Activities Of Different Parts Research Articles

Pectin Methylesterase of Datura species, purification, and characterization from Datura stramoniumand its application

Pectin methylesterases (PME; EC 3.1.1.11) involved in de-esterification of pectin and have applicability in food, textiles, wines, pulp, and paper industries. In the present study, we compared PME activity of different parts of 3 Datura species and found that fruit coat showed maximum PME activity followed by leaf and seed. PME from leaves of D. stramonium (DsPME) was purified and characterized. DsPME showed optimum activity at 60 °C and pH 9 in the presence of 0.3 M NaCl. DsPME was stable at 70 °C and retained more than 40% activity after 60 min of incubation. However, enzyme activity completely abolished at 80 after 5 min of incubation. It follows Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics. Km and Vmax with citrus pectin were 0.008 mg/ml and 16.96 µmol/min, respectively. DsPME in combination with polygalactourenase (PGA) increased the clarity of orange, apple, pomegranate and pineapple juices by 2.9, 2.6, 2.3, and 3.6 fold, respectively in comparison to PGA alone. Due to very high de-esterification activity, easy denaturation and significant efficacy in incrementing clarification of fruit juice makes DsPME useful for industrial application.

Analysis of Phytoconstiuents and Cytotoxic Activities of Different Parts of Ocimum sanctum

Phytochemical screening of extracts of Ocimum Sanctum revealed the presence of fatty acids, steroids, triterpenoid, phenolic compound, flavonoid, glycoside, quinines, and carotenoids. β-sitosterol and Ursolic acid were isolated from leaves of the plant by using column chromatography and identification of these compounds were performed with the help of melting points, Co-TLC and spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1HNMR and 13 CMR. GC-MS of hexane fraction showed presence of pentanal, sotolone, hexane-3-one, hexane-2-ol, caryphyllene, benzene 1,2 di-carbolylic acids, isoeugenol, cavracrol and eugenol compounds. The brine shrimp bio assay showed LC50 value 213.7, 97.72 and 21.87 for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves respectively, where as LC50 value 169.84, 141.25 and 151.35 for hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of stem respectively. All extracts are pharmacologically active.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i3.8609 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(3) 2013 : 137-144

Statement of retraction

This article refers to:Volatile oil constituents and antibacterial activity of different parts of Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. growing wild in two localities from Iran

The Impact of Two Purified Forms of <Iitalic>B. Pertussis</Iitalic> CyaA on Oxidative Burst

Background: Adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) is an important virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, and a potential component of acellular pertussis vaccine. Objectives: In the present study the impact of invasive CyaA on oxidative activities of phagocytes was compared with the other form of this molecule to investigate the activity of different parts of molecules on leukocytes. Materials and Methods: The work involved the production of two purified forms of CyaA with different enzymic and invasive properties. They were: the native enzymatically-active, invasive toxin (CyaA), an invasive derivative lacking AC enzymic activity (CyaA*). Different concentrations of CyaA and CyaA* were used to investigate dose-dependent effects of the toxins on oxidative burst in U937 human monoblastic cells, J774.2 mouse macrophage-like cells and fresh human granulocyte cells by Burst Test assay. Results: Significant effects were observed with 0.2 µg protein/mL of CyaA. For instance, there was almost complete (80%) inhibition of phagocytosis by J774.2 cells and 70% inhibition of phagocotosis by human granulocyte cells. The results showed that production of the oxidative burst was significantly impaired by increasing concentrations of CyaA compared to cells treated with PBS. However, there was no significant effect with CyaA* on either cells. Conclusions: The results of the study showed that both enzymatic and invasive functions were required for the oxidative burst effects of adenylate cyclase toxin in leukocytes.

Comparative biological study of roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of Angelica shikokiana Makino

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAngelica shikokiana has been used as a health food for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiallergic, and blood vessel dilating effects in Japan. It can also be used to prevent and treat hepatitis, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and arteriosclerosis. Aim of the studyThe present study was designed to compare the biological activities such as melanin synthesis inhibitory, anti-allergy, anti-lipase, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective activities of different parts of the plant that may justify the use of this plant in folk medicine. Material and methodsThe roots, stems, leaves and, seeds of Angelica shikokiana were separately extracted with water and ethanol. Each extract was examined for melanin synthesis inhibitory and anti-allergy activity on B16-melanoma and RBL-2H3 cells using IgE and A23187 as a stimulant for β-hexosaminidase release, respectively. We also evaluated the inhibition of two enzymes, lipase and acetylcholine esterase, and of the bacterial growth of two species, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureaus. The anti-oxidant activity was determined using oxygen radical anti-oxidant capacity, ORAC assay and its relation to the phenolic content was estimated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Besides, the protective effect of the extracts against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in mouse neuroblastoma, Neuro-2A cells was investigated. ResultsThe most active extract exhibiting melanin synthesis inhibition (63%) and at the same time with low cytotoxicity (15%) was the ethanol extract of roots at 20µg/ml, followed by the ethanol extract of stems (57% inhibition, 5% cytotoxicity). On the other hand, the highest inhibitions of β-hexosaminidase release were recorded for the ethanol extract of leaves with IC50 value of 6.89µg/ml followed by the water extract of the seeds and leaves with IC50 value of 78.32 and 88.44µg/ml, respectively. For anti-lipase assay, ethanol extracts of the stems and roots showed the strongest inhibition with IC50 values of 204.06 and 216.24µg/ml, respectively. None of the examined extracts showed any activity against Escherichia coli. while the ethanol extract of the roots and stems showed moderate inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration of 400µg/ml. Ethanol extract of the roots showed only 30% inhibition of acetylcholine esterase enzyme. The results of anti-oxidant, phenolic content and protective effect against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity assays showed highly correlated data. Ethanol extract of the stems (ORAC value of 1.08µmol Trolox/ mg and phenolic content 44.25μg GAE/mg) increased the cell viability of H2O2-treated Neuro-2A cells by 28%.

Antioxidant activity of different parts of Tetrataenium lasiopetalum

Context: In Iranian traditional medicine, different species of the genus Tetrataenium are used as antiseptic, spice and food additives.Objective: The present study examined the possible antioxidant effects of hydro-alcoholic extracts of different parts of Tetrataenium lasiopetalum (Boiss.) Manden (Apiaceae).Materials and methods: Laminas, stems, petioles, fruits, peduncles and flowers of T. lasiopetalum were collected, dried and then extracted by ethanol and water (70:30). Antioxidant activities of extracts were examined by employing different in vitro assays, i.e., 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating, reducing power activities and hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid system. Also, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were evaluated.Results: Hydro-alcoholic extract of T. lasiopetalum flower showed the highest activity in scavenging of DPPH (IC50 = 170 ± 7 μg/mL). In metal chelating assay, lamina extract possesses a better iron ion chelating activity than other extracts (230 ± 10 μg/mL). Lamina hydro-alcoholic extract demonstrated better activity in reducing the power and hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid system than other parts of T. lasiopetalum.Discussion and conclusion: These results showed the antioxidant activity of different parts of T. lasiopetalum based on its usage in traditional medicine.

Comparison between polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of different parts of Capparis spinosa L

Introduction: Capparis spinosa L., Capparidaceae is a shrub growing widely in Algeria. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of five parts of the plant were studied for their polyphenol and flavonoid contents. These extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation effects. Material and Methods: determination of polyphenols and flavonoids was carried out using colorimetric methods. Antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation of extracts were performed using the established DPPH and beta carotene/linoleic acid tests. Results: The methanolic extracts contained higher total polyphenols and flavonoids than the aqueous extracts. The leaves and flowers were rich in polyphenols and/or flavonoids whilst the roots were relatively poor in these components. Furthermore, all extracts had anti-lipid peroxidation and antioxidant effects with higher levels in the flowers and the leaves (I% = 82.78 ± 2.64% and 80.94 ± 1.57%, respectively). Seeds have an importanteffect (I% = 64.02%) followed by fruits then roots (I% = 40.62% and 21.24%, respectively). Conclusion: These results demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation of all parts of Capparis spinosa and give a comparative data on the extracts of different parts that can be used in the diseases where inhibition of oxidative stress is required.

Analysis of urban growth using Landsat TM/ETM data and GIS—a case study of Hyderabad, India

Hyderabad is one of the fastest growing mega cities in India and it is facing many economic, social and environmental problems due to rapid urban growth. For the better planning of resources and to provide basic amenities to its residents, it is necessary to have sufficient knowledge about its urban growth activities. Also, it is necessary to monitor the changes in land use over time and to detect growth activities in different parts of the city. To accomplish these tasks with greater accuracy and easiest way, remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) tools proved to be very advantageous. This study makes an attempt towards the mapping of land use classes for different time periods and analysis of apparent changes in land use using the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data for the urban agglomeration of Hyderabad, India. In this study, three different time periods viz. 1989–2000, 2000–2005 and 2005–2011 are chosen for the analysis. The results have shown that high-density urban area had grown during 1989–2011 by encroaching into other land use classes. The urban growth has also affected water resources both, qualitatively and quantitatively in the region. The transformation of other land use types into urban area dynamically continued in the North-East and Southern parts of the city. In the North-East direction, the urban growth was mostly due to growth in industrial and residential area and in Southern part, mostly due to residential growth.

Phytochemicals in Plant Parts of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) with Special Reference to Fatty Acid Profiles of Seeds

The study estimated bioactive compounds in various parts of Morinda citrifolia L. with special reference on fruits, leaves and seeds. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed in various parts for polyphenol, flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, nitrate, oxalate and phytate contents. Determination of DPPH antioxidant activity of different parts revealed that aqueous extract scavenged significantly (p < 0.05) more DPPH free radicals than methanol and acetone extracts. Val-Tyr-Val and Meth-enkephalin polypeptides were high in leaves while Ly-Tyr and Leu-enkephalin in fruits. Fatty acid profiles of Morinda seeds revealed them as rich source of linolenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and lauric acid. Strong correlations were observed between antioxidant activity and carotenoids (R 2 = 0.774, p = 0.021). Information on bioactives and high free radical scavenging activity of M. citrifolia parts supports their various health claims.

Effects of salinity on Na+/K+-ATPase activity,the osmolality of pericardial cavity fluid and peritoneal fluid and ion content in Onchidium struma

To explore the effects of salinity on the Na+/K+-ATPase activity,the osmolality of pericardial cavity fluid and peritoneal fluid and ion content(Na+,K+ and Cl-)in Onchidium struma(Objective),six hundred healthy specimens[wet weight(10.24±2.16)g]were selected and had been raised for 30 days with simulated ecological environments in different salinity conditions(5,15,25,35 and 45),then all indices were determined(Method).The results show:(1)The salinity and osmolality of peritoneal fluid and pericardial cavity fluid of O.struma are increased with increasing ambient salinity.The increased amplitude of peritoneal fluid are 25-43 and 514-796 mOsm·/kg respectively,which were greater than the pericardial cavity fluid(23-28 and 502-726 mOsm/kg respectively).(2)The content of Na+,Cl-and K+ of pericardial cavity fluid is consistent with the changes of ambient salinity and these all increased first then decreased.The concentration of Na+,Cl-and K+ reached the maximum at salinity 25,which is 295.50 mmol/L,322.50 mmol/L and 5.15 mmol/L respectively.Besides,salinity has a significant impact in Na+ and Cl-but with no significant effect on K+.(3)There are significant differences on Na+/K+-ATPase activity of different parts in O.struma.The Na+/K+-ATPase in cardia stomach,intestine,epidermis,muscle and pericardial cavity membrane of O.struma have higher activity.In addition,the Na+/K+-ATPase activity of different parts activated by salinity with some tissue-specificity,there are higher activity of cardia stomach and muscle in low salinity while the intestine,kidney and pericardial cavities membrane in high salinity(Result).These results indicate that the salinity can significantly impact the osmolality and ion concentration of peritoneal fluid and pericardial cavity fluid as well as the Na+/K+-ATPase activity of O.struma.The cardiac stomach,intestine and muscle are the main tissues involved in its ion transport and osmoregulation with strong osmotic adjustment capability(Conclusion).

Sucrose Accumulation and Key Enzyme Activities in Different Parts of Seed in Vegetable Soybean

Three vegetable soybean varieties(lines)with different soluble sugar contents were grown in field condition.Sucrose contents and four critical enzymes activities in different parts of seed were analyzed at R5.5,R6,R6.2,R6.5,and R7 stages,respectively.Sucrose contents of different seed parts increased at early seed filling stage and then decreased at late stage with the peak value at R6.2 stage.Sucrose content in hypocotyl was 57.6%,53.6%,44.2% greater than that of cotyledon,and 71.6%,75.3%,73.6% greater than that of seed coat at R6.2 stage for the three varieties(lines),respectively.The cotyledon contributed90% dry weight to the total seed dry weight,and thus the sucrose content of the whole seed was primarily determined by sucrose content in cotyledon.Cotyledon had the highest activity of sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS).The cotyledon SPS activity of cv.121 was much higher than those of the other two varieties(lines).The sucrose synthase(SS)activity of different seed parts was higher in early seed filling stage than in late filling stage.The highest value of SS activity was observed in hypocotyl at R5.5 stage.Greater differences were found between acid invertase(AI)and neutral invertase(NI)activities.NI activity was higher in early seed filling stage and then decreased till R7 stage.Significant differences were observed for AI activities among three seed parts at the same seed filling stage but there were no differences for NI activities.AI activity in seed coat was much higher than those in hypocotyl and cotyledon.Negative relationship was found between AI activity and sucrose content in seed coat(r = –0.59**).The correlation analysis between sucrose accumulation and four critical enzymes activities showed that seed sucrose content was not controlled dominantly by one enzyme.The difference between sucrose synthesis enzyme activity(SPS)and sucrose decomposition enzyme activity(SS+AI+NI)was positively correlated with seed sucrose accumulation(r=0.53**).

Quantitative analysis of nucleolar chromatin distribution in the complex convoluted nucleoli of Didinium nasutum (Ciliophora)

We have earlier shown that the typical Didinium nasutum nucleolus is a complex convoluted branched domain, comprising a dense fibrillar component located at the periphery of the nucleolus and a granular component located in the central part. Here our main interest was to study quantitatively the spatial distribution of nucleolar chromatin structures in these convoluted nucleoli. There are no "classical" fibrillar centers in D.nasutum nucleoli. The spatial distribution of nucleolar chromatin bodies, which play the role of nucleolar organizers in the macronucleus of D.nasutum, was studied using 3D reconstructions based on serial ultrathin sections. The relative number of nucleolar chromatin bodies was determined in macronuclei of recently fed, starved D.nasutum cells and in resting cysts. This parameter is shown to correlate with the activity of the nucleolus. However, the relative number of nucleolar chromatin bodies in different regions of the same convoluted nucleolus is approximately the same. This finding suggests equal activity in different parts of the nucleolar domain and indicates the existence of some molecular mechanism enabling it to synchronize this activity in D. nasutum nucleoli. Our data show that D. nasutum nucleoli display bipartite structure. All nucleolar chromatin bodies are shown to be located outside of nucleoli, at the periphery of the fibrillar component.

Investigation of phytochemicals and anti‑convulsant activity of the plant Coleus amboinicus (lour.)

Objectives: The present study has been designed to evaluate the comparative anticonvulsant activity of different parts of Coleus amboinicus as it has been mentioned in the various literatures regarding the use of this plant in the treatment of epilepsy, but no specific scientific reports are available in this regard. Materials and Methods: The in vitro anticonvulsant activity of leaf, stem and roots of C. amboinicus has been evaluated by maximal electric shock‑induced seizures (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‑induced seizures models in Swiss albino mice. The drug/extracts were administered through intra‑peritoneal route (100 mg/ml), in both experimental models and the effect was compared with Phenytoin in MES and PTZ‑induced convulsion. Results: All the three studied extracts have shown significant anticonvulsant activity in both the models. However, the alcoholic leaf extract has shown highest activity by abolishing the MES‑induced convulsions after 60 minutes of drug administration. The duration of convulsions in PTZ model was also significantly reduced (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The alcoholic leaf extract of the C. amboinicus has shown the significant anticonvulsant activity in both the studied models, followed by stem and root extracts. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins in these extracts may be responsible for this activity. Key words: Anti‑convulsant, Coleus amboinicus, maximal electric shock, Pentylenetetrazole, Phenytoin

Seasonality and Site Function in Chalcolithic Cyprus

Excavations at the small Chalcolithic site of Politiko-Kokkinorotsos in central Cyprus show that it was occupied around 2880–2670 cal BC. Fallow deer(Dama mesopotamica)form the major component of the substantial faunal assemblage. The structure of the animal population suggests a seasonal hunting site, an interpretation consistent with the lack of formal architecture and the range of stone tools. In this study, independent odontochronological analyses of deer and caprine are used to test and confirm the model of seasonal culling in spring and summer based on more general indicators. The results suggest a pattern of varied, specialized site-types and activities in different parts of the island and in different ecological zones, and add considerably to our understanding of cultural systems on the island in the early third millennium BC.

Cholinesterase and microbial inhibitory activities of Tetrapleura tetraptera

The cholinesterase and microbial inhibitory activities of different parts of Tetrapleura tetraptera plant were evaluated due to their local applications. The cholinesterase results revealed that the extracts showed some levels of inhibitory effects depending on the solvents used. Tetrapleura tetraptera leaves had better inhibitory effects with maximum inhibitory activity of 70.0% at a concentration of 1.00mg/l for the water extract. Tetrapleura tetraptera bark showed highest inhibitory effect of 71.05% and (84.34%) for the ethanol and chloroform extracts at concentrations of 0.5mg/l and 1.0 mg/l respectively. While for petroleum ether, T. tetraptera bark recorded 74.34% inhibitory effect at concentration of 2.0 mg/l and also showed continuous increase in inhibitory activity as the concentration increases for aqueous methanol. The results of the antimicrobial activities showed that among all the test organisms, theethanol and water extracts of the leaves, stem, bark and root of the plants had promising activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria and Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus species fungi. There was no activity shown by the ethanol and water extracts ofthe parts of the plants with Fugarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Mucor species fungi. The bacteria strains were more sensitive to the tested extracts than the fungi strains.

Determination of optimal condition to obtain the bromelain from pineapple plants produced by micropropagation

This study aimed to obtain the condition of maximum bromalein activity in different parts of pineapple plants produced in vitro, by micropropagation. The sStems and leaves of Pérola and Imperial cultivar plants were evaluated after three and eight months of in vitro cultivation in Murashige and Skoog medium without growth phytoregulator, macerated in potassium phosphate buffer at different pH values (5.7, 6.7 and 7.7). Total protein and proteolytic activity were determined in the samples after three- and eight-month cultivation periods. For both the cultivars, the best results were obtained at pH 5.7 in extraction media. Pérola cultivar, showed higher bromelain activity in the leaves cultivated in vitro for three months (0.0194U/mL) while in the Imperial cultivar, it was higher in the stem after eight months (0.0179 U/mL). Imperial cultivar showed higher bromelain activity than the Pérola's.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism and chronic human pain

In human studies, low COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) activity has been associated with increased sensitivity to acute clinical preoperative or postoperative pain. We explored the association between the COMT genotype and three chronic pain conditions: migrainous headache, fibromyalgia, or chronic widespread pain and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Furthermore, we evaluated whether COMT genotype affects the efficacy of opioids in chronic pain. After a systematic literature review, we carried out meta-analyses on the three chronic pain conditions. The efficacy of opioids was evaluated using a systematic review only. The meta-analyses showed that fibromyalgia or chronic widespread pain is the only type of chronic pain that could be associated with the COMT single nucleotide polymorphism rs4680 (Val158Met). Met158, which results in the low-activity variant of COMT, is the risk allele. In chronic clinical pain, the effect of the COMT polymorphism depends on the pain condition. Low COMT activity is not associated with migrainous headache or chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions, but it may increase the risk for fibromyalgia or chronic widespread pain. Low COMT activity increases opioid receptors and enhances opioid analgesia and adverse effects in some cancer pains. Findings from animal studies that have utilized COMT inhibitors elucidate the mechanism behind these findings. In rodent pain models, COMT inhibitors are pronociceptive, except for neuropathic pain models, where nitecapone was found to be antiallodynic. The complex interplay between enhanced adrenergic and dopaminergic activity in different parts of the nociceptive system probably explains the complicated actions of low COMT activity.

An applications perspective into the Future Internet

The building of the Future Internet is well on its way with many research projects and experimental development activities in different parts of the works. However the debate over different approaches is still ongoing. Much of the comparison is concentrating on the different technical capabilities, however, very little effort has been put on finding out how such capabilities will actually be used by the different stakeholders and in particular by users and service providers. Decisions such as whether to take an evolutionary step with TCP/IP, start to use cellular protocols, or develop something new, should be based on realistic and validated user scenarios clearly highlighting what might be needed in the future and indicating a prioritised roadmap. As the Future Internet is needed for supporting new applications and services, it is natural that the requirements for Future Internet should come from the future applications. In this paper, we take a look at a likely future to see what kind of applications can be expected. We then analyse some potential future applications trying to understand the key features the Future Internet should support in order to meet key challenging requirements. Finally, we compare the requirements with the existing Future Internet research, in order to see how they match to each other.

Antiradical activity of different parts of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit as a function of genotype

The objective of this work was to analyse phenolic compounds and antiradical capacity of different parts of walnut fruit among six genotypes of Juglans regia L. Therefore, total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined and methanolic extracts of walnut genotypes were considered by the reducing power, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), superoxide anion and nitric oxide radical scavenging. Significant differences were found in phenolic content and radical scavenging capacity of different parts of fruits and among various genotypes. High correlation coefficient (R2=0.81) was observed between phenol content and radical scavenging activity, but this was not always true (R2=0.01). These results demonstrated that walnut genotypes have different phenolic compounds and phenolic compounds have different radical scavenging power. The differences of phenolic compounds were confirmed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Dissociable Brain Systems Mediate Vicarious Learning of Stimulus-Response and Action-Outcome Contingencies

Two distinct strategies have been suggested to support action selection in humans and other animals on the basis of experiential learning: a goal-directed strategy that generates decisions based on the value and causal antecedents of action outcomes, and a habitual strategy that relies on the automatic elicitation of actions by environmental stimuli. In the present study, we investigated whether a similar dichotomy exists for actions that are acquired vicariously, through observation of other individuals rather than through direct experience, and assessed whether these strategies are mediated by distinct brain regions. We scanned participants with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed an observational learning task designed to encourage either goal-directed encoding of the consequences of observed actions, or a mapping of observed actions to conditional discriminative cues. Activity in different parts of the action observation network discriminated between the two conditions during observational learning and correlated with the degree of insensitivity to outcome devaluation in subsequent performance. Our findings suggest that, in striking parallel to experiential learning, neural systems mediating the observational acquisition of actions may be dissociated into distinct components: a goal-directed, outcome-sensitive component and a less flexible stimulus-response component.