Indirubin, the active component of the traditional Chinese remedy Dang Gui Long Hui Wan, exhibits broad therapeutic potential. However, its scalable and sustainable synthesis remains challenging when using conventional methods. We report a green and efficient synthetic protocol using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as environmentally benign media. Indirubin was synthesized from isatin using NaBH4 in a choline chloride/urea DES at 70°C under air, achieving a 70% overall yield in 24 h without chromatographic purification. This approach, combined with an optimized work-up, significantly reduces organic solvent use, improving both process safety and environmental sustainability. The protocol is robust and scalable, as demonstrated by a pilot-scale preparation (386 g of isatin in 1.94 kg of DES), and grants access to a variety of indirubin derivatives, such as 5,5'-difluoro, 5,5'-dibromo, 5,5'-dimethoxy, 5,5'-dimethyl, 5-bromoindirubin, 3'-oxime, and N-alkylated analogs, the latter being of particular interest as photoswitchable molecular platforms. A comprehensive CHEM21 metrics assessment reveals a 3.7-fold reduction in E-factor and improved effective mass yield (EM) and process mass intensity (PMI) values compared to conventional methanol-based methods, underscoring the reduced environmental footprint of this approach. Overall, this strategy provides a greener, safer, and industrially viable route to pharmaceutically relevant indirubin scaffolds, fully aligned with sustainable chemistry principles.

Redefining feasibility in step-count telerehabilitation: from acceptability to active components and equity.

ABSTRACTDanggui Buxue Decoction (DBD) has shown potential antitumor effects in a variety of cancers. This study aims to delve into the effects and mechanisms of DBD on the metastasis of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). The mouse model of TNBC was constructed, and the function of DBD was investigated. The active components and core targets of DBD on TNBC were identified through liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, network pharmacology, and molecular docking techniques. A set of in vitro experiments was conducted to examine the key components and core targets of DBD that affect the metastasis of TNBC. DBD inhibited the growth and metastasis of TNBC tumors. Formononetin is one of the key active ingredients of DBD, exerts antitumor effects by targeting Snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SNAI2). The addition of DBD or Formononetin inhibited the malignant activity and reduced the expression of SNAI2. However, this ability of Formononetin was reversed due to the overexpression of the SNAI2 gene. Formononetin inhibits the metastasis of TNBC by downregulating SNAI2. The outcomes offer a basis for the future clinical utilization of DBD and Formononetin in TNBC therapy.

Anemoside B4 alleviates colitis-associated colon cancer progression via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Characterization of Lactococcus lactis ZB1 from traditional fermented bacon: Genomic insights and antifungal potential for food preservation.

Yueju pill and its active component- Myricetin attenuate the reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behavior in mice.

Effect of protease inhibitors from Siparuna brasiliensis leaves on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Iron-based lignocellulosic biochar for Fenton-like treatment of organic wastewater: A review on progress and prospects.

Coelonin, an active component extract from Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f., alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by increasing the expression of non-coding RNA Gm27505 and inhibiting the M1 polarization of macrophages caused by inflammatory responses.

Chaihu shugan powder ameliorated chronic pancreatitis by reprogramming SMS2-mediated sphingolipid metabolism in M1 macrophages.

Carvacrol encapsulation system based on casein-chitosan coacervates: Stability regulation and mechanism of ultrasonication-assisted core-shell microcapsules.

Minimalistic, disposable wireless electrochemical sensors: Integrating self-powered amperometry with direct inductive coupling.

Tengchuan compound mixture ameliorates Mycoplasma Synoviae-induced synovitis: An integrated network pharmacology, metabolomics, and 16S rRNA sequencing study.

Influence of space charge carriers and active plasma components of DC Townsend discharge on the surface transformation of nano-sized Bi films

Modeling interactions between the adsorption of dissolved organic carbon and biological activity on granular activated carbon.

Insight into nano-confined Fenton-like oxidation based on magnetic graphite oxide catalytic membrane.

HSYA targets the ZBP1-166R site to inhibit MAVS signaling: A potential therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

5-O-Methylvisammioside, a novel inhibitor of CNT2, improves hyperuricemia by inhibiting intestinal purine nucleoside absorption with a safe profile.

Zhishi decoction (ZSD) is one of the most common herb decoctions in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and it is used for the treatment of FC. However, its main therapeutic mechanism is not yet clear. This study aims to explore the possible pharmacodynamic material basis and potential molecular mechanism from network pharmacology and molecular docking and verify them through animal experiments. Firstly, the effective ingredients, potential targets, and key targets of ZSD in the treatment of FC were screened through network pharmacology. Go and KEGG analyses were performed for potential targets. Secondly, molecular docking was used to link the main active components of ZSD with target genes to predict their possible molecular mechanisms. Finally, 30 male BALB/c mice (20±2 g) were randomly divided into five groups (n=6), including the blank group, ZSD groups with two dosages (7.15, 14.3 g/kg), FC model group, and positive group (lactulose group). All the mice were given difenoxate tablets for 14 days to establish FC model except the blank group. Moreover, the mice in the blank group were given the same volume of normal saline. After admination for 14 days, the whole colon tissues were obtained for the analysis of small intestinal propulsion rate, and the expression of P38MAPK in colon tissues of mice was observed via immunohistochemistry and WesterBlot. In this study, 43 active ingredients in ZSD were identified. Four hundred and thirty potential therapeutic targets were selected, among which AKT1, MAPK12, and MAPK14 were key targets. 164 GO biological processes and 123 KEGG signaling pathways were identified after analysis， such as MAPK signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway etc. The molecular docking results showed that Prangenin, 4-Hydroxyhomopterocarpin, isoponcimarin, and AKT1, MAPK12, MAPK14 had good binding degree. Additionally, ZSD could relieve the symptoms of FC in mice significantly. Compared with the model group, p38/MAPK positive expression cells and protein expression levels in the colon tissues of ZSD groups significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01). This study confirmed that ZSD could act on AKT1, MAPK12, and MAPK14 targets to activate the p38/MAPK signaling pathway to relieve FC induced by defenoxate tablets. The further development of ZSD provided a theoretical basis.

CASP1 as a potential target of Dendrobium in Sjögren's syndrome: Multi-omics analysis and preliminary experimental evidence.