rudolphi (1803) as the test species. Of 115 extracts tested, 50 showed larvicidal activity and two were ovicidal. The most active came from Sclerocarya birrea. (A. Rich) Hochst followed by Lannea kerstingii. Engl. & K. Krause, Aframomum alboviolaceum. (Ridely) K. Schum., Pericopsis laxiflora. (Benth) van Meeuwen, Pseudocedrela kotschyi. (Schweinf.) Harms, Securidaca longepedunculata. Fres., Alchornea cordifolia. (Schum. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg., Anthostema senegalense. A. Juss, Ficus vallis-choudae. Del., Ampelocissus grantii. (Lour) Merrill, Vitellaria paradoxa. C. F. Gaertn, and Hibiscus asper. Hook f. The results supported the traditional uses of some of the tested plants in the treatment of intestinal helminthosis. As Haemonchus contortus. is a pathogenic nematode in small ruminants, the active plant species could be a potential source of new lead anthelmintic agents.