Action Research Approach Research Articles

The Impact of Lean Management Implementation on Inpatient Discharge Prescription Services at Pertamina Central Hospital

Background: The lead time of inpatient discharge prescription services affects the overall discharge process. In 2022, lead times at Pertamina Central Hospital's Inpatient Pharmacy varied, requiring continuous efforts to meet target times and avoid disrupting discharge plans. This research aims to evaluate the impact of lean management on reducing these lead times. Methods: The study employs a combined quantitative and qualitative research design with an action research approach. It was conducted from March 4 to May 8, 2023, involving pharmacists, pharmaceutical technical personnel, compounders, and pharmacy couriers. Data analysis included measuring lead time changes pre- and post-lean management implementation and narrative analysis of qualitative findings. Results: After implementing lean management, the lead time for non-compounded prescriptions decreased from 42.6 to 25 minutes, with value added ratio (VAR) increasing from 18.9% to 27%. For compounded prescriptions, lead time dropped from 67 to 45.7 minutes, and VAR rose from 25.2% to 37.9%. The Mann-Whitney U test confirmed the significant difference in average lead time. Conclusion: The implementation of lean management in inpatient discharge prescription services has been proven to improve lead time and increase process efficiency (VAR).

Peningkatan Pola Asuh Melalui Penyuluhan Gizi dan Kesehatan di Kelurahan Samaan, Kota Malang

Nutrition and health counseling in Samaan Village, Malang City, aims to increase parents' understanding of the importance of proper parenting in supporting child development, especially in the context of stunting prevention. Through a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, this activity involved posyandu cadres and the PKK mobilizing team in designing and implementing counseling. The materials presented focused on balanced nutrition, psychological stimulation, and the importance of routine health checks for toddlers. The results of the counseling showed an increase in parents' understanding of the importance of nutrition in supporting children's physical and cognitive development, as well as the application of better parenting.

Edukasi dalam upaya Menekan Kasus Perceraian melalui Pendidikan Agama Islam di Dusun Dasan Lendang Desa Kerumut

The problems that are the basis for divorce in the Dasang Lendang hamlet are caused by quarrels, economic problems, failure to fulfill the elements of kafa'ah in marriage, online shopping that causes debt, online gambling. So this Community Service aims to increase the optimization of religious knowledge in reducing divorce cases in the Dasan Lendang hamlet community, Kerumut Village. This Community Service activity uses the Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. The method used in this service is Socialization. The results of the service show that providing understanding and knowledge to the community is carried out with a socialization strategy from students and lecturers by providing lectures, counseling and marriage advice to the community. So that the community is aware of the dangers of things such as a) Quarrels, b) economic problems, c) online shopping addiction. the above factors have the potential to cause household problems and trigger divorce. So that the implications for the community are expected to be active in participating in educational activities through the majlis taklim held in the prayer room and in the mosque and lectures by the tuan guru to deepen their knowledge of religion.

CONTEXTUAL DISTANCE TEACHING TO IMPROVE TOURIST DRIVERS' ENGLISH LANGUAGE EXPRESSION

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Contextual Distance Teaching (CDT) in improving driver’s English language expression and enhancing motivation, while also evaluating its significant influence on their English proficiency. Utilizing an action research approach conducted via the WhatsApp online platform, this study engaged 10 tourist drivers associated with the Bali Transport group, aged between 22 and 50. The study comprised two cycles, each consisting of three sessions. Data collection involved administering tests and questionnaires, including pretest, post-test 1, and post-test 2. Analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests. The initial findings indicate that CDT effectively enhances the language expression of drivers in service-related contexts. The average pretest score, initially categorized as "poor" at 39, improved to 65 in post-test 1 and further increased to 75.8 in post-test 2, now categorized as "fair.", The main score of the questionnaire was 4.4 of 0-5 Likert scale implying the drivers had positive motivation and perception on the strategy apllied. The second statistic finding indicated a significant difference in the mean between the pre-test (Sig. and the post-test 1 (0.000 < 0.05) and post-test 2 (0.000 < 0.05). This study suggests that the implementation of CBT has a positive influence on reducing the number of language expression errors made by drivers as adult learners, leading to better English proficiency.

Scientific Paper Writing Training: A Boost to Scientific Publication at Institut Agama Islam Nahdlatul Ulama Bangil

Institut Agama Islam Nahdlatul Ulama Bangil is a private university in East Java, Indonesia, affiliated with Nahdlatul Ulama. Despite its commitment to quality education based on Islamic values, the university's lecturers face challenges in publishing scientific articles. Previous research underscores the importance of training, workshops, and technology tools in improving lecturers' scientific publication skills. This article proposes a Participatory Action Research approach for scientific article writing training, involving issue identification, active lecturer involvement, planning, implementation, and evaluation. This approach fosters collaboration and enhances lecturers' scientific writing abilities. Similar successful approaches in other institutions highlight the potential positive outcomes of such training. The goal is to empower lecturers, boost publication rates, and contribute to individual and institutional advancement.

Reading Groups as a Health-Promoting Intervention in Upper Secondary Schools: A Qualitative Study.

To explore public health nurses' (PHN) perceptions and experiences of supporting siblings of children with complex care needs (CCNs) by using reading groups as a health promotion intervention in upper secondary schools. An action research approach using a qualitative design. Interviews with 10 PHNs. Thematic analysis. The analysis resulted in the overarching theme "A much needed health promotion intervention in upper secondary schools," presented in terms of the following three themes: (1) supporting siblings is important, but resources and established procedures are lacking. (2) Reading groups using fiction have potential as a health-promoting intervention in upper secondary schools. (3) A realistic collaborative approach is necessary for reading groups to be implemented. PHNs have no established procedures to support siblings of children with CCNs in upper secondary schools. Reading groups can enable PHNs to reach out and support these siblings. Providing the intervention can be a way of reaching all pupils and thus creating an understanding of the plight of siblings who have a brother or sister with CCNs.

Optimising remote health workforce retention: protocol for a program of research

BackgroundNowhere is optimising healthcare staff retention more important than in primary health care (PHC) settings in remote Australia, where there are unacceptably high rates of staff burnout and turnover. Ensuing consequences for the remote health services and the community are acute – staffing shortfalls in clinics; organisational instability; excessive costs associated with frequent staff recruitment and orientation; diminished access to PHC for patients in need; and lack of continuity of patient care; all of which further entrench poor health outcomes for the community. Optimising remote healthcare staff retention is critical in order to provide high quality and continued PHC. Currently, however, there is paucity of knowledge to inform targeted and effective retention strategies in remote health services.This research program seeks to develop a stronger evidence base to understand (i) what retention strategies are effective in improving morale, job satisfaction, intention to remain in the job, and consequent length of service for remote healthcare staff; (ii) how best to ‘bundle’ these strategies for different health workforce groups; and (iii) how these ‘bundles’ work in different service contexts.MethodsThis paper describes a five-year implementation research program in partnership with twelve remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community Controlled Health Services (ATSICCHS) in the Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia. Overall methodology follows a participatory action research approach which incorporates co-design and realist elements. The program comprises two broad phases involving evidence consolidation and synthesis (Phase 1), and co-design, implementation, and prospective evaluation of ‘bundles’ of retention strategies (Phase 2) to improve retention of healthcare staff in participating ATSICCHSs.DiscussionThis innovative research program has the potential to develop a comprehensive evidence base required to optimise health workforce retention in remote health services. This new evidence will strengthen understanding of what ‘bundles’ of retention strategies are effective, for which groups of employees, and how they work to improve staff retention.

Evaluation and Optimisation of a Patient Portal Implementation: An Action Research Approach.

Patient portals can support care delivery and have demonstrated mixed impacts on patients, clinicians and health services. These variable impacts are primarily due to barriers to uptake and challenges associated with successfully implementing patient portals. As little is currently known about how implementation barriers can be addressed in practice, this project used an action research approach to evaluate and optimise the implementation of a patient portal in a real-world setting. Whilst the study is ongoing, the preliminary findings are reported in this paper, along with plans to use the findings to improve the portal in the next round of the action research cycle.

User Friendly Dental Clinic Website Design and Development: Improving Dental Health Services and Patient Satisfaction

Promotion in dental health services in Indonesia must adhere to the dental ethics code. One form of promotion is introducing the various services and facilities of a dental clinic. A website can serve as a medium for introducing a dental clinic. This study aims to design and develop a dental clinic website to improve dental health services and patient satisfaction. The research method used is research and development with an action research approach. The study employed the waterfall System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method. The website development process was based on a needs analysis, which included interviews with the dental clinic owner, website creation, testing, and evaluation using the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire containing 10 Likert-scale questions. The study results showed that the average evaluation score using the SUS questionnaire was 84.3. Consequently, the adjective ratings fell into the "Excellent" category, the acceptability ranges fell into the "Acceptable" category, and the letter grade fell into category A. The conclusion drawn was that developing a dental clinic website prototype provided beneficial results for both the clinic owner and patients, particularly in obtaining information about dental health services.

Digital Learning Innovation : Language Collaboration In Tanjungmojo Village

This research aims to develop digital learning innovation through language collaboration in Tanjungmojo Village, where low digital literacy and limited access to quality educational resources are the main problems. Limited foreign language skills among village communities are also an obstacle in keeping up with developments in global technology and communication. To overcome this challenge, the research uses an action research approach by involving the active participation of local communities in the development of digital-based foreign language learning programs. This research was conducted in three main stages: (1) analysis of local needs and potential, (2) development and implementation of a language-based digital learning program, and (3) evaluation of the effectiveness of the program. Data was collected through interviews, participant observation, and questionnaires filled out by program participants and the general public. The research results show that the digital learning program developed succeeded in significantly increasing the participants' digital literacy and foreign language skills. In addition, collaboration between local communities and teaching staff creates an inclusive and sustainable learning environment.The main trends identified in this research include increasing community participation, especially teenagers and young adults, in learning activities, as well as increasing interest in continuing to learn and develop new skills through digital platforms. This research also highlights the importance of community support and technology accessibility for the success of learning programs in rural areas. The MIT-18 KKN program in Tanjungmojo Village involved 97 students with learning methods through bilingual digital films and group discussions, which encouraged high participation and involvement. Despite challenges in content retention and technical limitations, this initiative shows great potential in improving education in rural areas and bridging the existing educational gap.

Peering Deeper: Student Perspectives on School Well-being and Youth Engagement

We examined students’ perspectives on well-being and youth engagement in schools using a Youth Participatory Action Research approach. Students (N = 11) trained as peer researchers and then interviewed their peers. Interviews (N = 21) were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and six themes were developed: desire for versus reality of a healthy school, insufficient school strategies to promote well-being and mitigate harm, listening to and actioning students’ ideas, diverse opportunities for student engagement, pre-conceived ideas of student capability, and importance of a support role. Through this project, we peered deeper into students’ viewpoints about well-being and youth engagement in their schools.

Blending Human-Centred Design and Community-Based Participatory Action Research Approaches: Designing Community Sport and Recreation Provisions for Equity-Owed Communities

Addressing the social and economic disparities equity-owed low-income residents experience that prevent participation in community sport and recreation is complex. Community-based participatory action research (CBPAR) has been utilized to facilitate the participation of equity-owed communities in sport and recreation initiatives. However, in this paper, we discuss how CBPAR and human-centred design (HCD) help engage communities in discourse and action to support innovative social change in the context of sport and recreation for equity-owed low-income communities. This paper compares processes, core principles, and outcomes of CBPAR and HCD. It highlights how they can collectively drive discourse and action to foster innovative social change in sport and recreation for equity-owed communities. The proposed integration, called CBPAR+HCD, is suggested to initiate solutions that address the multifaceted challenges through a social justice lens, placing community-driven social innovation at the forefront. This paper highlights the benefits of combining CBPAR+HCD and acknowledges the inherent challenges in implementing this dual approach. Furthermore, it offers recommendations to support the combined approach, emphasizing the importance of this integrated methodology in promoting social change and addressing inequities within community sport and recreation initiatives.

Co-creation with customers to innovate in a service SME: insights from an action research approach

Co-creation with customers to innovate in a service SME: insights from an action research approach

Optimizing Real-Time Advanced Ultrasound Supervision in a University Setting

Introduction: Ultrasound-based diagnosis requires great expertise for reliability and accuracy, thus practical training is vital. Digital training can offer students the possibility of practical training in their local setups. However, there are critical issues that remote educators must address, particularly in advanced ultrasound training. The present study was therefore aiming at developing a suitable technical setup for supervision and education in tele-ultrasound that can be applied to a variety of advanced diagnostic and therapeutic areas. Methods: Using an action research approach including four cycles of action, we tested four technical setups with different software and hardware components across four ultrasound courses. Based on evaluation forms, written reflections, and two focus group interviews from the four cycles of action, respectively, we modified the setups to improve the technical solution for the next cycle. Results: The initial set-up was using commercial video call apps via mobile phones. Although no additional equipment or expertise was required, it was precluded by the poor image quality and motion blur resulting from capturing the ultrasound image on the smartphone. Nevertheless, this solution is viable when quick clarifications are needed. Additional stabilization support in the second set-up did not provide satisfactory image quality. The best technical solution was found in the third set-up, using a frame grabber and Reacts, which allows simultaneous live streaming of the ultrasound screen image and two web cameras. However, the cumbersome software interface, the need for an expensive user license, and problems with the internet connection reduced the acceptability of this setup. The optimal setup in cycle four, was a reasonable frame grabber, and Zoom, which is free, has a simple user interface and can stream live audio-visual ultrasound data from the probe and user simultaneously. Its annotation function is also beneficial in supervision. Conclusion: Through an action research approach including four cycles of action and thorough, subsequent evaluations, we found that a videoconferencing platform, such as Zoom, a computer, and a frame grabber connected to the ultrasound scanner was the optimal solution as this set-up is simple and affordable and is facilitating a good video-transmitted learning situation for students and supervisors. This technical set-up could therefore be suitable for a wide range of remote ultrasound courses.

Exploring the health and wellbeing landscape at a third level institution

In line with the Healthy Campus framework, this study explored the health, health literacy, and wellbeing landscape for students at an Irish third level institution using a participatory action research approach with the aim to identify potential need, and inform future health promotion action(s). Methods. This mixed-method study involved three phases; (1) a scoping review to audit what activities are currently available to support student health and wellbeing on campus, (2) assessment of students’ current health literacy using the Health Literacy Questionnaire, analysed using Cohen's d to investigate the magnitude of differences between student groups, (3) qualitative discussions with university stakeholders, analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, to provide greater understanding and context to the results of the previous phases. Results. The scoping review identified 151 activities on campus to support students’ holistic health, with the majority focused on individual support. Students’ health literacy scores were in line with the broader literature. A number of themes were identified within the qualitative data; i) the need for an ‘opt-in’ approach to support a health-integrated culture, ii) barriers and facilitators to health information, iii) the importance of ‘walking the walk’, iv) the specific university experience of 2022 as society emerged from Covid-19, and v) factors that influence student engagement. Conclusion. Insight into the participatory action approach undertaken in this study may be useful to inform other higher education institutions (HEIs) interested in undertaking similar work. Thorough description of the findings may also allow these to be transferred to other contexts. The findings of this study can help inform and direct the current university's, and potentially other HEIs, future actions in regards to enhancing the health and wellbeing of its stakeholders. To foster an authentic ‘Healthy Campus’, a whole-university approach is needed HEIs, supported by open dialogue between stakeholders and senior leadership commitment.

On Development of a SIM-Based Prototype for Enhancing the Usability of Mobile Value-Added Services

The advent of Mobile Value-Added Services (VAS) has witnessed widespread adoption in developing regions, notably within East Africa. This surge is attributed to advancements in information and communication technology, 3G/4G proliferation, growth of mobile internet accessibility, and rising smartphone penetration. Despite this progress, a significant segment of the population continues to rely on basic phones. Studies have shown that the text-based applications used on these types of mobile phones still pose significant obstacles in delivering a user-friendly VAS experience. This paper explores the potential for improving the usability of mobile value-added services on basic phones. We employed an action research approach, utilizing quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Questionnaires gathered feedback on end-user testing, while in-depth interviews with five industry experts provided insights into potential solutions. This multi-faceted approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of user feedback and expert insights, culminating in the design of an intuitive SIM-based user interface prototype. This highly customised prototype prioritises services and functionalities simplify the user experience through improved navigability and accessibility. The effectiveness of this prototype was quantitatively analysed using descriptive statistics, focusing on ease of use, efficiency, effectiveness, and user satisfaction. With an average ease of use score of 85.8%, a geometric mean time on task of 29.43 seconds, and a user satisfaction score of 79.5%, the prototype demonstrates impressive functionality and garners acclaim for improved navigation and information discovery from users and experts. Further, comparative analysis from expert interviews reveald a more nuanced understanding of technology preferences for basic phone usability, contrary to previous studies. Building upon these demonstrably positive results, the paper concludes by advocating for user interface standardisation and recommending user-generated content for a more inclusive VAS ecosystem.

Constructing Diaspora Space and Consciousness Through Sport and Livelihoods in Kampala, Uganda

Applying the concept of diaspora, this paper examines an organization in Kampala, Uganda that utilizes sport to foster cultural belonging and increase livelihood opportunities for refugees. A participatory action research approach was implemented with multiple forms of data collection including semistructured interviews, photovoice, and photocollaging. Findings highlight how sport and livelihoods are used by refugees to resist exclusion and other inequalities in Kampala and to express diaspora space and consciousness. Discussion highlights the usefulness of the concept of diaspora for understanding the intersections of sport, refugees, livelihoods, and, more importantly, to stimulate a homing desire for refugees forcibly displaced.

Initiation of Increasing Tuberculosis Medication Supervisors Roles: An Action Research Approach

Indonesia is ranked second in the number of Tuberculosis (TB) cases worldwide. TB patients and their families experience a complex burden. Hence, support and strengthening TB medication supervisors (Pengawas Minum Obat/ PMO) role is needed. The aim of this study was to enhance the Community Health Center (CHC)-based PMOs’ role by improving their knowledge and strengthening peer group support. The method used was an action research cycle with four stages. The diagnosis stage was carried out by consensus decision making group with CHC to determine priority problems, namely the need to increase basic knowledge of TB and its treatment. Optimizing peer group was also necessary, as the Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 showed that more PMOs from patient families have psychological problems than cadres. The planning stage was conducted by preparing educational sessions and creating educational media. The action stage was a quasi-experimental (without control, non-randomization)—an educational talk show provided by the TB program manager, pulmonologist, and psychiatrist. Peer groups are also activated by triggering shared media education and discussion. At the evaluation stage, knowledge was measured by giving pre and post-tests (n= 21, total sampling). The results of the analysis using the Wilcoxon's Signed Ranks Test showed that participants' knowledge had increased significantly (p=0.000; r=0.59). In conclusion, education can increase PMO knowledge as an initial step to strengthen their role in supporting the success of TB treatment. Innovation, cross-sector assistance, and support are needed to enable the PMO to succeed in the TB program.

Peningkatan Pemahaman Keagamaan Anak melalui Pendampingan Pembelajaran Praktek Wudhu Anak

The main aim of this research is to find out the results of the evaluation of the implications of mentoring in learning the practice of ablution at the Al-Firdaus Qur'an Education Park (TPQ), Ngrangkok Hamlet, Klampisan Village by applying the Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. The selection of this PAR approach hopes for active involvement from all levels of TPQ Al-Firdaus, such as teachers, students, caregivers, and student guardians, in the planning, implementation process, and evaluation of ablution learning to find out the impact of the program. This research strategy involves a process structure consisting of observation, interviews, planning, action, and reflection. Data was collected through interviews, field observations, research team discussions, and documentation. The results of this research show the impact of significant changes both in the level of understanding and skills of the students in carrying out ablution practices by the Shari'ah, and also in strengthening their involvement and support from the TPQ community. Active participation from all interested parties is also very helpful in identifying and alleviating conflicts in the learning process. The conclusion from this research is that the use of the PAR approach is very effective in improving the form of mentoring in religious education which involves all parties involved in the stages of the process. It is hoped that these results can be used as material for consideration for teaching in Islamic educational institutions and can then become a model for other Islamic educational institutions in the future.

Enhancing Awareness and Understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Minchinabad A Participatory Action Research Approach

This study investigates the effectiveness of interventions aimed at enhancing awareness of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Minchinabad through a participatory action research approach. A total of 100 participants were included in this research. They were Community Leaders, Healthcare Professionals, Religious Leaders, and Educators picked through Convenience Sampling. Initial data collection reveals prevalent misconceptions and barriers surrounding ASD awareness. Among them, 89% of respondents expressed a lack of sufficient awareness and 85% attributed ASD to divine factors. Subsequently, community-led workshops, social media campaigns, and Religious institutions-based awareness activities were implemented to address these challenges. Evaluation indicates a significant improvement in awareness levels. Improvement with 53% acknowledging adequate awareness. However, more than 40% still perceive a stigma associated with seeking an ASD diagnosis. While cultural beliefs persist, such as 60% to 68% believing in the divine causation of ASD. The interventions have contributed to a positive shift in community perceptions. The findings underscore the importance of sustained efforts to promote understanding and acceptance of ASD within the community, emphasizing the need for continued engagement and advocacy for ASD Awareness.