Acrylate Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Acrylic Resin/Kaolin Composites for Dielectric Applications

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of acrylic resin/kaolin composites for dielectric applications. Acrylic resin, while widely used for its mechanical strength and ease of processing, exhibits limited dielectric properties, which restrict its use in high-performance electrical insulation. To address this, varying concentrations (0–70%) of raw kaolin, containing 71% kaolinite, were incorporated into an acrylic resin matrix to enhance its dielectric strength and thermal stability. Characterization techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dielectric spectroscopy were used to analyze the molecular structure, morphology, thermal behavior, and dielectric properties of the resulting composites. The study found that with up to 30% kaolin, the composites demonstrated good dielectric performance and thermal resistance, with good particle dispersion and minimal agglomeration. However, beyond 30% filler content, the dielectric and mechanical properties began to decline drastically. The results suggest that these composites could be potentially used for moderate dielectric applications such as insulators and capacitors.

The accuracy of custom-made metal posts manufactured using selective laser sintering versus conventional casting techniques: a laboratory study

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of selective laser sintering (SLS) against the traditional casting method in fabricating customized Co-Cr dental posts, employing 3D coordinate metrology for analysis.MethodsA 10 mm post space was prepared in a transparent acrylic block using a red ParaPost XP drill (1.25 mm diameter). An impression of this cavity was taken with a 1.143 mm diameter ParaPost impression post and auto-polymerizing acrylic resin. The resin patterns obtained were digitized with a Straumann Cares scanner, generating STL files, which were forwarded to Renishaw for the production of 10 Co-Cr posts through SLS. Simultaneously, the original resin patterns underwent investment and casting in Co-Cr alloy. The dimensional accuracy of the posts produced by both methods was evaluated using the triple scan method.ResultsThe mean discrepancy was − 0.048 mm when comparing the dimensions of scanned resin posts to those of the conventionally cast posts, and − 0.067 mm between the scanned SLS-produced posts and the original resin patterns. Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference between the two sets of mean values (P = 0.107).ConclusionSLS technology is a viable alternative to the conventional casting technique for the manufacture of customized Co-Cr posts. Furthermore, SLS offers advantages in terms of cost and time efficiency without compromising the accuracy of the end product.

Analysis of reasons for visit in completely edentulous patients requiring repeat prosthetic rehabilitation

Background: Complete laminar dentures are currently the most common prosthetic rehabilitation approach in completely edentulous patients. However, acrylic resin, the primary structural material used in these dentures, has certain well-known disadvantages. Identifying the primary reasons for visit in patients requiring replacement of acrylic complete laminar dentures will help determine the best course of action for improving this type of prosthetic rehabilitation. Aim: To assess the reasons for visit in patients requiring replacement of complete laminar dentures. Materials and methods: Between 2021 and 2022, a comprehensive dental examination was performed in completely edentulous patients who had previously used complete laminar dentures and needed to replace them. The primary factors determining the need for replacement dentures of this type were identified, and their frequency during specific time periods was assessed. The risk of functional defects, mechanical failures, and poor esthetic condition was calculated. Nonparametric analysis (chi-squared test) was used to assess statistical differences between the parameters. The frequency of a specific reason for visit was assessed using relative risk (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Mechanical failure was the main reason for visit (63.3%) in completely edentulous patients requiring replacement of complete laminar dentures within three years after the dentures were manufactured. After three years of wearing these dentures, the risk of mechanical failure and functional defects significantly increases by 1.8 times (RR=1.4; 95% CI: 0.9–1.9) and 1.6 times (RR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.1–2.6), respectively (p 0.05), with approximately equal frequency (47.8% and 43.7%, respectively). When wearing these dentures for more than six years, visits due to functional defects become the most common (58.3%). Conclusion: The service life of complete laminar dentures is directly associated with the reasons for visit for their replacement. The increased risk of functional defects, such as impaired fixation and stabilization, necessitates developing a set of measures for the prevention of maxillary ridge and mandibular alveolar bone atrophy, as well as dystrophic changes of the mucosa in the denture-supporting area.

Effect of Density of Acrylic Acid Ester on Sulfonate-Modified Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers on Cementitious Systems

To tackle high viscosity in fresh concretes, especially high-performance concrete, the research of polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCEs) is relevant. By designing the molecular structure of PCEs, problems such as pumping difficulties in high viscosity of high-performance concrete can be solved. Therefore, in this paper, a suite of novel viscosity reducing PCEs containing sulfonic acid groups and different acrylate densities were synthesized on the basis of inventive molecular structure design, and characterized to determine the predicted structure. The maximum adsorption, the best fluidity, and the Minimum zeta potential value can be seen for PCEs with a small number of ester groups (PCE-MA0.5) due to the combination of the rigidity of its backbone and the density of the adsorption groups. Moreover, the investigation of working mechanism showed the introduction of ester groups can significantly reduce viscosity, but also reduces the adsorption capacity. This research aims to propose a feasible method for synthesizing PCE with superior processability and viscosity reduction capability in cement and concrete.

THE EFFECT OF REPETITIVE METAL CASTING ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF DENTURES

Background: Dentures or prostheses function to replace chewing and dental arch structures. Denture plates used in dentistry are made with acrylic resin, metal, or a combination of acrylic and metal. Metals are shiny, opaque chemical substances and good conductors of heat and can be polished. Recycling or reusing used metal is an option in making prostheses because the price of new metal is increasing, and metal recycling is quite effective. Purpose: To determine the effect of repeated metal casting on the strength of the metal frame denture base. Method: The current research is a laboratory study with a tensile test in the form of dumbbells with iso 22674 with a length of 15 ± 1 mm and a diameter of 3 ± 1 mm. This research used 18 CoCr metal samples divided into three groups, namely 100% new metal group (control), 50% new + 50% repeated composition group, and 100% repeated group. Result: The mean strain of the new 100% CoCr metals group was 0.133%, strain mean of the new 50% CoCr + 50% repeated metals group was 0.1%, and the strain of the 100% repeated CoCr metals group was 0.066%. The average modulus of elasticity (MPa) for the new 100% CoCr metals group is 7866, or 711 MPa, the new 50% CoCr + 50% repeat metals group is 7538, or 833 MPa, the 100% CoCr metals group is 6659, or 336 MPa. Conclusion: The new 100% CoCr metal group has a higher average tensile strength value than the 50% new CoCr metal + 50% repeated group, and the lowest is the 100% repeated CoCr metal group.

Preparation of an FA-Based Discoloration Material and Its Application in Jewelry Design.

Fly ash (FA) is the main solid waste emitted from coal-fired power plants. Due to its high yield, low utilization rate, and occupation of a large amount of land, it exerts enormous pressure on the Earth's environment. With the deepening of the concept of sustainable development, exploring the reuse of industrial waste such as FA has become a key strategy. If FA can be combined with commonly used jewelry in people's lives, it will be of great significance to promote the high-net-worth utilization of FA. Therefore, this study synthesized a fly-ash-based composite material with color-changing function and combined it with necklaces as the main material. In the first stage, after blending fly ash and slag, an alkaline activator with a total mass of 10% was added. When the proportion of fly ash was 60%, the compressive strength of the prepared fly-ash-based composite material reached 10.1 MPa. This was attributed to the reaction between sodium silicate in the alkaline activator and free CaO, MgO, and other substances in the fly ash to form hydrated silicate colloids, which solidify the fly ash and transform it into a complex three-dimensional network skeleton. In the second stage, a UV resistant coating with thermochromic function was obtained by blending acrylic resin, TiO2, and a thermosensitive color-changing agent. It was applied to the surface of fly-ash-based composite materials, and the results showed that as the content of the color-changing agent increased, the number of pores on the surface of the coating gradually decreased. When the content of color-changing agent was 10%, the prepared 10%FAB not only had good surface color but also had good thermal stability, UV absorption ability, superhydrophobicity, and mechanical properties. Therefore, 10%FAB was selected as the basic material for jewelry design. In the third stage, the traditional Chinese technique of "gold inlaid with jade" was utilized to develop jewelry applications for the FA composites. As such, 10%FAB was processed into necklaces, which not only had modern design aesthetics but also had good color-changing effects above 30 °C. And after a long period of UV aging experiments, the necklace did not show any wrinkles, bubbles, or other phenomena. Due to the excitation of TiO2 hole-electron pairs, the necklace's UV absorption ability was further improved. This study demonstrates the potential application of industrial waste in decorative products, expands the high-end utilization of fly ash as a low-cost material, and provides new ideas for building a low-carbon lifestyle.

Developing Innovative Apolar Gels Based on Cellulose Derivatives for Cleaning Metal Artworks.

The use of organic solvents, particularly those of a non-polar nature, is a common practice during cleaning operations in the restoration of polychrome artworks and metallic artifacts. However, these solvents pose significant risks to the health of operators and the environment. This study explores the formulation of innovative gels based on non-polar solvents and cellulose derivatives, proposing a safe and effective method for cleaning metallic artworks. The study is focused on a toxic apolar solvent, Ligroin, identified as one of the most widely used solvents in the cultural heritage treatments, and some "green" alternatives such as Methyl Myristate and Isopropyl Palmitate. The main challenge lies in overcoming the chemical incompatibility between non-polar solvents and polar thickening agents like cellulose ethers. To address this problem, the research was based on a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) system and Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) to select appropriate surfactants, ensuring the stability and effectiveness of the formulated gels. Stability, viscosity, and solvent release capacity of gels were analyzed using Static Light Multiple Scattering (Turbiscan), viscometry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The efficacy of cleaning in comparison with Ligroin liquid was evaluated on a metal specimen treated with various apolar protective coatings used commonly in the restoration of metallic artifacts, such as microcrystalline waxes (Reswax, Soter), acrylic resins (Paraloid B44), and protective varnishes (Incral, Regalrez). Multispectral analysis, digital optical microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and spectrocolorimetry allowed for the assessment of the gels' ability to remove the different protective coatings, the degree of cleaning achieved, and the presence of any residues. The results obtained highlight the ability of the formulated gels to effectively remove protective coatings from metallic artifacts. Cetyl Alcohol proved to be the most versatile surfactant to realize a stable and efficient gel. The gels based on Methyl Myristate and Isopropyl Palmitate showed promising results as "green" alternatives to Ligroin, although in some cases, they exhibited less selectivity in the removal of protective coatings.

Numerical simulation model for the curing of photosensitive acrylate resin in a stereolithography process

Numerical simulation model for the curing of photosensitive acrylate resin in a stereolithography process

Study of alternatives for preserving enamelled goldware using thermoplastic acrylic resin via scientific examination

Study of alternatives for preserving enamelled goldware using thermoplastic acrylic resin via scientific examination

An in Vitro Assessment of the Retentive Property of Orthodontic Molar Bands Cemented With HY Agent-Containing Glass Ionomer Cement

Introduction: In orthodontic treatments, glass ionomer cements (GICs) are the most extensively used adhesive materials. Through an acid-base reaction with enamel and dentin, they function as chelating agents, creating a chemical bond with stainless steel bands. It has been reported that glass ionomer cement (GIC) containing HY agents along with a complex of zinc fluoride, strontium fluoride, and tannic acid offers enhanced retentive strength. This combination contributes to reduced solubility, promotes remineralization, and improves acid resistance. In this in vitro study, Shofu HY Bond glass ionomer cement (HY GIC) was utilized to compare and evaluate the retentive strength of molar bands cemented with it against Voco Meron (VM GIC), a conventional glass ionomer cement.Materials and Methods: The long axis of fifty extracted maxillary first molars was aligned at 90 degrees to the acrylic resin blocks. Of these teeth, twenty-five were bonded using HY-GIC (group 1), while the remaining twenty-five were bonded with Meron GIC (group 2). The retentive properties of both types of glass ionomer cement were evaluated using universal testing equipment. An independent t-test was employed to compare the retentive strength between the two groups.Results: The average retentive strength of bands bonded with HY-GIC was measured at 14.65 ± 1.37 MPa, while bands using Meron GIC had a strength of 10.75 ± 1.10 MPa. The difference between these two values was statistically significant.Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the retentive strength between the 2 groups with Shofu HY bond GIC being superior.

Redispersible Acrylic Ester Polymers: Effect of Polymer Property Changes Due to Polymerization Method Modification and Functional Additives on the Performance of Polymer Cement Mortar.

This paper presents an experimental study aimed at improving the performance of polymer cement mortar by evaluating the properties of acrylic ester redispersible polymers, synthesized using a change in polymerization method from emulsion monomer to monomer dropwise addition methods, along with the use of a functional additive in the form of a foaming agent. To achieve the research objectives, a polymer with a glass transition temperature of -11 °C was synthesized by fixing the monomer ratio, particle-size distribution, and glass transition temperature, and the physical properties of the polymer cement mortar were assessed. The results showed that polymers synthesized using the modified polymerization method increased elongation at break and possessed a 35% smaller average particle size. The use of the foaming agent also resulted in enhanced tensile strength. The polymer cement mortars made with these respective polymers demonstrated improvements in compressive strength 11~25%, flexural strength 53~77%, bond strength 78~113%, volumetric changes 65~88%, and water absorption 30~70%. These findings suggest that changes in the polymerization method and the incorporation of functional additives influence the average particle size and air entrainment control properties of the polymers, thereby positively impacting the performance of the cement hydrates.

Microdroplet pull-out testing: Significance of fiber fracture results

Fiber reinforced composites are used in structural materials that required light weight and stiffness. The properties of the fibers or matrix are important, but the interfacial properties have a significant impact on the properties of fiber reinforced composite. In this study, the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was measured using acrylic resin and epoxy resin as base materials. The chemical composition of acrylic and epoxy matrix materials was analyzed to predict the effects on IFSS. Additionally, IFSS was measured through a microdroplet pull-out test. The reliability of the experimental results was enhanced by applying a statistical analysis to IFSS results. In the case of epoxy, GF/epoxy exhibited higher IFSS to twice and half times than CF/epoxy specimens. It means that the surface treatment of the fibers has a significant impact on the interface. In the case of acrylic, IFSS could be measured for GF. But in the case of CF, IFSS was too low to get accurate results of IFSS. Through this research, methods to improve the accuracy of composite interfacial strength measurement experiments were examined, and the study suggested the need for standardized criteria to evaluate composite interfacial adhesion.

Remineralizing Potential of Natural Hydroxyapatite from Snakehead (Channa striata) Fish Bone on Remineralization of Primary Teeth Enamel: An In Vitro Study

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroxyapatite from snakehead (Channa striata) fish bone on the surface hardness of the enamel of the primary teeth. Materials and Methods Twenty-six primary maxillary incisors were mounted on self-cured acrylic resin, divided into two groups, and demineralized. Remineralization was performed using hydroxyapatite paste synthesized from C. striata fish bone by the precipitation method. The case group was subjected to 15% hydroxyapatite paste and subsequently submerged in artificial saliva, while the control group was only exposed to artificial saliva. Enamel hardness was measured by the Vickers hardness tester after 7 days of treatment. The statistical analysis used in this research was an independent t-test. Results The case group had a surface hardness of 356.192 ± 25.218, and the control group had a surface hardness of 269.686 ± 22.931. Statistical tests showed a significant difference between the case and control groups. Conclusion Hydroxyapatite paste from snakehead (C. striata) fishbone stimulates remineralization of primary teeth, as evidenced by an increase in the enamel surface hardness of the teeth.

Synthesis of long-chain polyester polymers and their properties as crude oil pour point depressant.

Using acrylic acid advanced ester and styrene as raw materials, the long-chain polyester polymer, polyacrylic acid advanced ester-styrene pour point depressant (P-PPD), was synthesized by molecular design, and its structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. In addition, this study experimentally investigated the effect of P-PPD on the phase equilibrium and induction time of natural gas hydrate inhibitors in deionized water (DW) and crude oil/water (O/W) systems, respectively. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and mono ethylene glycol (EG) were selected as representatives of kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHIs) and thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor (THIs), respectively. The results exhibit that P-PPD played a sight role in the phase equilibrium of hydrate, while the addition of P-PPD significantly prolonged the induction time of methane hydrate both in O/W + PVP, OW + EG and O/W + PVP + EG system, indicating that the addition of as-synthesized PPD has a synergistic inhibition effect on the nucleation ability of methane hydrate and can prevent hydrate from formatting during oil and gas transport process, and thus guarantee the flow assurance. The findings of this work will provide a data reference for the hybrid use of hydrate inhibitors and pour point depressants in oil and gas transport.

Prosthetic Rehabilitation of a Patient after Hemimaxillectomy due to Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Maxillary Sinus: Case Report

AbstractRehabilitation of uncontrolled diabetics with impairments due to acquired defects is complex. More significant defects are more challenging to treat than smaller ones, which can often be corrected surgically. When surgical reconstruction is not possible, the preferred treatment method for facial defects is prosthetic reconstruction. An obturator prosthesis is a standard and efficient method for treating such maxillary defects. This case report aims to evaluate patients' satisfaction with uncontrolled diabetes with improved speech, swallowing, and articulation, and achieving acceptable aesthetics after rehabilitation.This case report details the ultimate obturator prosthesis therapy for an elderly male patient who had a hemimaxillectomy because of squamous cell cancer of the maxillary air sinus. The patient had uncontrolled diabetes and mobility grade 1 of the remaining upper teeth. A gauze coated with Vaseline blocked a significant medial undercut in the defect. The primary, final impression, and jaw relationships were recorded to aid postoperative speech and deglutition. Normal palatal contours were replicated to ensure functional outcomes. The obturator portion was hollowed to reduce its weight and prevent unnecessary strain on the supporting teeth and tissues. The obturator was fabricated using heat-cured acrylic resin to allow future additions in the event of tooth extraction and relining.A well-made and constructed obturator for diabetic patients can offer high adaptability and functionality. Multidisciplinary planning is essential for effective dental care and functional rehabilitation, and avoiding oroantral communication. This will significantly improve the patient's quality of life.

Achieving optimum balance between mechanical properties and gloss of acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate resin through control of rubber particle size distribution

AbstractPreparation of acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate (ASA) with high gloss and superior impact properties is still challenging. Here, we developed a new strategy for the preparation of ASA resins by a selective redox initiation method based on a semi‐continuous emulsion polymerization technique. A series of ASA core‐shell impact modifiers were firstly obtained by grafting styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) onto poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PBA) seeded latexes of different sizes. The ASA core‐shell impact modifier was then used to toughen the styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN). The synergistic effects between the single particle size of the rubber phase and different particle sizes were systematically investigated, and the mechanical properties of SAN‐toughened resins at various particle sizes of the rubber phase were analyzed. The results revealed that toughened SAN with small particle sizes possessed better gloss, and the impact strength of the doped small‐particle toughened SAN was much higher than that of the single particle size toughened SAN. The ASA graft powders synthesized from large particle PBA (particle size 316 nm) and small particle PBA (particle size 99 nm), respectively, were mixed at a 50/50 ratio and blended with SAN resin, a gloss level reaching 95, and an impact performance of 275 J/m values almost twice those of a single particle size toughened SAN.Highlights Acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate resins with an impact strength of 275 J/m and gloss of 95 were prepared. The balance between mechanical properties and gloss of acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate resin was obtained. Polymerization was initiated at low temperature.

Preparation and characterization of UV-Curable phosphate ester-containing acrylate resin adhesive for dental zirconia restorations

Fumed silica was utilized as a filler, methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) served as a reactive monomer, and acrylate acted as a resin monomer to develop zirconia adhesives for dental acrylate resins containing phosphate esters. A uniform design, orthogonal tests, and single-variable experiments were conducted to vary the composition of each component. The effects of different composition ratios on the mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, flowability, and volumetric shrinkage of dental resin adhesives were studied in detail. The resin matrix composition included 43.6 wt% Bis-GMA, 28.2 wt% triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), and 28.2 wt% hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The photocurable system composition consisted of 4 % camphorquinone (CQ), 2.4 % ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDB), 3.2 % dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and 1 % butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The adhesive monomer was 12 % MDP, and the filler system comprised 2 % R972 and 3 % OX50. The light curing time was set at 60 s. The adhesive exhibited optimal performance with a bonding strength of 35.9 MPa and a volumetric shrinkage of 13.3 %. According to this study, the proposed zirconia adhesive featuring a phosphate-containing acrylic ester group is a potential light-curing dental resin adhesive with a straightforward synthesis procedure, minimal volumetric shrinkage, good bonding strength, and an appropriate photocuring time.

Application of Sound Waves During the Curing of an Acrylic Resin and Its Composites Based on Short Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanofibers.

Research into particulate polymer composites is of significant interest due to their potential for enhancing material properties, such as strength, thermal stability, and conductivity while maintaining low weight and cost. Among the various techniques for preparing particle-based composites, ultrasonic wave stimulation is one of the principal laboratory-scale methods for enhancing the dispersion of the discontinuous phase. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of empirical evidence to substantiate the impact of stimulating materials with natural sound frequencies within the acoustic spectrum, ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, during their formation process. The present work investigates the effect of acoustic stimuli with frequencies of 56, 111, and 180 Hz on the properties of an acrylic-based polymer and its discontinuous carbon-based composites. The results indicated that the stimulus frequency affects the cure time of the studied systems, with a notable reduction of 31% and 21% in the cure times of the neat polymer and carbon-nanofiber-based composites, respectively, after applying a frequency of 180 Hz. Additionally, the higher stimulation frequencies reduced porosity in the samples, increased the degree of dispersion of the discontinuous phase, and altered the composite materials' thermal, optical, and electrical behavior.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil nanoparticle synthesis, characteristic, and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal effects and the influence on hardness of acrylic resin

Context: Acrylic resin is used in dentistry as a removable denture base. It can cause various pathologies when not properly cleaned. One of the pathologies is denture stomatitis caused by Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans accumulation on the acrylic resin surface. Therefore, microbial agents such as denture cleansers are needed. Aims: To evaluate the characteristics of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) nanoparticles as a better antibacterial and antifungal herbal ingredient and their relationship with acrylic hardness. Methods: C. citratus oil nanoparticles (LON) were synthesized and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis was used to analyze the characteristics of LON bioactive components. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) against C. albicans and S. mutans and mechanical hardness test of acrylic were performed. Results: The LON concentration of MIC and MBC against C. albicans and S. mutans was 25 and 100%, respectively. One-way ANOVA showed no significant difference between groups of LON with different concentrations (p=0.687). A paired t-test showed significant differences in acrylic resin hardness before and after treatment of LON with 100% (p=0.022) and 50% (p=0.021) concentration. There was no significant difference in hardness before and after treatment of other concentrations of LON and chlorhexidine as positive control. Conclusions: LON treatment on acrylic resin decreased the growth of C. albicans and S. mutans without altering the mechanical properties (hardness).

Anti-fungal effects of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on Candida species

ObjectivesSlightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) is produced by electrolyzing 2–6% diluted hydrochloric acid in a membrane-less chamber, resulting in 5.0–6.5 pH, and can be applied to various foods as a disinfectant. Although SAEW has shown to have bactericidal activity, the details of its anti-fungal effects towards Candida species remain unknown. Therefore, we examined the fungicidal effects of SAEW on Candida spp. and biofilms on acrylic resins. MethodsThe fungicidal effects of SAEW on Candida spp. at different reaction times and total numbers of colonies in culture plates were examined. Subsequently, SAEW was added to Candida spp. biofilms formed on polystyrene plates, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in SAEW was measured to examine its fungicidal effects towards Candida spp. biofilms. The fungicidal effect of SAEW on Candida spp. biofilms was determined by counting the number of colonies on the acrylic resin after adding SAEW. ResultsSAEW completely killing activity within 1 min with the tested Candida spp.. C. albicans and C. glabrata ATP were increased 5 min after adding SAEW compared with the controls, suggesting the removal of biofilm. Of the C. albicans on acrylic resin, > 99.9%were killed by SAEW compared to their levels in deionized distilled water (DW) (76.2x102/mL and 43.3x102/mL, respectively). Similarly, 93.1% of C. glabrata were killed by SAEW compared to DW (159.3x102/mL). ConclusionsSAEW may be useful in preventing oral candidiasis as part of oral care.