Activated Charcoal Adsorption Research Articles

Studi Literatur Pengaruh Massa Adsorben dalam Proses Pemurnian Minyak Jelantah Menggunakan Adsorben Arang Aktif dari Ampas Tebu

A repeatedly used cooking oil is also called as used cooking oil. Used cooking oil from 17 entrepreneurs in Palaran Sub-District is 161,5 liters/day or 50,65 tons/year. Used cooking oil can result in pollution to the environment due to the increasing number of acids and the number of peroxide. The research objectives of this literature study is to find out the effects of the mass adsorbent in the refining process of cooking oil with the activated charcoal adsorbent from sugar cane on the number of acids and the number of peroxide. A lot of sugar cane has a content of cellulose 45%, lignin 18%, Pentosan 32% and others 5%, so it can be used as a material of active charcoal which can be applied as adsorbent for the purification of used cooking oil. The process of refining the oil using adsorption method by varying the mass of active charcoal adsorbent. The collection of secondary data on the research of this literature was sourced from Triyanto (2013), Irmawati and Syahrir (2018) and Bariah (2020) who have examined the mass influence of active charcoal adsorbent on the number of acids and numbers of peroxide. Based on the results of analysis and interpretation of the third data of the journal used obtained information that the mass recommendation adsorbent on mass 6 grams

Supramolecular solvent combined with dispersive solid phase extraction based magnetic silicone surfactant activated charcoal adsorbent for extraction of phenolic compounds from industrial wastewater

The present work describes a sensitive alternative procedure for the extraction and measurement of model analytes 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from wastewater samples that uses supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS)-assisted non-ionic silicone surfactant-coated multifunctional magnetite activated charcoal (Fe3O4@AC-SS). In this study, decanoic acid reverse micelle-mediated SUPRAS and Fe3O4@AC-SS adsorbents was applied to magnetically separate the decanoic acid micelles containing the extracted phenolic compounds that were solubilized onto magnetic adsorbent-based surfactant. The Fe3O4@AC-SS adsorbent’s physical and surface properties were characterised using thermogravimetric analyser and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analyser. The prepared Fe3O4@AC-SS was then applied as the adsorbent in the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE)-assisted SUPRAS technique to extract the phenolic compounds prior to high performance liquid chromatography diode array detection. Optimum extraction conditions were assessed with respect to adsorbent dosage, extraction time, SUPRAS volume, pH, ionic strength, sample volume, and desorption conditions (type, time, and volume). Under optimised conditions, good linearity with a coefficient of determination > 0.9991 and excellent limits of detection (0.0318–0.0384 μg/L) and quantification (0.1061–0.1281 μg/L) were achieved. Excellent recovery (85.30–116.85%) proved the suitability of the SUPRAS-MSPE technique for the extraction of phenolic compounds. No marked toxicity towards selected cell lines in the cell viability assay further confirmed that the extraction method and adsorbent were environmentally friendly and sensitive, and that the method has great potential for the extraction of phenolic compounds.

ARANG AKTIF SERBUK GERGAJI KAYU JATI (TECTONA GRANDIS L.F) SEBAGAI BAHAN ADSORBEN PADA PEMURNIAN MINYAK JELANTAH

Used cooking oil can increase the potential for cancer in the body. Therefore, used cooking oil processing efforts were made to improve its quality by using activated charcoal adsorbent of Tectona Grandis L. F sawdust. This study aimed to improve the quality of used cooking oil through refinign by using charcoal adsorbent of Tectona Grandis L.f sawdust. used cooking oil samples were obtained from Ogoamas 1 Village, Sojol Utara District, Donggala Regency. Based on the results of testing the quality of the oil obtained, the water content was 0.22%, free fatty acid content was 0.25% peroxide number was 1.83 meq / Kg, the iodic number was 45, specific gravity was 0.900 g / mL and oil color clear oil with absorbance value was 0.031 A. Based on the quality of several parameters of cooking oil using activated charcoal of Tectona Grandis L.f sawdust, it has fulfilled the quality requirements of cooking oil according to SNI 3741-1995.

Adsorption pattern on the optimization of interaction time for the reduction of phenol with charcoal activated ZnCl2

Interaction time significantly influenced the pattern of adsorption.This study aims to determine the characteristic of activated charcoal adsorbent, the decrease in phenol levels and its adsorption capacity, and test the adsorbent applicability to remove phenol from batik wastewater. The concentration of phenol was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the characters of activated charcoal adsorbent in accordance with Indonesian National Standard (INS) 06-3730-1995. Its characters were water content, ash content and iodine adsorption power. Characterization using Surface Area Analyser (SAA) showed that the surface area of activated charcoal was 68.54 m2/g. The percentage decrease in phenol concentration will be greater along with the increase in concentration where 92.90%; 95.60%; and 97.15% of phenol decrease were influenced by the increasing level concentration of 0.6 mg/L; 0.8 mg/L; and 1.0 respectively with 24 hours optimal contact time. The adsorption capacity of activated charcoal was 0.048575 mg/g while the isotherm adsorption pattern of adsorbent fulfilled the pattern of Freundlich isotherm. Therefore, the availability of high surface area makes the activated charcoal of marine pandan leaves has significant impact to the adsorption of phenol where it was contacted optimum at 24 hours interaction with Freundlich adsorption pattern.

Fast and sensitive detection of acrolein in environmental water samples without derivatization using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

A fast and sensitive SPE-LC-MS/MS method for the determination of acrolein in environmental water samples using activated charcoal as SPE adsorbent was developed. The novelty of this study consists in acrolein extraction, separation and detection without the need of a derivatization process. Physicochemical properties of acrolein, such as low molecular weight and high polarity represent real challenges for extraction, separation, and detection of this pollutant using SPE-LC-MS/MS. These were addressed by choosing a suitable chromatographic column which ensures a good peak symmetry and retention for the analyte, as well as the choice of SPE adsorbent suitable for retaining very polar compounds like acrolein from the aqueous matrix. The chromatographic column was a Synergi Fusion RP (150 × 2.0 mm, 4.0 μm) with a C18 stationary phase modified with polar embedded amide groups. Activated charcoal adsorbent used as SPE extraction media was able to extract efficiently highly polar molecules such as acrolein and 13C3-acrylamide (internal standard) from water samples. Using this method, the obtained extraction recovery for acrolein was 88% at a 50 ng/L concentration level. Overall method quantitation limit (LOQ) for acrolein in water was established at 3.8 ng/L. The newly developed SPE-LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to detect acrolein occurrence in wastewater and drinking water samples. Acrolein level in these samples ranged from LOQ to 122 ng/L.

Penggunaan kombinasi adsorben sebagai media filtrasi dalam menurunkan kadar fosfat dan amonia air limbah laundry

Air limbah sisa deterjen yang berasal dari pencucian pakaian (laundry) berpotensi mencemari kelestarian lingkungan seperti sungai dan tanah jika dibuang dalam volume yang besar tanpa ada pengolahan terlebih dahulu. Metode pengolahan air limbah laundry yang mudah dan murah untuk skala rumah tangga telah dilakukan dan terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar polutan-polutan yang terkandung dalam air limbah laundry seperti fosfat dan amonia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan media filtrasi menggunakan kombinasi adsorben arang aktif, zeolit, pasir silika, antrasit dan ferolit dalam menurunkan kadar fosfat dan amonia dalam air limbah laundry. Berdasarkan hasil uji laboratorium terhadap parameter uji fosfat dan amonia didapatkan hasil bahwa setelah proses filtrasi, terjadi penurunan kadar fosfat dan amonia dalam sampel air limbah laundry masing-masing sebesar 83,3% dan 63,6%. Dengan demikian, dari data hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa media filtrasi berupa kombinasi adsorben yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar fosfat dan amonia pada sampel air limbah laundry.

Simulation and Feasibility Evaluation of a Tipical Levulinic Acid (la) Plant Using Biomass as Substrate.

Several problems has been worried the world population when it comes to sustainability subject. The imminent depletion of fossil fuels and the lack of alternatives to replace compounds produced by oil also add to this account . Countries that have their economy based on agribusiness (like Brazil) have a slight advantage in this scenario since naturally much of biomass is lost in the environment until the final product exportation takes place. It means that such biomass can be used in the production of several alternative fuels and other basic chemicals such as second-generation bioethanol and levulinic acid, diminishing the reliance on oil. This last one is a promising building block molecule an organic compound, intermediate in the synthesis of various chemical compounds for additives of fluids, fragrances, oils, plastics among others. Thus, in the present work, a complete simulation of levulinic acid production process from the acid hydrolysis of biomass (it was used sugarcane bagasses as an example) was conducted to produce 8 kilotons of levulinic acid per year (with high concentration of the final product (99,6 wt %)). Specifically, a generic large scale levulinic acid plant was performed using ASPEN PLUS® V.7.3. The main goal was to evaluate feasibility of the overall process using a typical production value based on actual plants (more specifically the Caserta plant, located in Italy). Despite of similarity of another works presented in open literature, a detailed discussion from the data obtained was carried out. Furthermore, a formic acid separation from water was fulfilled using activated charcoal adsorption become the whole process more sustainable in the near future.

Treatment of sugarcane vinasse from cachaça production for the obtainment of Candida utilis CCT 3469 biomass

Ethanol and “Cachaça” production processes generate considerable amounts of residues known as vinasse. The indiscriminate disposal of this waste represents a potential risk to both surface water and groundwater, soil, animals, and ultimately the entire environment. This work describes an alternative to reduce the environmental impact through cachaça vinasse management practices by using it as a culture medium for the growth of Candida utilis CCT 3469 to produce biomass, replacing the conventional production from cane molasses. For that both, the raw and vacuum evaporated, vinasses from cachaça were treated by using different pH adjustments and activated charcoal adsorption (2.5%). The vinasses treated at pH 6.0 were selected to produce Candida utilis CCT 3469 biomass (2.25 g L−1). In this case, higher values of volumetric biomass productivity (0.08 gL−1 h−1) and biomass yield (0.13 gg−1) were obtained, as also for the higher specific rates for glucose consumption (1.354 gglucose gcell−1 h−1), fructose consumption (0.811 gfructose gcell−1 h−1) and biomass (0.616 h−1). The ratio values for BOD/COD (0.02) characterized the vinasse as an effluent of difficult degradation and biological treatability. Probably this fact favored the obtainment of yeast biomass in the treated vinasse at the lowest concentration factor.

Adsorption Study of Acid Soluble Lignin Removal from Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysate by a Self-Synthesized Resin for Lipid Production.

An adsorption resin CX-6 was synthesized and used for acid soluble lignin (ASL) removal from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SCBH). The adsorption conditions of pH value, amount of adsorbent, initial ASL concentration, and temperature on ASL adsorption were discussed. The results showed the adsorption capacity of ASL was negatively affected by increasing temperature, solution pH, and adsorbent dose, and was positively affected by increasing initial concentration. The maximum adsorption capacity of ASL was 135.3mg/g at initial ASL concentration 6.46g/L, adsorption temperature 298K, and pH1. Thermodynamic study demonstrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. Equilibrium and kinetics experiments were proved to fit the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order model well, respectively. Fermentation experiment showed that the SCBH after combined overliming with resin adsorption as fermentation substrate for microbial lipid production by Trichosporon cutaneum and Trichosporon coremiiforme was as better as that of SCBH by combined overliming with active charcoal adsorption, and more efficient than that of SCBH only by overliming. Moreover, the regeneration experiment indicated that the CX-6 resin is easy to regenerate and its recirculated performance is stable. In conclusion, our results provide a promising adsorbent to detoxify lignocellulose hydrolysate for further fermentation.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Purified with Activated Charcoal of Salak Peel

Biodiesel is one of diesel fuel alternative made from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. One of the natural ingredients that can be used as a material in the production of biodiesel is waste cooking oil (WCO). Biodiesel from WCO can be made through a transesterification reaction using a CaO catalyst. Free fatty acid (FFA) content in WCO needs to be reduced by activated charcoal adsorption. This research aims to determine the optimum time of adsorption by activated charcoal that made from salak peel and to determine the effect of transesterification temperature on biodiesel yield. The results showed that the FFA content of WCO decrease from 6.16% to 0.224% with adsorption time is 80 minutes and 10 gram of activated charcoal. Biodiesel yield increase by increasing transesterification temperature. The appropriate temperature is 50oC with 86.40% of yield, 887.2 kg/m3of density, 5.174 mm2/s of kinematic viscosity and acid number 0.421 mg KOH/gram sample. The composition of alkyl ester was obtained 65.54% with a FAAE yield of 56.63%.

Enzymatic hydrolysis and detoxification of lignocellulosic biomass are not always necessary for ABE fermentation: The case of Panicum virgatum

Hemicellulosic hydrolysate of switchgrass, pre-treated with dilute sulfuric acid, was assessed for butanol production via acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Clostridium beijerinckii CECT 508 was selected among eight wild strains as the most efficient to produce butanol from glucose/xylose mixtures. The effects of inhibitory compounds from the acid hydrolysate on ABE fermentation were studied using model fermentation media, observing that the most harmful inhibitors were acetic acid > phenolic compounds > sulfate > furfural, while 5-HMF and levulic acid seemed to have no effect. Several detoxification treatments, including evaporation, overliming and activated charcoal adsorption, were evaluated to remove inhibitors from switchgrass acid hydrolysate. Although activated charcoal was the most effective method, there were no significant differences in butanol production between non-detoxified and detoxified hydrolysates. The non-detoxified switchgrass acid hydrolysate (containing 26 g L−1 xylose, 4 g L−1 glucose and 4 g L−1 arabinose) was successfully fermented by C. beijerinckii CECT 508, obtaining 4.00 ± 0.71 g L−1 butanol (yield 0.184 ± 0.032 g g−1). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a hydrolysate obtained from switchgrass has been efficiently fermented to butanol without previous enzymatic hydrolysis or detoxification steps, using a non-genetically modified Clostridium strain.

Fabrication of Activated Charcoal Adsorption Bi2O3/TiO2 Composite Powders and the Study of Their Photocatalytic Activity

A visible light-driven activated charcoal adsorption Bi2O3/TiO2 composite photocatalyst was prepared by an sol-gel method in which activated charcoal acted as a adsorption to capture metal ions by reacting with bismuth and titanium sources via a complex polycondensation pathway. The phase and particle size of the photocatalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The results revealed that adsorption of Bi2O3 / TiO2 composite powder with activated carbon is not easy to agglomerate and sinter during the preparation and calcination process, and it has the advantages of good dispersibility, less agglomeration and uniform particles. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared catalyst was evaluated by degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the decomposition rate of methylene blue was 93% at 50 min catalyzed by composite powder.

The synthesis of corncobs (zea mays) active charcoal and water hyacinth (eichornia crassipes) adsorbent to adsorb Pb(II) with it’s analysis using solid-phase spectrophotometry (sps)

This research aim to examine the effect of the combination between corncobs and water hyacinth to adsorb lead (II), the most effective combination have determined by compared the ratio of corncobs adsorbent and water hyacinth to the increasing adsorption of the Pb(II), prove the effectiveness of the solid-phase spectrophotometry (sps) to determine the levels of Pb(II) as the result of the corncobs active charcoal adsorption and water hyacinth in the level of µg/L. The research method used is experimental method. The data collecting technique is carried out by several stages, which are carbonization using muffle furnace at a temperature of 350°C for 1.5 hours, activation of the corncobs charcoal and water hyacinth using HCl 1M and HCl 5M activator, contacting the adsorbent of corncobs active charcoal and water hyacinth with liquid waste simulation of Pb(II) using variation of corncobns and water hyacinth, 1:0; 0:1; 1:1; 2:1; 1:2, analysis of Pb(II) using an sps, characterization of corncobs active charcoal adsorbent and water hyacinth using FTIR. Research results show that the combined effect of activated charcoal corncobs and water hyacinth can increase the ability of the adsorbent to absorb Pb(II), the optimum adsorbent mass ratio of 1:1 with the absorption level of 90.33%, SPS is an effective method to analyze the decreasing level of Pb(II) as the adsorbtion result of the corncobs active charcoal and water hyacinth in the level of µg/L, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 µg/L.

Screening of physicochemical treatment processes for reducing toxicity of hair care products wastewaters

Toxicity reduction in wastewaters from small hair care products manufacturing companies using coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation or flotation, membrane separation and powdered activated charcoal adsorption was evaluated. Raw wastewater composition varied widely within and especially between companies, but all exhibited high acute toxicity to Daphnia similis (EC(I)50; 48 h < 0.02–0.33%). Coagulation with aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride aided by cationic or anionic polymers, as well as filtration on ultra (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes efficiently removed turbidity (>99%) and oil and grease (>99%) and all treated samples exhibited similar dissolved organic matter contents. However, elimination of acute toxicity was only achieved after UF on submerged hollow fiber membrane, while other membrane modules (tubular UF and NF) produced filtrates with residual toxicities equal to or higher than the wastewater samples treated by coagulation processes. Adsorption removed up to 90% of the soluble COD remaining after coagulation or membrane processes, but did not eliminate acute toxicity, possibly because of the presence of activated charcoal or substances leached from it in the treated samples. The results indicate the need for further studies to develop treatment strategies that can guarantee non-toxic effluents at costs compatible with those of the simple manufacturing processes used at small-scale cosmetics manufacturing plants.

Study of charcoal detoxification of acid hydrolysate from corncob and its fermentation to xylitol

In the present study, adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of fermentation inhibitors generated during the acid hydrolysis of corncob were investigated using activated charcoal (0.5–2.0% w/v) as the adsorbent. The results indicated that lower pH and lower temperature favor the adsorption of both furans and phenolics. The adsorption kinetic regimes were found more favorable in pseudo second order kinetics than pseudo first order kinetics. The experimental values were in good correlation with the predicted values with a regression coefficient (R2) value of more than 0.99. Moreover, the negative values of enthalpy (ΔH), and free energy (ΔG) indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous in nature and exothermic. The detoxified corncob hydrolysate on its assessment for fermentability revealed the production of 4.8g/L and 4.3g/L xylitol from Candida tropicalis ITCC 1830 and C. tropicalis MTCC 9038. The activated charcoal adsorption has shown differential adsorption capacity and isotherms on various inhibitors under different conditions. Hence using the optimum conditions the process efficiency can be improved to make the whole process cost competitive.

Removal of organic matter from stabilized landfill leachate using Coagulation-Flocculation-Fenton coupled with activated charcoal adsorption.

The treatment of stabilized landfill leachate (SLL) by conventional biological treatment is often inefficient due to the presence of bio-recalcitrant substances. In this study, the feasibility of coagulation-flocculation coupled with the Fenton reaction in the treatment of SLL was evaluated. The efficiency of the selected treatment methods was evaluated through total organic carbon (TOC) removal from SLL. With ferric chloride as the coagulant, coagulation-flocculation was found to achieve the highest TOC removal of 71% at pH 6. Then, the pretreated SLL was subjected to the Fenton reaction. Nearly 50% of TOC removal was achieved when the reaction was carried out at pH 3, H2O2:Fe2+ ratio of 20:1, H2O2 dosage of 240 mM and 1 h of reaction time. By coupling the coagulation-flocculation with the Fenton reaction, the removal of TOC, COD (chemical oxygen demand) and turbidity of SLL were 85%, 84% and 100%, respectively. The ecotoxicity study performed using zebrafish revealed that 96 h LC50 for raw SLL was 1.40% (v/v). After coagulation-flocculation, the LC50 of the pretreated SLL was increased to 25.44%. However, after the Fenton reaction, the LC50 of the treated SLL was found to decrease to 10.96% due to the presence of H2O2 residue. In this study, H2O2 residue was removed using powdered activated charcoal. This method increased the LC50 of treated effluent to 34.48% and the removal of TOC and COD was further increased to 90%. This finding demonstrated that the combination of the selected treatment methods can be an efficient treatment method for SLL.

Adsorption of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and o-Xylene by Carbon-Based Adsorbents

This study explored the possibility of applying different carbon-based adsorbents for removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX) from indoor air in static and dynamic modes. To determine BTEX removal effectiveness, the approach based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. In static mode, removal effectiveness of BTEX from indoor air using different carbon-based adsorbents (shungite, walnut shell, saxaul, apricot pits, activated charcoal, Tenax, carbon black) varied from 80% to 100%. Optimal preparation conditions for shungite-based adsorbent are no activation and addition of NaOH at 1:0.8 ratio. Shungite-based adsorbent was not able to remove BTEX from polluted indoor air at the flow rate 300 mL/min corresponding to the linear flow rate 25 cm/s, a minimum value for most commercial air purification systems. At the flow rate 75 mL/min (6.25 cm/s), a saturation time of shungite-based adsorbent made up 368 min for benzene and 437 min for toluene. At this flow rate, BTEX adsorption capacities of the shungitebased adsorbent were 0.3, 2.1, 0.2 and 0.3 μg/g, respectively. Compared to shungite, activated charcoal allowed the complete removal of BTEX at both flow rates in the whole studied time frame. Thus, shungite-based adsorbents are not recommended for BTEX removal from air because of much greater efficiencies of classic activated charcoal adsorbents. Applied methodology based on SPME-GC-MS allowed simple, fast and inexpensive collection of data and can be recommended as the analytical for developing new adsorbents and systems for air purification.

Purification of crude glycerol using a sequential physico-chemical treatment, membrane filtration, and activated charcoal adsorption

Abstract The presence of impurities decreases the economic value of glycerol. Thus, glycerol impurities must be greatly reduced if it is to be used as a fuel or feedstock for chemicals. A sequential procedure for crude glycerol refining that includes saponification, acidification, neutralization, membrane filtration, solvent extraction, and activated charcoal adsorption was investigated in the present work. Membrane filtration was studied at temperature and pressure ranges of 25–60 °C and 50–350 kPa, respectively. A range of ultra-filtration (UF) and fine ultra-filtration (UFF) ceramic membranes (molecular weight cut off 1, 3, 5, 8, and 15 kDa) were utilized to obtain highly enriched glycerol. Membrane filtration at 60 °C and 350 kPa using 1 kDa membrane, followed by solvent and water evaporation, and activated charcoal treatment produced the maximum glycerol content (97.5 wt%). Acid value and free fatty acid (FFA) content of all treated samples were found to be

Abstract 264: Oral Activated Charcoal Adsorbent (AST-120) Inhibition of Chronic Kidney Disease-induced Atherosclerosis Involves Modulation of Intestinal Immunity

Introduction and Aims: Although patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at the highest risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), current interventions (e.g. statins) that are consistently effective in other high-risk groups have been found to be insufficiently effective in CKD. Serum levels of uremic toxins including indoxyl sulphate have been implicated in cardiovascular mortality. The oral charcoal absorbent AST-120 reduces serum levels of indoxyl sulphate through adsorption of indole converted from dietary tryptophan in the gastrointestinal tract. Previously, we reported the inhibitory effects of AST-120 on progression of atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient hyperlipidemic mice. Because gut immunity can affect systemic inflammatory responses and atherogenesis, we hypothesized that the AST-120-mediated benefits in CKD-acceleration of atherosclerosis involve modulation of intestinal immune cells. Methods: Eleven week old apoE-deficient mice underwent a reduction in renal mass through subtotal nephrectomy (sNx, n=34) or sham-operation (S, n=14). Two weeks later, each of the 2 groups was further divided into AST-120-treated or untreated mice. Six weeks later, we used flow cytometry and real time PCR to examine the population of immune cells in intestinal Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. Results: AST-120 had no significant effect on cellular populations of Peyer’s patch or mesenteric lymph nodes in mice with intact kidneys. Interestingly, however, in sNX mice treatment with AST-120 significantly decreased numbers of Peyer’s patch cytotoxic T cells (-19.6%; P=0.008), CD8 + central memory T cells (-33.9%; P=0.014), and CD8 + naïve T cells (-42.6%; P=0.004) compared to controls. In mesenteric lymph nodes of sNX animals, AST-120 did not affect CD4 + T helper cell number, but reduced early activated CD4 + T cells (-13.1%; P=0.04). Cytokine expression in mesenteric lymph nodes of AST-treated sNX mice showed increases in TGF-β (+47.2%; P=0.022) and IL-10 (+36.5%). Conclusions: The mechanism underlying the ability of oral activated charcoal adsorbent AST-120 to inhibit the acceleration of atherosclerosis in the setting of CKD may involve modulation of immune cells in the gut mucosa.

Effect of surfactant and sonication on Pd(II) adsorption from synthetic electroless plating solutions using commercial activated charcoal adsorbent

This work addresses the evaluation of Pd(II) adsorption characteristics on commercial activated charcoal using synthetic electroless plating solutions with and without cationic surfactant. The experimental investigations involved wider Pd (50–500 mg/L) and surfactant solution concentrations (1–4 CMC). Surface characterization was conducted using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. It was observed that the Pd(II) adsorption characteristics from synthetic electroless plating solutions were distinct and referred to lower metal uptake and removal efficiency. The presence of CTAB surfactant significantly altered the adsorption characteristics with higher surfactant concentrations providing higher metal uptake and removal efficiency. Both agitation- and sonication-assisted adsorption were deployed to identify the optimal process parameters. The optimal batch adsorption process parameters have been evaluated to be 300 min, 10, 6 g/L, 500 mg/L and 4 CMC for contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, Pd solution concentration and surfactant solution concentration, respectively. For these conditions, the maximum metal uptake and removal efficiency have been evaluated to be 62.46 mg/g and 93.82%, respectively. Further, it was evaluated that the sorption data fit well with Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Also, the evaluated thermodynamic model parameters confirm endothermic nature of adsorption.