Situated Action Research Articles

Does Moral Identity Matter in Situational Action Theory? Some Evidence of Iranian Fans’ Cyberbullying Perpetration

Situational action theory (SAT) posits that morality plays a core role in determining whether situations are viewed as suitable for crime. However, little attention has been paid to moral identity,...

Does Moral Identity Matter in Situational Action Theory? Some Evidence of Iranian Fans’ Cyberbullying Perpetration

Situational action theory (SAT) posits that morality plays a core role in determining whether situations are viewed as suitable for crime. However, little attention has been paid to moral identity, the degree to which a person considers morality to occupy a central position in their view of themselves. Using a convenience sample of Iranian soccer fans ( N = 374), we test both the direct and moderated role of moral identity in explaining cyberbullying, an outcome that differs from most SAT research focusing on violent/property crime. We find that fans with a weaker moral identity tend to engage in more cyberbullying and that moral identity significantly interacts with a number of SAT-derived predictors (moral emotions, self-control, perceptual deterrence, and situational morality) in expected ways.

First Approach to Abused Children by Health and Educational Professionals

Abstract. The present review aims to address child abuse, a phenomenon to which society has become more aware and directed more efforts, and the role that health and education professionals can play in its prevention and intervention. Based on the premise that professionals with a primary role of working with children, who may have the first contact with them after a situation of abuse, are mostly in the fields of health and education, it is important to reflect on their practices in these cases, which have particular relevance in order to avoid potential situations of secondary victimization, contamination of speech, or even withdrawal of revelation. This review examines the preparation of these professionals to address the allegedly abused child and to report abuse if they feel fit to take appropriate action, focuses mainly on the context of Portugal. What the literature shows is that there are still difficulties in making decisions and taking action in situations where abuse is suspected, based on physical or behavioral evidence from the child, or before his/her disclosure. Further studies are needed on the knowledge of the actions to be taken, and on the actions taken before there is a referral to the competent entities by these professionals. Moreover, there is a discussion on the need to develop training as well as brief and structured protocols for action, in this first line of intervention, when facing potential situations of child abuse.

Plans and situated actions in urban renewal projects: The role of governance devices in realizing projects

Municipalities and city administrations have the jurisdiction to determine the use of land and real estate, but must collaborate with various actors, including real estate developers, construction companies, and financial institutions, to realize stated goals. When implementing initiatives such as urban renewal projects, plans and situated actions may be loosely coupled during the early stages, when visions of the future are being articulated; over time, however, the information needed to calculate whether illiquid assets are attractive investment objects must be introduced. As such information is generated, the gap between plans and situated actions closes, having material effects under favourable conditions. This article presents an empirical study of an urban renewal project in a metropolitan area that initially gained external recognition via a prize awarded for visionary planning work. The project eventually encountered considerable difficulties, as a shortage of accurate information hampered production activities. The study underlines the importance of robust governance practices and accompanying governance devices in effectively transforming illiquid assets into, for example, housing.

Выделение профессионально значимых качеств бакалавра техносферной безопасности

Введение. Профессиональное развитие курсантов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 20.03.01 «Техносферная безопасность» (далее – бакалавр), во многом характеризуется сформированностью профессионально значимых качеств. Основы профессионально значимых качеств бакалавров закладываются в вузе. Их выделение позволяет определить ориентиры для поиска путей повышения качества профессиональной подготовки. Новизна исследования заключается в распределении профессионально значимых качеств на группы в зависимости от операциональных действий бакалавра в ситуациях риска. Методы. Анализ профессионально значимых качеств осуществлялся на основе личностно-деятельностного подхода. Исследование основано на таких методах, как анкетирование, анализ психолого-педагогической и специальной литературы. В исследовании принимали участие 71 сотрудник среднего и старшего начальствующего состава МЧС России. На первом этапе, с опорой на анализ литературы, авторами выделены 23 профессионально значимых качества, необходимые бакалавру, и четыре группы их проявления. На втором этапе, на основе данных анкетирования, качества распределялись по группам. В каждой группе отмечалось наиболее значимое качество. Результаты. Данный раздел включает характеристику выделенных групп профессионально значимых качеств: универсальные качества (смелость); качества, позволяющие осуществлять профессиональную деятельность (быстрота оценки оперативной обстановки); качества, обеспечивающие управление личным составом (лидерство); качества, позволяющие управлять собой (стрессоустойчивость). Обсуждение результатов. Авторы рассматривают профессионально значимые качества как одну из составляющих успешности осуществления деятельности бакалавром в среде с наличием факторов риска. В заключении делается вывод, что результаты исследования представляют особый интерес для вуза. На основе выделенных качеств возможно оценить сформированность личности выпускника и видеть провалы в его подготовке. Данный аспект в педагогическом процессе вуза позволяет целенаправленно создавать специальные условия для проявления профессионально значимых качеств определенной группы.

Serious gaming for port development as a learning tool: a case study of port constructor

Ports play an essential role in nation’s economic growth by fostering trade and development. Making a master plan for port development includes several actions that need to be taken before a final master plan is decided. Implementing such actions in a real situation as a try out for port development will result in time and financial loss, not to mention the effect to the environment and availability of space. Port Constructor is introduced last year as the newest tool to simulate all the planning and development process of a port and see the result of every action in relatively short time. Port Constructor is a serious game, it looks like a game, but it also has a learning objective that needs to be achieved. The primary function of this game is that players can take several actions, undertake tasks, and experience situations which would be impossible to be tried in a real life situation. In addition, Port Constructor allows players to have a position as a port planner and developer, which may not be possible in reality, and experience a real situation within a short period of time. By developing their own port scenario (or real-port scenario) in the Port Constructor, the player will have a real experience as a port planner. This study was conducted to assess the Port Constructor game as a learning tool in port planning and development both for student and more experienced port developers. Furthermore, this study also provides a way of developing scenarios inside the Port Constructor game as well as ensuring that the aim of this game can be achieved by doing a game session together with students and professionals participants. The game sessions were held to prove the playability of the game as a single-player and multi-player game. Resulting in a better outcome when the game played as a multi-player game because players can have a discussion before deciding the next actions that they will take. Examples of several port layouts are provided to prove the flexibility of this game that can be used to accommodate uncertainty of port development when using in the future. In conclusion, developers believe that Port Constructor can be a useful instrument for the learning process of people at the educational level as well as for port developers on their port planning course and project.

Crossing Human Factors Research and Business Intelligence

Starting from business intelligence (BI) reference models, this work proposes to extend the multi-dimensional data modelling approach to integrate human factors (HF)-related dimensions. The overall goal is to promote a fine grain understanding of the derived key performance indicators (KPIs) through an enhanced characterization of the operational level of work context. HF research has traditionally approached critical domains and complex socio-technical systems with a chief consideration of human situated action. Grounded on a review of the body of knowledge of the HF field, this work proposes the business intelligence for human factors (BI4HF) framework. It intends to provide guidance on pertinent data identification, collection methods, modelling, and integration within a BI project endeavour. BI4HF foundations are introduced, and a use case on a manufacturing industry organization is presented. The outcome of the enacted BI project referred in the use case allowed new analytical capabilities regarding newly derived and existing KPIs related to operational performance, providing insight into the value of the BI4HF framework.

Ecological monitoring system of the atmosphere

The research is targeted at the development and testing of a hardware-software system for environmental monitoring of atmospheric air in real time. The relevance of creating the system is substantiated in the article where it is shown that one cannot obtain operational data on the degree of atmospheric air pollution using available means, although this information is important for the population of large cities and industrial centers. The results of the creation and use of the automated system for monitoring atmospheric air using the modeling of transfer of pollutants are presented. The system was based on a hardwaresoftware complex consisting of a microcomputer, pollution sensors, a wireless communication module, and an unmanned aerial vehicle. Real-time pollution indicators are processed in order to build up-to-date maps, including to provide the opportunity to choose the optimal route taking into account the adverse effects of pollution. The developed mobile application provides the opportunity for the end user to receive information on-line and make forecasts based on the data on wind strength and direction in the short and medium term. The OND-86 methodology, which is mandatory in the Republic of Belarus, was chosen as the main model for the transfer of pollutants in the air. Information about the strength and direction of the wind for building forecasts is taken from open Internet sources of weather data. Using real data on the mass of emissions, a map of the planned concentration is constructed, which is scattered in proportion to the distance from the source of the emission, taking into account the strength and direction of the wind. The forecast obtained in this way can be used to select the optimal route, optimize traffic flows and organize actions in emergency situations associated with leakage and emissions of harmful substances.

Understanding Meaningful Participation and the Situated Use of Technology in Community Music for Active Ageing

AbstractAn unfortunate tendency in previous HCI research has been to give the impression that it aims to ‘fix the problem’ of human ageing, suggesting a ‘deficit’ model of ageing or a ‘prosthetic’ model of technology. We conducted diary-aided interviews to investigate how technology use is situated in active, healthy older adults’ meaningful participation in community music. We argue that recognizing community music practices and technology use as situated action provides opportunities to grasp the subtleties of social participation and design for active ageing. We identified technology-mediated music practices, such as music sharing and revisiting, and how they evolved through the reconfiguration of connections between technology, competence, and forward-facing identities. We found that identity development, via routes such as exercising control, role transitions, and social spaces, had psychological significance and implications for active ageing. We explore how HCI leverages the perspective of active ageing and might facilitate older adults’ meaningful participation enhanced by technologies.

Our curious silence about kindness in planning: Challenges of addressing vulnerability and suffering

Discussions of “justice” in planning are commonplace; discussions of “kindness,” strangely enough, are rare. Perhaps not by accident. Taking “compassion” as an empathetic, intentional orientation toward suffering, we analyze “kindness” as the situated action of compassion that requires—following and extending analysis of Martha Nussbaum—four contingent, contextually sensitive practical judgments: (1) empathetic recognition of another’s vulnerability or suffering; (2) causal/moral gauging of the sources of that vulnerability or suffering; (3) crafting of acts to mitigate that vulnerability/suffering, and (4) forming the motivation to respond practically to that Other’s situation. Diverse planning cases from Cleveland, the Canadian Yukon, and Australia illuminate these practical judgments. We show how these contingent judgments can go wrong and thereby produce not kindness but humiliation, shame and victim blaming, pity and condescension, or dependency not autonomy. In doing so, the article makes a fresh contribution toward analyzing the moral requirements of, and the risks faced in, any planning seeking to respond to others’ vulnerabilities and suffering.

The POP-DOC Loop: A continuous process for situational awareness and situational action

Among the most critical challenges crisis leaders face is evaluating “the situation”—what is happening and what to do about it. Extensive scholarship on Situational Awareness (SA) has identified a gap: a disciplined process for achieving accurate SA. Further, SA only addresses the first half of that situation equation; awareness is necessary, yet not sufficient, unless linked to and integrated with meaningful decisions and actions. The POP-DOC Loop is a six-step SA tool that combines analysis and action into a continuous process. The analytic side is Perceive, Orient, Predict. The Action side is Decide, Operationalize, Communicate. POP-DOC builds upon Boyd's Observe, Orient, Decide, Act, or OODA Loop. OODA evolves from and focuses upon military command-and-control contexts, though it is applied in other settings as well. The advance design of POP-DOC incorporates a wider range of human factors, including neuro- and decision science research, in order to equip leaders to build SA in high-stress, high-stakes, evolving, and unpredictable situations.

ACOUSTIC EXPRESS METHOD FOR MEASURING ELASTIC METAL CONSTANTS OF HIGH-LOADED CONSTRUCTIONS WORKING IN EXTREME CONDITIONS. PART 1

A review of contingencies related to the failure of potentially hazardous equipment of the aviation and space-rocket complexes showed that they lead to explosions, fires, deaths and destruction of infrastructure. The causes of accidents and disasters are errors in the selection of technical solutions and materials during design, imperfection of algorithms and software for flight control systems, malfunctions in on-board computers and security systems, navigation systems, engine failure, defects in components and assemblies. Examples of accidents and disasters related to technical failures leading to a violation of the tightness of the aircraft fuselage and depressurization of spacecraft are given. It is shown that the main types of damage to the units are corrosion damage, fatigue and metal wear. The conclusion is made about the negative impact of the “human factor” regarding the adoption of erroneous decisions, failure to comply with regulatory requirements and actions in extreme situations. There is a risk of fatigue cracks and degradation of the properties of stringer metal, landing gear struts, wing tail trim, fuel tanks, engine pylon flanges, and imperfect methods, equipment, and technology for monitoring fatigue defects of critical components and mechanisms of aircraft, helicopters, and space systems. It is shown that modern achievements are poorly used in research and development of physical methods and diagnostics of elastic constants of metals working under high pressure, their changes in conditions of wide temperature drops, cosmic vacuum, vibration and other influences. It is proposed to combine efforts with scientists and experts in the field of strength, resource assessment and operational safety of aviation and space technology.

Performance Enhancing Drug Use Among Professional Athletes: Testing the Applicability of Key Theoretical Concepts Derived From Situational Action Theory

Doping, or performance enhancing drug use, has long been a social and health problem among athletes. Despite the issues associated with doping and the illegality of using these drugs, little criminological research has examined why athletes engage in this deviant behavior. The present study seeks to do so by applying key theoretical concepts derived from, and testing the predictive efficiency of, situational action theory on professional athletes’ past, current, and future performance enhancing drug use. We employ self-report data from a random sample of 680 professional athletes from Rasht, Iran. Ordinary least squares regression is used to analyze these data. Findings suggest that crime propensity and criminogenic exposure increase athletes’ doping behavior. In addition, we find the interaction term between crime propensity and criminogenic exposure influences performance enhancing drug use among professional athletes, while increasing the model’s predictive power. Finally, in contrast to situational action theory, we find that known correlates of deviance (education, age, and gender) still influence athletes’ doping behavior even when key theoretical variables are included in the model.

Répondre aux questions d’un robot

Cette étude des rencontres concrètes de petits groupes d’adultes et d’enfants avec un robot-guide-de-musée autonome prend l’interaction humain-robot comme outil d’étude de l’(inter-)action située. En analysant des séquences questions-réponses (sur enregistrements vidéo et archives du logiciel de reconnaissance vocale), nous explorons la manière dont ces groupes tentent de répondre aux questions du robot et la dynamique interactionnelle émergeant entre les visiteurs. Une micro-analyse fine de l’interaction (ethnométhodologie/analyse conversationnelle) y est combinée avec la perspective interne du robot, montrant que les adultes tendent à jouer les « facilitateurs de participation », faisant des enfants les principaux co-participants du robot. Les participants travaillant ensemble pour produire des réponses aux questions du robot, il est nécessaire de distinguer conceptuellement la « réponse comme processus d’interaction » de la « réponse comme résultat ». Dans le développement de séquences questions-réponses pour les systèmes robotiques, cette étude propose un apport sur une approche multimodale, la gestion d’utilisateurs multiples et la sensibilité à leur hétérogénéité.

Understanding the Choices of Multiply Excluded Homeless Adults in Housing First: A Situational Approach

ABSTRACT Housing First (HF) provides independent accommodation in the community to Multiply Excluded Homeless (MEH) adults. The principle of “choice and control” is central to the model and has been positioned as an effective mechanism for enabling MEH adults to guide their recovery or desistance. However, the theoretical literature on decision-making emphasizes that individual choices are influenced by a complex range of factors. This article describes how Situational Action Theory (SAT) can be adapted to guide a detailed qualitative analysis of how MEH adults make choices. It is argued that the SAT can support a better understanding of the complex personal and environmental factors that influence individual choices during journeys of recovery and desistance. The article presents two vignettes using data from a longitudinal study of an HF service to show how SAT was used to make sense of key choices made by MEH adults.

Влияние конфликтов в педагогическом коллективе на образовательный процесс

This article is devoted to the study of the influence of conflicts in the teaching staff on the educational process. The research is based on the study of existing theoretical knowledge in this field, understanding of the circumstances of conflicts in the team and methods of avoiding them, as well as on the practical skills of teachers’ actions in conflict situations.

THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

The theoretical basis of economic security mechanism of the agrarian sector is investigated in the article. The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations for the study of economic security mechanism of the agrarian sector. Research methods: dialectical method of cognition of economic phenomena, the principles of economic theory applied to the economic security; methods of theoretical generalization and comparison were used in processing literary sources and studying the raised questions; modelling is used for forming the model of economic security mechanism. Results. The theoretical and methodological basis of the concept of economic security of the agricultural sector was considered, which deepens scientific knowledge to determine the features of its development. The formation of economic security had the following stages: Stage I – the 30s in the twentieth century; Stage II – the 40s–60s in the twentieth century; Stage III – the 70s–80s in XX century; Stage IV – the end of the 80s–90s in the twentieth century; Stage V – beginning of XXI century – up to now. The functional components of economic security are substantiated and their content is clarified from the standpoint of the agricultural sector of Ukraine to ensure its effective functioning in modern conditions, particularly the following components: financial, personnel-intellectual, production-technological, political-legal, decision-making security and information security, ecological, investment-innovative, social, marketing, resource-technical, energy, food, transport, foreign economic. Conclusions. The model of the mechanism of economic security in the agricultural sector is proposed, which will allow managing not only known threats beforehand, but also responding to current challenges, identifying factors of intensification of threats to economic security in the agricultural sector. The model allows the mechanism of economic security to operate in three areas: permanent implementation of preventive measures; responding to identified threats and risks; making operational decisions on actions in unforeseen situations. Key words: economic security, agrarian sector, mechanism, functional components

Cyberbullying against Rivals: Application of Key Theoretical Concepts Derived from Situational Action Theory

ABSTRACT We apply key theoretical concepts derived from, and test the predictive efficiency of, situational action theory on sports fans’ decision to engage in cyberbullying perpetration against rivals. To do so, we employ self-report data from a random sample of 508 students from an Iranian university. Ordinary least squares regression is used to analyze these data. In accordance with situational action theory’s propositions, both crime propensity and criminogenic exposure increase fans’ decision to engage in cyberbullying perpetration. Additionally, the interaction of crime propensity and criminogenic exposure increases fans’ engagement in cyberbullying perpetration, while the inclusion of the interaction term increases the model’s predictive power. In contrast to Wikström’s propositions, however, demographic variables (gender, age, education) remain significant even when situational action theory’s constructs are added into the model.

Development of Empathy through Stories

Children’s literature is an inexhaustible wellspring of the most varied emotions.Stories, fairy tales, vivid descriptions of the relationships between characters, their actions in various situation...

ON THE QUESTION OF THE ORDER OF RELEASE FROM CUSTODY OF PERSONS SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT

Issues related to the transparency and conciseness of the interpretation of provisions of legislation of the Russian Federation do not cease to be relevant, as in the practice of applying these provisions various questions of interpretation and implementation still arise. This article discusses the issue of the release from custody of persons sentenced to imprisonment in various situations. The need for this consideration is due to the lack of direct action provisions in legislation that provides for an accurate and unambiguous solution to issues related to the need to release prisoners sentenced to imprisonment, the term of punishment of which has been set by the court of first instance expired before the sentence comes into force. The purpose of the article is to describe possible situations and to propose solutions in the frame of ambiguity of interpretation. This study gives an idea of the possible practical situations that arise for various reasons (due to inaccuracy of sentencing, omission in the decision on the pre-trial restriction and other incidents). The work analyzes in detail the provisions governing the indicated issue and defines an exhaustive list of entities authorized, if there are appropriate grounds, to decide on the release of these persons, peculiarities and means of resolving problematic issues. One of the most important situations is when the term of detention expires before the sentence comes into force, and the court of first instance when pronouncing the sentence in violation of the requirements of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, did not specify that the pre-trial restriction before the sentence takes effect remains the same, thereby not resolving the issue of release of a convicted person. The authors specify the necessary algorithm of actions in such practical situations. In conclusion , the article indicates the misregulating of some issues related to the release from custody of persons sentenced to imprisonment, including due to possible unintentional cases of entities whose competence includes issues about the extension or change of the pre-trial restriction and it is proposed to introduce clarifying provisions into the legislation.