Administrative Action Research Articles

Confucius’s views on administration and communication

This article analyzes the formation of theoretical views on the nature, methods, and practice of the administrative and communication activities of public authorities in relation to the people of the state in the VI‒V centuries BC in Ancient China. Communication ideas are identified, first of all, on the basis of analysis of Confucius’ Lun Yu treatise. The adopted method of study here is a systemic approach and comparative historical analysis, allowing us to identify the elements associated with the views of the thinker and determine their significance in the history of the theory of administration and communication in Chinese documents. It shows the conditions of the political and economic life of Ancient China at that time, which promoted the emergence of the philosophical Confucian concepts of public administration and communication. It establishes the sequence and distinctive feature of the humanistic and moral, and ethical views of Confucius on the functioning of the communication models of a state, which are still relevant for the development of science and practice. The focus of the work is on the analysis of specific judgments of the thinker about the structure of communication in the administrative environment. It reveals the communicative content of the key elements of the cornerstone concept of his teachings ‒ Tao. The work considers the reasons for the propaganda of closed government and dosed information flows in the administrative field and in the communication of public officials with the masses. It analyzes the means proposed to make people (subjects) make proper decisions for the authorities in power. This task is still actively discussed in modern communication science. It also interprets some of Confucius’ statements that determine the moral and ethical framework of administrative communication and reveals the meaning of his communication model. It identifies the features of that ideal fragmented communication model as a sample limited for practical use by numerous objective conditions. It also specifies the time frame of the “Axial Age” in China’s history. And finally, it makes conclusions about the role and significance of Confucius’s views in the formation and development of the methods and ethics of communicative action in public administration in the historical and perspective aspects.

재량처분에 대한 사법심사기준 정량화 방안의 모색

In previous cases related to judicial review of discretionary actions in administrative law, the focus has been on determining whether there was an abuse or deviation of discretionary power, resulting in insufficient assessment of individual reasons and explanation. Identifying specific reasons for judicial review of discretionary actions is necessary, as it influences the claims and evidentiary directions of the parties involved in administrative litigation and affects administrative authorities' actions. This study explores the possibility of quantitatively extracting individual judgment elements through attempts to concretize and typify the reasons for judicial review. As a premise for finding a quantitative method for judicial review criteria, Chapter 2 of this study collected and analyzed cases related to discretionary actions by building a database and utilized ChatGPT in the process. Although ChatGPT could not directly derive analytical results, it was confirmed that it could perform tasks that coding experts previously conducted and offer assistance in exploring analysis methods through question-and-answer interactions. Based on this analysis experience, Chapter 3 researched methods to schematize the principle of proportionality, a general judgment criterion for discretionary dispositions. The study expressed and coded the comparative magnitude of public and private interests using decision trees and considered ways to fill in each of the specific elements encompassed within public and private interests. We proposed how these criteria could be utilized in future judicial review outcome prediction systems and in arguments and evidence in actual trials. Quantifying the judgment factors by analyzing the judicial review criteria for discretionary dispositions of administrative agencies means filling in the reasons for judgments at the abstract level to a level that the general public can understand, thereby increasing the predictability of the court's judgments, enhancing trust in administrative precedents, and creating a meaningful link that can lead to reasonable discretionary dispositions and ultimately contribute to the advancement of the rights and interests of the people. In subsequent studies, artificial intelligence is used in the process of subdividing public and private factors and each subdivided element is quantified, so that anyone can understand the difficult discretion of the courts. Additionally, it is hoped that courts can deliver more rational and explainable decisions by being aware of the increasingly fine-grained aspects of judgment.

Apply health Strategy Planning in (LNHS) to get Best Results and calculate data (NCDC)

This study presents a comprehensive health strategy tailored to the unique context of the (LCDC). This resulted in improvement in morbidity and mortality, in particularly those related to infectious disease. However, measures such as the national performance gap indicator reveal an underperforming health system. In this article, we discuss aspects related to the Libyan health system and its current status including areas of weakness. Overcoming current failures and further improvement are unlikely to occur spontaneously without proper planning. Defining community health problems, identifying unmet needs, surveying resources to meet them, establishing SMART, objectives, and projecting administrative action to accomplish the proposed programs, are a must. The health system should rely on newer approaches such as management-by-objectives and risk management rather than the prevailing crisis-management attitude. Also, the Coronavirus crisis that affected the entire world was one of the crises that contributed to diagnosing the current reality of the health system in Libya, and since the National Center for Disease Control (NCDC) was responsible, since the spread of the epidemic until now 2019-2023, to count the actual number of patients and injured. These objectives have been prioritized based on their potential impact and the LCDC's capacity to effectively address them. To ensure the strategy's success, regular monitoring and evalution will be conducted to assess the effectiveness and impact of implemented interventions. Adjustments and refinements will be made based on the findings. By implementing this comprehensive health strategy, the LCDC endeavors to address the pressing health challenges in Libya and achieve sustainable improvements in public health outcomes.

「약제 급여적정성 재평가」에 관한 행정법적 문제

According to the result of Value Reevaluation of Currently Listed Drugs, it is possible to adjust the notice of Drug Pricing List and the notice of Pharmaceutical Method. The Problem of determining the legal nature of these notices becomes more difficult due to its legal nature, which are open to administrative adjudication and rulemaking. By examining the laws underlying these notices, it was identified what kind of administrative action was expected to be included in these notices. And its legal nature was reviewed according to the direct subject of regulation, the case of discipline, and the person of discipline. As a result, it was determined that the notice of Drug Pricing List regarding a specific drug corresponds to a administrative adjudication, and the notice of Pharmaceutical Method regarding a specific drug corresponds to administrative rulemaking. Furhermore, these notices are subject to administrative litigation. However, the fundamental cause of these difficult problems is that the National Health Insurance Act does not adhere to the non-delegation doctrine. In addition, the inclusive attitude of the theories and precedents that made this possible also played a role. Therefore, it is necessary to go back to the principles and solve the problem.

Apply health Strategy Planning in (LNHS) to get Best Results and calculate data (NCDC)

This study presents a comprehensive health strategy tailored to the unique context of the (LCDC). This resulted in improvement in morbidity and mortality, in particularly those related to infectious disease. However, measures such as the national performance gap indicator reveal an underperforming health system. In this article, we discuss aspects related to the Libyan health system and its current status including areas of weakness. Overcoming current failures and further improvement are unlikely to occur spontaneously without proper planning. Defining community health problems, identifying unmet needs, surveying resources to meet them, establishing SMART, objectives, and projecting administrative action to accomplish the proposed programs, are a must. The health system should rely on newer approaches such as managementby-objectives and risk management rather than the prevailing crisis-management attitude. Also, the Coronavirus crisis that affected the entire world was one of the crises that contributed to diagnosing the current reality of the health system in Libya, and since the National Center for Disease Control(NCDC) was responsible, since the spread of the epidemic until now 2019-2023, to count the actual number of patients and injured

Cost–benefits analysis in public law

The subject-matter of the research is economic analysis in public law. This method evaluates both costs and benefits of the regulatory measures. When assessing the alternatives, the judges in public litigation take into account their side effects. If an economically effective alternative is found, it should be ensured that it imposes a minimal burden on the rightholder or the costs to third parties.The purpose of the research is to argue that the cost-benefits analysis should be limited primarily to the economic field. Otherwise, personal, political, and social rights can be conferred with the properties of goods (commodification).The methodology of research is based on approaches of school “law and economics”. Economic analysis of law makes it possible to construct a scale of constitutional values, albeit not uncontroversial, but universal. This scale offers the important advantage of introducing proportionality for seemingly disparate individual freedoms and public interests. The introduction of material and financial scales, including compensation even for irreparable intangible goods, represents a better solution than the available alternatives.The main results of the research and the scope of their application. The above-mentioned method consists of assessing the costs and benefits both for the right-holders and for achieving the common good. It is necessary to analyse the costs and benefits of the challenged legal provision to individuals. Then, the governmental costs incurred in using alternative means should be reviewed. The public authorities should not incur excessive organisational or financial costs from a legal alternative that is humane to the individual. Due to the objective constraint on public resources, judges take into account future budgetary expenditures.In constitutional adjudication and administrative litigation, cost-benefit analysis is most effective in the economic sphere. It is easier to ensure the measurability of judicial review, usually in monetary or other material terms. The preparatory works, including the financial and economic justification of draft laws or regulations, may serve as an informational source in reviewing the legislative provisions and administrative acts which entail material costs. The cost-benefit analysis is applicable to non-material sphere. Although such costs generated by regulators are often difficult to assess in public law. A cost-benefit analysis is possible even in the political sphere. At the same time the judges usually restrain itself from assessing the political expediency of legislative decisions and administrative actions. Conclusions. There is a danger of economic analysis being abused in public law. The disadvantages of using this methodology include the possible devaluation of values which are essential for democracy. The abstract common good and reducing public expenditure will prevail over individual freedoms.

Moral Distress in Radiology: Frequency, Root Causes, and Countermeasures-Results of a National Survey.

BACKGROUND. A major cause of burnout is moral distress: when one knows the right course of action but institutional constraints make the right course impossible to pursue. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and severity with which radiologists experience moral distress and to explore moral distress's root causes and countermeasures. METHODS. This study entailed a national survey that evaluated moral distress in radiology. The survey incorporated the validated Moral Distress Scale for Health Care Professionals, along with additional questions. After the scale was modified for applicability to radiology, respondents were asked to assess 16 clinical scenarios in terms of frequency and severity of moral distress. On May 10, 2022, the survey was sent by e-mail to 425 members of radiology practices included on a national radiology society's quality-and-safety LISTSERV. The Measure of Moral Distress for Health Care Professionals (MMD-HP) score was calculated for each respondent as a summary measure of distress across scenarios (maximum possible score, 256). RESULTS. After 12 surveys with incomplete data were excluded, the final analysis included 93 of 425 respondents (22%). A total of 91 of 93 respondents (98%) experienced at least some moral distress for at least one scenario. A total of 17 of 93 respondents (18%) had left a clinical position due to moral distress; 26 of 93 (28%) had considered leaving a clinical position due to moral distress but did not leave. The mean MMD-HP score was 73 ± 51 (SD) for those who had left, 89 ± 47 for those who had considered leaving but did not leave, and 39 ± 35 for those who had never considered leaving (p < .001). A total of 41 of 85 respondents (48%) thought that the COVID-19 pandemic had influenced their moral distress level. Across respondents, the three scenarios with highest moral distress were related to systemic causes (higher case volume than could be read safely, high case volume preventing teaching residents, and lack of administrative action or support). The countermeasure most commonly selected to alleviate moral distress was educating leadership about sources of moral distress (71%). CONCLUSION. Moral distress is prevalent in radiology, typically relates to systemic causes, and is a reported contributor to radiologists changing jobs. CLINICAL IMPACT. Urgent action by radiology practice leadership is required to address moral distress, as radiologists commonly practice in environments contradictory to their core values as physicians.

The Immigration Control of Foreign Citizens Applying for Stay Permit in The Indonesian Territory Based on Act Number 6 of 2011 Concerning Immigration(Case Study at Class I Immigration Office TPI Jember)

The Law on Immigration is a guideline for coordinating every human being to create an orderly and conducive activity for foreigners living in Indonesia. Even though the formation of a regulation of Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration in an effort to control foreign nationals. It is undeniable to see that the implementation of existing regulations against foreigners is still not working effectively, with the increasing number of confirmed cases of foreigners who abuse their residence permits. So, there are questions about the application being carried out as it should. The focus of the problems studied are: 1. How is Immigration control of foreign nationals applying for a residence permit in Indonesian territory based on Law Number 6 of 2011 at the TPI Jember Immigration Class I office? 2. What are the obstacles and immigration efforts in applying for a residence permit bagi Foreign Citizens in the working area of the Class I Immigration office TPI Jember? 3. What are the immigration measures for foreign nationals who do not apply for a residence permit and overstay in the work area of the TPI Jember Immigration Class I office? The research that has been used by researchers is using a qualitative empirical juridical approach, which is how the researcher describes it at the time of research. The researcher also seeks to thoroughly examine the substance of the regulations regarding immigration control of foreign nationals who apply for a residence permit and those who violate a residence permit. The location of the research was carried out at the TPI Jember Class I Immigration Office. In determining the information also uses purposive. Data collection techniques carried out by researchers are using interviews, observation, and documentation. Followed by data analysis using triangulation of sources and techniques performed. The research results obtained by researchers, immigration supervision of foreign nationals, which includes entry and exit of foreigners who apply for residence permits in Indonesian territory, then monitoring every activity carried out by foreigners while in Indonesian territory. If the immigration official finds a foreigner carrying out suspicious or suspect activities, as well as a foreigner who abuses his residence permit in Article 78 of Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration, he will be subject to administrative action and may also be subject to sanctions in the form of deportation and detention.

The Administrative Authority of Belgian Law in the Europe Modern Political’s Perspective

This research aims to know that since 1831, the Belgian Constitution allows courts to not apply unlawful administrative acts. This power, established as an obligation by the Supreme Court of Appeal, is called “plea of illegality”, and is guaranteed by Article 159 of the Constitution, which states that “the courts and tribunals shall not apply the provincial and local decrees and general regulations, until they comply with the laws. This research used library/literature research technic. The administrative high court also has the jurisdiction to issue non-binding opinions on the preliminary drafts of regulatory orders of the various federal State governments (federal, regional and community governments). This ex ante review, also carried out with regard to the preliminary drafts of legislative texts, is carried out by the legislative section of the Council of State. In 1991, the Council of State was vested with additional powers as litigants could apply, in summary and interim proceedings, for suspension of the execution of administrative acts, firstly in case of risk of serious irreparable harm, and since 2014, in case of emergency. The result show that last constitutional revision of 2014 tempered the monopoly of the judicial courts in litigation involving civil rights, with the Constitution stipulating that the Council of State has the jurisdiction to rule on the civil effects of its annulment judgments (Const. Art. 144 (2)). It can henceforth award a “restorative allowance” to any litigant who has suffered the effects of the annulled administrative act (consolidated acts on the Council of State, Article 11 bis). It may also indicate the measures to be taken to remedy the illegality sanctioned by its annulment judgments and, if the annulment implies that the authority takes a new decision, it may prescribe a time limit for doing so (consolidated acts, Art 35/1 and 36, 1st).

Territorial diagnostics and citizen perception of municipal public management, towards an efficient reform of Local Administration

Spain has a population distribution dispersed in small population centres where 60% of municipalities have less than 1,000 inhabitants. This situation generates a financial and functional incapacity to guarantee the successful and efficient provision of local public services. In order to fulfil its competences and improve services, a territorial diagnosis of the investigated area is necessary to adapt the size and structure of its administration. However, the social superstructure is reluctant to change the form of administrative action, despite being perceived as slow and bureaucratic by citizens. For this reason, this work proposes a reform to improve local economic and financial management by redesigning its administrative structure, thus achieving citizen recognition of the advantages of change. The proposal is developed through a computerised reporting model for public decision-making, the result of which is a systematic spatial report of administrative-financial decisions, which optimises decision-making and makes public management more visible.

Development and application of oncolytic viruses as the nemesis of tumor cells.

Viruses and tumors are two pathologies that negatively impact human health, but what occurs when a virus encounters a tumor? A global consensus among cancer patients suggests that surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other methods are the primary means to combat cancer. However, with the innovation and development of biomedical technology, tumor biotherapy (immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, etc.) has emerged as an alternative treatment for malignant tumors. Oncolytic viruses possess numerous anti-tumor properties, such as directly lysing tumor cells, activating anti-tumor immune responses, and improving the tumor microenvironment. Compared to traditional immunotherapy, oncolytic virus therapy offers advantages including high killing efficiency, precise targeting, and minimal side effects. Although oncolytic virus (OV) therapy was introduced as a novel approach to tumor treatment in the 19th century, its efficacy was suboptimal, limiting its widespread application. However, since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first OV therapy drug, T-VEC, in 2015, interest in OV has grown significantly. In recent years, oncolytic virus therapy has shown increasingly promising application prospects and has become a major research focus in the field of cancer treatment. This article reviews the development, classification, and research progress of oncolytic viruses, as well as their mechanisms of action, therapeutic methods, and routes of administration.

Legal Arrangements Regarding Polri's Disciplinary Actions in Carrying Out Their Duty as A Security Personnel

The Indonesian National Police (POLRI) is responsible for maintaining public security and order, as well as serving and protecting the community. However, there have been instances where members of the police force have clashed with civilians while carrying out their duties. This study employs normative legal research, focusing on secondary data obtained from various sources. The legal methodology approach is utilized to examine relevant regulations and guidelines related to the legal issues at hand. According to Article 2 of Unofficial Law No. 3 of 2003, which pertains to the Specialized Execution of General Legal Foundations for members of the Indonesian National Police, the law enforcement process for police officers is carried out within the procedural regulations applicable in general court proceedings. Thus, if a member of the National Police is reported to have committed a crime, they are processed by the Criminal Investigation Unit. Article 12 (4) of the Police Professional Code of Conduct stipulates administrative sanctions, which include 1) transferring duties to a different position, 2) transferring duties to different areas, 3) honorable discharge, or 4) dishonorable discharge. Transfers of positions and areas serve as administrative sanctions for police officers who have violated the Professional Code of Conduct, involving either demotion (transfer to a lower position) or reassignment to a different place/region. Honorable discharge or dishonorable discharge, on the other hand, are administrative actions taken against police officers who have demonstrated a violation of the Professional Code of Conduct.

Mosque capital accounting practices: A local wisdom perspective of Indonesia

This research departs from the problem of adopting and implementing capital accounting that was born from modernity, which impacts the increasingly marginalized local cultural values of capital accounting practices. In addition, studies on capital accounting based on local wisdom in the context of places of worship (mosques) are rare. This study aims to reveal the local cultural values behind the practice of mosque capital accounting in Gorontalo Indonesia. This study uses an Islamic paradigm with an Islamic ethnomethodological approach. There are five data analysis stages: analysis of charity, knowledge, science, revelation information, and good deeds. The results of the study found that there were three capital accounting practices, namely capital accounting practices sourced from the community, capital accounting practices sourced from the government, and capital accounting practices sourced from private companies. Local cultural values drive the practice of capital accounting in the form of paracaya. This paracaya value is reflected through the actions of mosque administrators who report the income and expenses of the mosque's capital every week. This action is an effort to maintain a sense of trust between donors, worshipers, and the community in managing the mosque capital. The value of paracaya is often expressed by parents in Gorontalo through lumadu "dahayi moputu dila" which means to keep your tongue from breaking. This study concludes that mosque administrators practice capital accounting based on local cultural values in the form of paracaya. This research contributes to presenting capital accounting practices based on the local Gorontalo culture.

E-Government—The Inclusive Way for the Future of Digital Citizenship

eGovernment brings administration closer to its citizens and entrepreneurs, speeding up, facilitating, and increasing the transparency of administrative actions, consequently saving time and money and increasing efficiency. The study aims to explore the digital divide and digital citizenship in eGovernment usage in Slovakia and Norway according to their national statistics. The study adopted quantitative secondary data from Eurostat’s individual-level database, originating from the questionnaire ‘Information and Communications Technology (ICT) use in households and by individuals’. The analysis was applied to Norwegian and Slovak data from 2021, and the research sample consists of 2145 observations from Norway and 3252 observations from Slovakia. The results show that being a beneficiary of eGovernment services aligns with sociodemographic variables to a lower extent in Norway than in Slovakia. In Slovakia, the usage of the services varies not only according to the education of the user but also according to income, even if an individual has access to the Internet and sufficient skills. Due to the high level of development, and especially the inclusive nature of eGovernment, the Norwegian approach with the implementation of electronic identification (eID), digital mailbox, contact information, Altinn, and public common registers could serve as a benchmark for the further development of public digital services—not only in Slovakia but also for other countries. The conclusion shows that there is less inequity in the possibility to use eGovernment within individual social groups in Norway than in Slovakia. Norway manifests and emplaces strategies to guarantee critical judgment, ensuring the use of digital tools with safety. Slovakia, with lower levels of digital service users, tends to experience higher levels of digital divide which make the situation with eGovernment penetration even more difficult.

Proteomic Characterization of SAS Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Relation to Both BPA and Neutron Irradiation Doses.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a selective radiotherapy based on nuclear reaction that occurs when 10B atoms accumulated in cancer cells are irradiated by thermal neutrons, triggering a nuclear fission response leading to cell death. Despite its growing importance in cancer treatment, molecular characterization of its effects is still lacking. In this context, proteomics investigation can be useful to study BNCT effect and identify potential biomarkers. Hence, we performed proteomic analysis with nanoLC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry) on extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from SAS cultures treated or not with 10B-boronophenylalanine (BPA) and different doses of neutron irradiation, to study the cellular response related to both boron administration and neutrons action. Despite the interference of fetal bovine serum in the medium, we were able to stratify BPA- and BPA+ conditions and to identify EVs-derived proteins characterizing pathways potentially related to a BNCT effect such as apoptosis, DNA repair and inflammatory response. In particular, KLF11, SERPINA1 and SERPINF2 were up-regulated in BPA+, while POLE and SERPINC1 were up-regulated in BPA-. These results provide the first proteomic investigation of EVs treated with BNCT in different conditions and highlight the potentiality of proteomics for improving biomarkers identification and mechanisms understanding of BNCT.

Organization of forensic examinations in criminal proceedings as a condition for the effectiveness of the investigation of criminal offences

In the science of criminology and the activity of investigating criminal offences, organizational activity is of immense importance. One of the forms of its implementation is forensic examinations, and its improvement directly affects the achievement of the objectives of criminal proceedings. The purpose of this study was to highlight organizational activities related to conducting forensic examinations as a means of ensuring effective pre-trial investigation and trial in every criminal proceeding. To fulfil the set purpose, general scientific and special methods were used to investigate the object and subject of research: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy; special-legal methods: comparative-legal, historical-legal, system-structural, method of system analysis. Based on the analysis of the provisions of regulations and scientific, educational, and methodological material, it was established that the organization of forensic examination in criminal proceedings encompasses the system of organizational and administrative actions of authorized subjects and lies in ensuring the proper, timely, and objective appointment and conduct of forensic examinations, as well as obtaining an expert opinion, which is required to achieve the objectives of criminal proceedings. The main stages of the organization of forensic examinations in criminal proceedings were identified and characterized. The subjects of the activity under study were classified, specifically according to the nature of the implementation of organizational actions. It was found that a prominent place among the subjects of the considered activity belongs to the investigator as the subject of initiation of forensic examinations. It is the investigator who collects and analyses materials when conducting a pre-trial investigation, decides which circumstances of the criminal proceedings need to be verified by conducting an expert examination, and evaluates the expert’s opinion. The provisions given in this paper can be used in the practical activities of individual forensic experts and forensic divisions and institutions; entities authorized to carry out pretrial investigation of criminal offences

Theory of Administrative Discretion: the Stages of Formation

Administrative discretion is an important construction of modern administrative law, the formation of which in many respects can be viewed as a “struggle” to limit the discretionary powers of the subjects of state administration. It is well known that good governance would be impossible without administrative discretion. There are four stages in the development of the modern theory of administrative discretion and each stage was devoted to one aspect of this one but these stages did not coincide chronologically and developed in parallel. They had a different methodology, which was used by the founders and followers of the approaches prevailing at each stage. The first stage started in France and formed by the 18th century. This related to the concept of prudent governance exercised prudent officials who were ruled by enlightened monarch. Their decisions were not reviewed by the courts. The principle of reasonable is the modern result of this stage – an absolutely unreasonable administrative act is null and void. The second stage developed in parallel with the first one but formed by the 19th century. Administrative discretion was formed as legal concept on this stage, and it was presented as free discretion, which also could not be a subject to judicial review. The third stage, characterized by competition between administrative justice and free discretion, took place at the end of the 19th and the middle of the 20th. Judicial possibilities for reviewing discretionary acts gradually expanded, criteria for evaluating such acts were created. These criteria were incorporated into the laws and legal judicial positions after the fourth stage began. The creative side of discretion has become a very important part of this legal construction, administrative discretion at this stage is defined as a way of laws concretizing. Nowadays, the third and fourth stages are developing in parallel in Russia. It should be noted that the Russian administrative law doctrine was formed as a common doctrine Civil Law system. Russian authors always used the methodology of Civil Law system, developed it, but they paid attention to the specifics of our administrative law, our governing and historical development. Nevertheless, Russian doctrine needs more research in order to create more legally formalized administrative discretion. As a result, the legislature and courts should receive academic decisions suitable for implementation.

Redesign of Positive Fictitious Efforts After the Job Creation Law

The Job Creation Law has not only changed positive-fictitious construction from ten to five days, but also abolished the administration court authority in deciding positive-fictitious applications. Naturally, every administrative action can be sued by the public to court with the aim that these actions follow legal rules and human rights values. Thus, the administrative court authority in deciding positive-fictitious applications is a control mechanism so that there is no abuse of authority from government. This article discuss: 1) the legal-historical and dynamics of positive-fictitious decisions; 2) the implications of positive-fictitious arrangements in job creation law, and 3) the redesign of positive-fictitious efforts after job creation law. The results of this research indicate that after the Job Creation Law, it is necessary to review the positive-fictitious decisions, especially by paying attention to the institution authorized to decide on fictitious applications, the use of AI applications, and the time of fictitious submissions.

Ways to protect the rights of individuals in administrative proceedings: legal regulation and international experience international experience

The objective of the research was to consider the forms of protection of the rights of individuals in administrative proceedings. The methodological basis used is presented as: comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Everything allows to conclude that, in order to clarify the issue of compliance of methods for judicial protection of the rights of individuals, provided by the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, with the criteria of a rule of law and the needs of establishing at each moment the rule of law in concrete reality, the assessment of provisions of the legislation on administrative procedures of: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, France and the Federal Republic of Germany. Finally, it has been established that administrative courts in Ukraine have significant human rights powers to make decisions on recovery of funds from an authority to compensate for the damage caused by its unlawful administrative act, if such a claim is filed simultaneously with the application for recognition of such act as unlawful.

Institutional context, innovations, and energy transitions: Exploring solar photovoltaics with hydrogen storage at a secondary school in Norway

Public administrative action is crucial in facilitating sustainability transitions. Although organizational structures, cultures and established practices have been shown to lead to differing innovation results and technological diffusion at various levels of governance, little attention has been paid to the role of local government and administration in sustainable energy transitions. This study analyses renewable energy innovation at the local level of public administration in Norway. Drawing on the institutional and entrepreneurial literature, we examine the key formal decisions and organizational culture development that, combined with policy entrepreneurship, ultimately led to an unlikely and risky decision: to include a costly and unusual local energy system in the construction of a new secondary school. Tracing the administrative processes over 20 years, and drawing on document data supported by 14 interviews, we find that the strong and politically shielded administrative section, backed by a firm mandate and an established internal culture of innovation anchored in historic and local identity among the population and local industry, led to this decision. These factors were further facilitated by acts of policy entrepreneurship at crucial moments, shaping the underlying structures and institutional culture. The independence and strong direction of the administrative section can be emulated in other contexts in order to facilitate innovation. With suitable adaptations to other contexts, our findings may help to accelerate energy transitions through system innovations elsewhere.