Situated Action Research Articles

The Development of Learning, Performing, and Controlling Repeated Sequential Actions in Young Children.

Our daily lives are composed of several sequential actions that we perform routinely, such as making breakfast, taking a train, and changing clothes. Previous research has demonstrated that a routine system plays a role in performing and controlling repeated sequential actions in familiar situations, and a top-down control system involves the control of the routine system in novel situations. Specifically, most developmental studies have focused on the top-down control system (e.g., executive functions) as a factor enabling the control of goal-directed actions in novel situations. Yet, it has not been thoroughly examined how young children learn, perform, and control repeated sequential actions in familiar contexts. In this review, based on recent computational accounts for adults, we highlight two critical aspects of the routine system from a developmental perspective: (1) automatic flexible changes of contextual representations, which enables humans to select context-dependent actions appropriately; and (2) detection of deviant situations, which signals the need for control to avoid errors. In addition, we propose the developmental mechanism underlying the routine system and its potential driving factors such as statistical regularities and executive functions. Finally, we suggest that an investigation into the interplay between routine and executive functions can form foundations for understanding learning, performing, and controlling repeated sequential actions in young children and discuss future directions in this area.

Islamophobia as Cultural Racism: The Case of Islamic Attire in Turkey

Grasping the various aspects of Islamophobia in Muslim societies requires much finer methods in order to decipher the intentions of the actors in distinctive life situations varying from the media to education. This article engages in a debate as to whether Islamophobia is a new type of racism, i.e., cultural, geographical, phenotypical, or Xeno-racism, and the relatively recent type that has emerged in neo-liberal states: anti-Muslim racism. In a Muslim-majority society, the ‘culture’ of members is fairly homogenous, so Islamophobia takes another cue, focusing on external markers, like the headscarf or beard. While anti-Muslim racism is sometimes exercised along more subtle lines of cultural difference in Muslim societies, it prevails through old-fashioned, phenotypical racism. The representation or rather misrepresentation of Islam and/or Muslims in the media can be understood as the prevailing source of antagonism between the secular and the traditionalist segments of Turkish society; indeed, Turkish media representation produces and reproduces a racialization of the majority, predominately by rendering Islam invisible, or by depicting Muslims in ways that denigrate their clothing, manners, style, and way of living across various mass media forms.

ABOUT THE SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND TACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF A PERSON WHO DISAPPEARED FROM THE SCENE OF A ROAD ACCIDENT

The analysis of materials on crimes and offenses in the field of road accidents allows us to state that the number of cases of abandonment of the scene of a road accident or crime by its participants is steadily increasing, as evidenced by the data provided in the article. In this regard, their identification and search are urgent practical tasks that need to be addressed. However, the authors failed to find a targeted comprehensive forensic system of recommendations of the methodological and organizational-tactical plan for actions in situations of establishing the identity of a fugitive offender and his detention. Law enforcement practice in this area has accumulated some positive experience, and recently created technical tools and tactics open up opportunities for their effective use in the search, identification and detention of the offender. But all these aspects require systematization and generalization within the framework of a system of recommendations focused on practical activities. The formulation of such recommendations requires, first of all, the identification of criminally significant grounds for the typification or classification of situations that develop in the course of this activity, and the structuring of its stages. Then, logically, the organizational and tactical schemes and methodological recommendations typical for this type of law enforcement activity should follow. From this position, the authors made some suggestions for creating a system of such recommendations.

СПОРТИВНИЙ ТУРИЗМ ЯК ЗАСІБ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ НАДІЙНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ПІЛОТІВ

The reliability of the pilot's work in extreme conditions depends largely on the professional qualities formed in the training process. Purposeful sports tourism classes allow not only to improve health, but also to develop professionally important psychophysiological qualities. The purpose of the study is to prove that sports tourism is one of the means of forming professional reliability of future pilots while studying at the flight academy. To achieve this goal, methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalization of scientific and educational literature on research were used. The article reveals the importance of sports tourism in the formation of physical and psychophysiological qualities of future pilots. The peculiarities of the influence of sports tourism on the comprehensive development of the cadets' personality are determined. It was found that regular classes in sports tourism develop in cadets the basic physical qualities and psychophysiological qualities important for the professions of the operator profile: the ability to perform additional work on the background of the main; ability to logically analyze incoming information; quickly change the structure of actions in a difficult situation; to overcome obstacles that arise in special cases of flight. Sports tourism is of great importance for the development of moral and volitional qualities of future pilots. Physical training of cadets of the flight academy with the use of sports tourism is an active method of successful formation of their professional reliability. Systematic classes in sports tourism help to form in our youth such valuable qualities as courage, persistence, ability to overcome difficulties. The defining features of sports tourism are its attractiveness. Educational, educational, health and sports tasks in tourism belong to the category of general tasks, ie their solution is carried out in close unity and does not depend on the age and degree of special physical fitness of those involved. During the campaign, educational tasks are solved directly by the influence of each participant by the team, ie there is a formation of a sense of collectivism, the subordination of their own interests to society; in addition, the duration of the campaign, the gradual increase in physical activity nurture the endurance and willpower of future pilots. In derivative conditions, knowledge of the methods of formation of motor skills is also improved.

FORMATION OF ETHICAL CULTURE OF INTENDING EDUCATORS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION

The study intends to expand a methodology of shaping intending educators’ ethical culture. The examples of effective techniques that were used in a teacher-training process are provided. Some samples of authentic pedagogical cases created by teachers and students are presented. The main stages of work on the formulation of the “Teacher’s Code of Ethics” are revealed. Such interaction methods as “Brain Storming”, “Decision Tree” are given. Fragments of the lesson “Pedagogical techniques in the structure of pedagogical communication of a teacher” are described, where students analyze videos on pedagogical topics, identify phrases that violate the ethical norms of the teaching profession and choose alternatives.The excerpts from the works of intending educators, where students reflect on the teachers’ functions and responsibilities, are analysed. A structured set of traditional (lectures, tutorials, laboratory classes) and innovative (brainstorming, role-playing, case studies, decision tree, pedagogical marathon, etc.) methods, which accelerate students’ gradual progress to the highest creative level of ethic culture is presented. Such organization of the educational process reflects the developmental changes from intuitive actions in different situations on the basis of initial ethics knowledge to the willingness of intending educators to work independently, guided by high-minded principles and norms in professional situations.

Maintenance periodontal therapy.

Introduction: Maintenance is a fundamental phase of the therapy and prevention of periodontal diseases. The objectives of this review are: a) To determine what are the aspects of maintenance periodontal therapy; b) know the value of maintenance on the long-term results of periodontal treatment; c) review the risk factors of the patient, the tooth and the location; d) establish a protocol of action in the different situations.
 Material, methods and results: To carry out this work, 46 scientific articles have been analyzed.
 The MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were used for the search.
 Discussion:The goals of maintenance therapy are to prevent the initiation and recurrence of periodontal diseases. Regardless of the type of treatment we perform, the clinical parameters will not improve if maintenance by the professional is not carried out. To establish the intervals for the appointments and the locations to be treated, it will be essential to assess the risk factors associated with the patient, the tooth and the location.

Situating service work in action: A review and a pragmatist agenda for analysing interactive service work

AbstractResearch on interactive service work has paid close attention to how organizations and frontline employees deal with the inherent complexity of the customer–employee–employer triangle. This raises questions about the agency of interactive service workers with respect to the indeterminacy of service interactions. Our meta‐narrative review finds that the theorization of worker agency in service interactions remains underdeveloped in the two dominant research streams of mainstream management and labour process theory studies. Implicitly or explicitly, these streams either subsume agency under managerial prescription or view it through the binary polar of control and resistance. There has been less focus on service workers’ efforts to overcome practical difficulties in everyday service interactions. To address this lacuna, we offer a conceptual framework that draws on a less prominent, third research stream, which we label pragmatist. This stream includes scholarship largely unfamiliar to the international English‐speaking community, published mainly in French and German academic journals. We propose three contributions in this paper. First, we contribute to the interactive service work literature by mapping the theoretical plurality within and beyond the English‐speaking community. Second, we problematize established streams of research by articulating the intellectual axes of the field; this allows us to present a new research area to account for the concrete dynamics of service interaction and to capture frontline employee agency. Third, we propose a pragmatist research framework coupled with a future research agenda more attentive to the embeddedness and materiality of frontline workers’ situated actions. This way, we address the indeterminacy of interactive situations.

A Test of Situational Action Theory for Explaining the Moderating Effect of Self-Control and Deterrence in Digital Piracy: Comparing Download with Upload Behavior

A Test of Situational Action Theory for Explaining the Moderating Effect of Self-Control and Deterrence in Digital Piracy: Comparing Download with Upload Behavior

The association between child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency in the context of Situational Action Theory: Crime propensity and criminogenic exposure as mediators in a sample of European youth?

The current study investigates the association between physical child maltreatment and juvenile delinquent behavior in the context of the Situational Action Theory (SAT) (Wikström, 2006, 2017, 2020). Self-control, morality and exposure to criminogenic settings are proposed as possible mechanisms explaining the association between physical child maltreatment and adolescent offending. The hypotheses are tested in a subsample of the third wave of the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD3), a large international non-clinical study on delinquency and victimization among adolescents. The final sample consists of N = 24,956 adolescents aged 12–16 years from nine West European countries. While controlling for dependence due to nested data and several covariates, the models are tested for overall offending and separately for violent and property offending. Results confirm that physical child maltreatment is associated with the main concepts of SAT (lower self-control; lower morality; and more exposure to criminogenic environments), which in turn are associated with juvenile delinquency. The models show partial mediation for overall offending, property offending and violent offending. The findings provide support for the theoretical prowess of SAT and its main concepts: self-control, morality and exposure to criminogenic settings as mediators in the well-established physical child maltreatment/delinquency link. These findings are consistent with the ‘cycle of violence’ perspective and contribute to the theoretical clarification of the mechanisms involved in the child maltreatment/delinquency link. The findings fail to confirm a ‘crime-specific propensity’. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for prevention.

Personality profile of individual sports champions.

BackgroundResearch on personality in sport is popular because it allows you to forecast the greediness of actions in sports competition situations. The purpose of this paper is to determine which personality traits characterize individual sports champions.Materials and MethodsThe subjects of the research were Polish athletes (N = 600) between 20 and 29 years of age from 20 individual sports disciplines (each n = 30). Then, a sample of champions (n = 56) and other individual disciplines athletes (n = 544) was selected from the study population. The Big Five model was used to examine their personality (NEO‐FFI).ResultsIndividual sports champions were characterized by a lower level of neuroticism, a higher level of extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness in relation to other athletes.ConclusionEach sports discipline is characterized by slightly different psychological requirements for athletes. The undertaken sports activity shapes the personality, and the shaped personality traits have an impact on taking solutions in the starting situation. The level of intensity of neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness may determine the result in competition in individual sports.

HARD DRUG USE AMONG YOUTHS AND CULT VIOLENCE IN YENAGOA METROPOLIS, BAYELSA STATE - NIGERIA

The purpose of this work therefore was to examine factors that are responsible for hard drugs use among youths and how it has help in the rise of cult violence in Yenagoa metropolis of Bayelsa state, Nigeria. There are three competing theories for our theoretical framework- Routine activity theory (RAT), Rational choice theory (RCT) and Situational action theory (SAT), but we adopted the later. The study adopted the descriptive research design to survey 482,462 populations of Yenagoa metropolis, using the Taro- Yamane formula to draw a sample size of 400; purposive sampling technique was used in the study. The major instruments used in generating data for this study were questionnaire, observation and interview. The structured questionnaire titled: “Hard drugs use among youths and cultism in Yenagoa metropolis, Bayelsa state- Nigeria” (HDUAYACVIYMBSNQ). The collected data were analysed using the simple percentage and Chi-square (x2) statistical tool to test the various hypotheses. The study findings are as follows: (i)That there is a relationship between hard drugs used and increase in cult violence in the study area. (ii) That the more tramadol is used the more cultism will be on the rise and, (iii) That when tramadol is easily accessible to the youths, it influences violent behavior of the cultists in the study area Based on the above, the following recommendations were made: (i) that there is a need to fight against hard drugs use among youths (ii) that public enlightenment campaigns should be encouraged against the dangers of hard drugs use and cultism (iii) that there is need for parental discipline at home (iv) the need for religious discipline (v) that this research be extended to other geo-political zones and the scope broaden, deepened and widened. A number of references were finally made for further review.

Development and validation of the ethical challenges in clinical situations-questionnaire (ECCS-Q) by involving health-care providers from a tertiary care health setting

Background and rationale Clinicians often encounter a variety of ethical challenges in their routine clinical practice, and it varies across healthcare and cultural settings of their practice. Despite of this, there are no clear-cut available guidelines concerning the right course of action in a given ethically challenging situation. A validated instrument that could capture the health care providers’ (HCP’s) viewpoints in this regard is lacking from Indian settings. Thus, the current study aimed at developing an instrument to assess the HCP’s perspective regarding different ethically challenging situations encountered in the Indian settings. Methods The questionnaire was developed by involving 15 medical experts. A mixed-method approach, Delphi-technique, and online survey were used for item generation and validation. Results The questionnaire comprised of 11 items (accounts 57% variance; having an α = 0.68) representing four factors: health-resource constraints, medical responsibility of the HCP, obtaining patients/family members’ consent for the treatment, and treatment beyond the standard protocol. The gender and clinical disciplines of the participants were related to their level of endorsement for various domains of the ECCS-Q. Conclusions Ethical challenges in the clinical practice fall in different clusters. The clinicians’ course of action in such situations have many socio-demographic and professional determinants. Future studies are warranted to investigate these phenomena.

Knowing the unknowns: Uncertainties during radiological emergencies

Emergency management implies making decisions under uncertainty. Though this is a truism, uncertainties faced by different actors during radiological emergencies have not been investigated as intensively as other emergencies and lack a systematic analysis during realistic conditions. Hence, the goal of this study is to identify and analyse the uncertainties that may appear during radiological emergencies. Furthermore, this research explores among which actors and at which stages of decision-making process these uncertainties appear.For this purpose, non-participatory observation has been used during 11 nuclear or radiological emergency exercises in the period of 2017–2018 at 29 observation points in 6 countries and 1 international exercise. The observers recorded actual behavior of different actors (participants of the observed exercises) under live conditions.Results provide valuable insights into the complex decision-making process related to actions taken for the protection of individuals and society at large during realistic exercises of a radiological emergency. Most uncertainties synthesized from our observations are related to the practical implementation of emergency actions, e.g. the potential for unexpected failure of communication tools or channels, or the inadequacy of emergency plans to cope with the real situation. A high number of uncertainties were also associated to knowledge gaps, e.g. related to the consistency of radiological assessments or the insufficient familiarity of emergency actors with the rules and procedures. The findings of this study can inspire emergency planners and other stakeholders to strengthen radiological emergency management, advance emergency response practices, and improve communication and collaboration between different actors in emergency situations.

Socio Economic Impact of Assembly Line Balancing in Garment Manufacturing with the Help of Work Aids

The experimental efficacy of a work station that is ergonomically designed owes its overall reliance on production engineering, especially considering assembly line balancing besides the sustained work output of the assembly line and its snags caused in the production process have been acknowledged since long. The manifestation of these irregularities and consequent inadequacies on persistent shoulder – neck exposure have been studied for this paper with the help of work aids. A conducive workplace based on better ergonomic work station design, influences stress decreased due to the undue strain of repeated actions in an assembly line situation. This makes for resultant assembly line need to get balanced and subsequent to the production most irregularities decrease. It also results in the perpetuation of idle time across the assembly line outputs as compared to when no work aids have been introduced. 
 Focus 
 The researcher contribution of this paper is the experimentation conducted on a work table designed for the finishing line segment of the garment manufacturing assembly line. The folding table, as it has been called has flexibility of adjustment of work angle and some advantages over the conventional fixed surface tables.
 
 Method 
 Designing aspect apart this Table has been experimented with for usage and stability in the garment manufacturing assembling at three different units. The pilot results have been examined in the light of work done by earlier scholars.
 
 Scope 
 The musculoskeletal strain experienced by workers in the garment manufacturing units impacts directly on their work output resulting long term physical and socio-economic implications that tend to effect work output efficiency in the long run. 
 Results and Findings
 Decreased stress levels show indications of positive usage of this work aid. However, testing is still going on to confirm the preliminary results

Collision-avoidance path planning for multi-ship encounters considering ship manoeuvrability and COLREGs

Abstract Ship collision prevention has always been a hot topic of research for navigation safety. Recently, autonomous ships have gained much attention as a means of solving collision problems by machine control with a collision-avoidance algorithm. An important question is how to determine optimal path planning for autonomous ships. This paper proposes a path-planning method of collision avoidance for multi-ship encounters that is easy to realize for autonomous ships. The ship course-control system uses fuzzy adaptive proportion-integral-derivative (PID) control to achieve real-time control of the system. The automatic course-altering process of the ship is predicted by combining the ship-motion model and PID controller. According to the COLREGs, ships should take different actions in different encounter situations. Therefore, a scene-identification model is established to identify these situations. To avoid all the TSs, the applicable course-altering range of the OS is obtained by using the improved velocity obstacle model. The optimal path of collision avoidance can be determined from an applicable course-altering range combined with a scene-identification model. Then, the path planning of collision avoidance is realized in the multi-ship environment, and the simulation results show a good effect. The method conforms to navigation practice and provides an effective method for the study of collision avoidance.

Differential Self-control Effects: Moral Filtering and the Subsidiary Relevance of Self-control

Criminological research has identified low self-control as major cause of criminal activity. However, astonishingly little is known about the individual and situational characteristics that affect the functioning of self-control in relation to crime. Recent theorizing, especially in the context of Situational Action Theory, suggests that the interplay of personal and contextual morality creates a morally preselected choice set whose composition determines the relevance of self-control. Guided by the ideas of differential self-control effects and a moral filtering of action alternatives, the present inquiry investigates whether the role of self-control in crime causation depends on the power of moral factors to exclude crime from the set of the considered behavioral options. We argue that the significance of an individual’s capacity for self-control increases with a growing weakness of the moral filter, reaching its maximum when both personal and setting morality encourage criminal activity. Analyses of self-report data on adolescent vandalism delinquency provide support for differential self-control effects. The general picture is that self-control ability matters most when the strength of the moral filter hits a low, which is when both an individual’s own moral rules and the moral norms of the setting facilitate offending. Further evidence suggests that crime contemplation is highest when individual morality and setting morality jointly encourage vandalism. There is also indication that trait self-control has a greater effect on vandalism delinquency at higher levels of crime contemplation. All these results accord with the notion of a subsidiary relevance of control.

Can a Systemic-Phenomenological Teacher Professional Development Program Enhance Awareness of Intuitions and Serve Pedagogical Tact?

In all levels of education, teachers’ abilities to deal with complex classroom situations in split-seconds concerns pedagogical tact, a crucial quality which relies, in part, on intuition. Developing the ability to appropriately handle the complexity of classroom situations requires a systemic approach. This study aimed to explore the experiences in and effects of a systemic-phenomenological professional development program for enhancing teacher abilities to handle complex (classroom) situations through conscious attention for intuition. In the present study, 64 teachers from primary, secondary, and higher education participated in a 12 week professional development program featuring systemic-phenomenological exercises, such as meditations and embodied simulations. By increasing understanding of the complexity of social systems and sensitizing awareness of intuitive signals, the program aimed to improve teachers’ use of intuition, and through that, their handling of classroom situations. Data were gathered through participant reflection logs and focus group discussions, which were analysed both deductively and inductively. The findings suggest that the program helped heighten teacher awareness of intuitions, and individual awareness in the classroom, yielding positive effects on teacher abilities to take appropriate split-second action in complex classroom situations. While further research is needed, the results of this study include practices for enhancing teacher awareness of intuition through systemic-phenomenological exercises which proved to be promising, and a taxonomy of effects related to pedagogical tact in the classroom.

Improving emergency response in the era of ADAS vehicles in the Smart City

Management of emergency vehicles can be fostered within a Smart City, i.e. an urban environment in which many IoT devices are orchestrated by a distributed intelligence able to suggest to road users the best course of action in different traffic situations. By extending MATSim (Multi-Agent Transport Simulation Software), we design and test appropriate mitigation strategies when traffic accidents occur within an existing urban area augmented with V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) capabilities and Advanced Driving Assisted cars (ADAS). Further, we propose traffic congestion models and related mechanisms for improving the necessary time for emergency vehicles to respond to accidents.

НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВІ ЗАСАДИ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ ТА АДМІНІСТРУВАННЯ ПРОЦЕСУ НАВЧАННЯ НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ У СФЕРІ ЦИВІЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ

The analysis of the existing normative and legal documents on the issues of educating the population on actions in emergency situations is carried out. The peculiarities of the system of public administration and administration in the sphere of civil protection in modern conditions on the issues of educating the population on actions in emergency situations are described. The problematic aspects and contradictions of the existing legal framework on public education regarding actions in emergency situations are identified. The ways of solving problems and resolving the contradictions of the system of public administration and administration in the sphere of civil protection in modern conditions on the issues of educating the population on how to act in emergency situations are clarified. Analysis of legal sources through which the public management and administration of the process of training the population of Ukraine to act in emergencies shows that this issue is not sufficiently regulated at the legislative level, although existing regulations are constantly updated to meet current requirements. It was found that despite the current legal framework and detailed procedure for educating the population, their awareness of civil protection (including fire safety) is quite low, as evidenced by the number of victims and deaths due to emergencies (fires). This state of affairs is a consequence of: non-compliance of the organization of training with the requirements of regulatory documents; inconsistencies of programs and training procedures with modern challenges and events; due to the lack of competent specialists who should provide such training in the field of civil protection. Therefore, in modern conditions, the construction of an effective and efficient system of public administration and administration of the process of training the population of Ukraine in the field of civil protection, improving the existing legal framework (including amendments to the Civil Protection Code of Ukraine), its adaptation to existing world practices and European legislation within the process of European integration of Ukraine.

Dynamics of the Causes Of Crime: a Life-Course Application of Situational Action Theory for the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood

PurposeAccording to the Developmental Ecological Action Model (DEA) of the situational action theory (SAT), changes in crime rates over the life-course are explained through personal (moral) maturation and socio-ecological selection. This assumption is empirically tested by comparing results for the conditioning effect of the principle of moral correspondence (as an essential part of SAT’s perception-choice process) on crime rates for the transition from adolescence to adulthood.MethodsComparing two waves of a German longitudinal study (CrimoC, 17 and 26 years old, n = 1738), a series of logistic and multinomial logistic regressions and ensuing estimated transition probabilities capture the cross-sectional but also developmental processes involved. Additionally, the CrimoC study offers a differential analysis of offending scales, separating offenses into youth and adult crimes.ResultsThe principle’s conditioning effect on crime could be replicated at both times. We can observe a general trend of individual transitions, which correspond to predicted personal maturation and socio-ecological selection. The transitions correlate with the expected reduction in crime rates over time. Males and females show comparable results. The separation into different offending scales yielded tentative insights.ConclusionWe found stability in the mechanisms leading to crime as proffered by SAT and DEA across time. Personal (moral) maturation and socio-ecological selection are likely to be the driving forces behind reducing crime in adulthood. Future research needs to explain in detail how life-course events influence these factors. Considering adult crimes in the analysis is a promising endeavor that warrants further investigation.