Isopropanol Acid Research Articles

Facile synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose from Indonesia's coconut fiber cellulose for bioplastics applications

AbstractCoconut fibers contain many lignocellulosic components; therefore, they have the potential to be used as cellulose‐based materials. This study aims to synthesize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for bioplastic applications from coconut fiber cellulose obtained from South Tangerang, Indonesia. The isolation of cellulose was conducted in two key stages: alkaline treatment using a delignification reactor and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The facile synthesis of CMC involved two important steps: alkaline treatment and carboxymethylation of isolated cellulose. The yield of cellulose isolated from coconut fiber was 16.39% for biomass and 64.84% for delignification products. The cellulose produced exhibited a crystallinity index (C.I.) of 89%. The yield of CMC was 14.67%, with a C.I. was 56.66%. The CMC obtained was categorized as having a medium molecular weight of 249,048 Da with a polymerization degree of 1046. Cellulose starts to decompose at a temperature interval of 292.05–381.45°C, whereas CMC decomposes at a lower temperature interval of 245.42–299.73°C. Thermochemical calculations were conducted by using the density functional theory (DFT), confirming a spontaneous reaction with a Gibbs free energy of −5.25 kJ mol−1. Bioplastics were fabricated in two stages: blending with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMChi) and plasticizing with glycerol. The addition of CMCh increased the C.I. and tensile strength, while the addition of glycerol to CMC/CMChi (80/20) blend‐based bioplastic reduced the C.I. and tensile strength, but enhanced the relative contact angle.Highlights Cellulose was isolated from coconut fibers through a two‐stage process involving delignification and bleaching; Carboxymethyl cellulose was synthesized by reacting the cellulose of coconut fibers with monochloroacetic acid in isopropanol with NaOH as the catayst; The optimum condition for achieving the highest elongation at break among the blending compositions was found in the CMC/CMChi (80/20) blend bioplastic; Adding up to 30 wt% glycerol decreased the tensile strength and increased the elongation at break; The addition of glycerol enhanced the hydrophobic properties of CMC/CMCh blend‐based bioplastics.

Extraction of rare earth elements from monazite leach liquor using functionalized chitosan sorbents derived from shrimp waste

With the growing need for high-purity rare-earth elements (REEs), the separation of these REEs has received much attention recently. The objective of this research is to produce chitosan from shrimp waste, then modify it with different functionality, and investigate the adsorption properties of chitosan adsorbents towards La(III) ions. First, from shrimp waste, chitosan (ch) with a significant degree of deacetylation, purity, and solubility was produced. The purified chitosan was cross-linked with epichlorohydrin (ep), and then, it was modified with 3,6,9,12-tetraazatetradecane-1,14-diamine (HA) to produce polyaminated chitosan (HA@ep@Ch). The polycarboxylated/imine chitosan (CM@HA@ep@Ch) was obtained by treating polyaminated chitosan with chloroacetic acid in isopropyl alcohol. The chitosan adsorbents were characterized and applied for lanthanum recovery from synthetic and monazite leach liquor samples. The factors controlling the recovery process were studied and discussed. The performance of the adsorbents was achieved through equilibrium, dynamic, and isothermal studies. HA@ep@Ch and CM@HA@ep@Ch showed good performance for lanthanum recovery with a maximum capacity of 114.52 and 141.76 mg/g at 330 K, respectively. The isotherm parameters refer to the monolayer of lanthanum adsorbed into the adsorbents through chelation and ion exchange mechanisms. A 0.5-M HCl solution was found effective to elute 95.8% of the adsorbed lanthanum on HA@ep@Ch, and 93.4% of the adsorbed lanthanum on CM@HA@ep@Ch. The adsorbents showed greater selectivity in extracting La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm (62–75%) from REE leach liquid compared to extracting other REEs (20–41%).

Fabrication of Eco-friendly UV-visible Driven Ni:CaCO3 Photocatalyst for Sustainable Environmental Remediation

Nano CaCO3, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) decorated Ni-doped CaCO3 nanoparticles (CPN) were synthesized from natural calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2) via biomimetic synthetic route. The obtained products were thoroughly characterized through various physico-chemical techniques such as UV-DRS, PL, FTIR, XRD, TG-DTA, FE-SEM with EDX mapping, HR-TEM and SAED patterns. The XRD results revealed that the prepared products were in pure rhombohedral structure with the size range of 20-50 nm, respectively. Compared to other synthesized products, the sample CPN6 exhibited a blue-shifted band gap (2.7 eV) and red-shifted absorption and emission values. The morphological analysis of the samples shows the aggregated and rhombohedral with high porous like structure. The TG-DTA analysis shows the good thermal stability (up to 830 ºC). The photocatalytic activity exhibits a higher degradation efficiency 87% and 97% against methylene blue and rhodamine B dyes, respectively. The effect of different scavenger agents (ascorbic acid, AgNO3, EDTA2NA and isopropanol acid) was used to examine the efficiency of the photocatalytic activity. Based on the results, the prepared CPN6 nanoparticles show a great potential candidate for removal of organic dyes in the aqueous medium.

SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE – SUGARCANE LEAVES

"Sugarcane leaves are an abundant agricultural waste with the potential for use as a source of cellulose. Cellulose from sugarcane leaves was converted to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by carboxymethylation using sodium hydroxide and monochloroacetic acid in isopropyl alcohol. The yield of CMC was 212.16%. A degree of substitution (DS) equivalent to 0.79 was obtained during the conversion, indicating that the product was water-soluble. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of major peaks expected for carboxymethyl substitution, compared to commercial CMC. Thermal properties were studied using simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). Melting temperature (Tm) and degradation temperature (Td) of the sample were 116.6 °C and 270.4 °C, respectively, while the residual mass of 36.49% at 800 °C indicated the presence of a non-volatile component fraction. CMC morphology showed a non-circular form with small particles. Results indicated the potential of sugarcane leaves for production of commercial grade CMC."

Synthesis, crystal structure, hirshfeld surface analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies of novel olanzapinium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate as potential and active antipsychotic compound

The antipsychotic drug Olanzapine was crystallized with aromatic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in isopropyl alcohol by slow evaporation which led to the formation of olanzapinium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate crystalline salt. The structure of the compound was characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The Hirshfeld analyses were performed to quantify the order and nature of intermolecular interactions in the crystal network. Employing computational approaches, the compound was tested for its affinity against antipsychotic activity by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation to attest the conformational stability over time step of 100 ns. Besides, bioactivity and ADMET properties were also predicted to ratify the result. The compound asserted neither carcinogenic nor mutagenic activity and has high oral bioavailability. Hence, this synthesized novel compound Olanzapinium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate recognized in the study possesses high potential as an effective antipsychotic compound, and can further be examined for its efficiency by in vivo studies. The synthesized compound was submitted to NCBI PubChem database using accession substance ID: 441329256. The crystal structure was submitted to CCDC (Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre) with submission ID: 2010899.

Регистрация высокочастотных рельефно-фазовых структур на галоидосеребряном фотоматериале ПФГ-01

A new variant of manufacturing high–frequency holographic gratings with a spatial frequency up to 1200 mm-1 on silver halide photographic material for holography PFG-01 is proposed, the processing technology of which is tanning bleaching in bleach containing dichromates and etching in water or in solutions of glacial acetic acid in isopropyl alcohol. The key point is the destructive effect on gelatin of short-wave UV radiation with a wavelength of less than 270 nm. During the experiments, relief-phase holographic gratings with high diffraction efficiency up to a value of 42% were obtained.

Registration of high-frequency relief-phase structures on silver halide photographic material PFG-01

A new variant of manufacturing high-frequency holographic gratings with a spatial frequency up to 1200 mm-1 on silver halide photographic material for holography PFG-01 is proposed, the processing technology of which is tanning bleaching in bleach containing dichromates and etching in water or in solutions of glacial acetic acid in isopropyl alcohol. The key point is the destructive effect on gelatin of short-wave UV radiation with a wavelength of less than 270 nm. During the experiments, relief-phase holographic gratings with high diffraction efficiency up to a value of 42% were obtained. Keywords: holographic diffraction gratings, silver halide photoemulsions, PFG-01 photographic plates, short-wave UV radiation, surface relief, diffraction efficiency, glacial acetic acid, isopropyl alcohol.

Kinetic Study on Acrylic Acid Polymerisations in Isopropanol

The radical polymerisation of acrylic acid is largely concentration dependent and affected by the type of the surrounding solvent. This work investigates reaction rate constants, the activation energy, heat flux and the molecular weight in the industrially relevant synthesis of low molecular mass acrylic acid polymers in 2-propanol. The polymerisations were carried out isothermally in an RC1e calorimeter with inline Raman spectroscopy for monomer concentration monitoring. For a non-neutralised acrylic acid in isopropanol (150 g/L), a monomer reaction order of 1.73 ± 0.15, an activation energy of 58.6 ± 0.8 kJ/mol (0.5 mol% AIBN) and 88.5 ± 1.5 kJ/mol (1.0 mol% AIBN), and a reaction enthalpy of 66.4 ± 4.8 kJ/mol could be shown. This data is in accordance with the literature values for acrylic acid polymerisation in water. In addition, linear correlations between the respective reaction parameters and the molecular weight for customised polymer synthesis in the range from 1.2 to 1.7 × 104 g/mol could be established. In comparison with aqueous acrylic acid polymerisation, it was found that the reaction rate constants in isopropanol were slower by a factor of approximately 10 under similar reaction conditions.

SYNTHESIS OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE FROM RICE HUSK

Objective: The purpose of this research was to produce carboxymethyl cellulose from rice husk (CMCRH) and used it as a raw material in food orhealth products.Methods: Cellulose was extracted from husk rice and converted to CMC (CMCRH) using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid inisopropanol (C3H8O).Results: CMCRH was characterized for chemical composition and morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy analysis showed thatchemical composition changes with increasing sodium content (Na-). Likewise, morphology has changed. Physicochemical and viscosity tests showedthat were similar properties compare with commercial CMC.Conclusion: CMC is derived cellulose that is used in products for various applications. RH is an agricultural waste that is carried out to synthesize CMC(CMCRH). Finally, CMCRH has the potential to be used in raw materials in food or health products which biodegradable material.

Coconut residue fiber and modified coconut residue fiber on biodegradable composite foam properties

The objectives of this research focused on the effect of coconut residue fiber (CRF) and modified coconut residue fiber (MCRF) on biodegradable composite foam properties based on cassava starch. Compression molding was used to prepare the composite foam shape. The biodegradable composite foam was crosslinked by 0.5%wt boric acid. Coconut residue fiber had the structure modified to carboxymethyl cellulose by reacting with monochloroacetic acid in isopropanol and 40%wt NaOH solution in order to obtain the modified coconut residue fiber. CRF and MCRF were loaded to biodegradable composite foam at different concentrations at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8%wt and 0, 2, 4, 6%wt respectively. The different concentrations of CRF and MCRF impacted on biodegradable composite foam properties. The density was decreased with increased CRF contents at 2%wt MCRF and it improved the mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength. However, biodegradable composite foam showed low stability after immersed in water. MCRF increased the compatibility of CRF and starch phases that were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, foam porosity distribution was increased, with improved moisture absorption and stability in water. 4%wt and 6%wt MCRF improved the mechanical properties but also increased the foam density and decreased the %soil degradation in soil. Therefore, the best performing biodegradable composite foam was produced with 2%wt MCRF mixed with 6%wt CRF and gave good properties for foam packaging applications.

Evaluation of two DNA/RNA co-extraction methods for body fluid identification in forensics

Body fluid identification has become a field of interest in forensic casework as it can add value to particular investigative scenarios. Identifying the source of the biological material is not always an upfront task using conventional methods; therefore, profiling of specific mRNA markers can provide the answer. The implementation of RNA based analyses in forensic casework must focus on the quality and sensitivity of methods, starting with nucleic acid extraction, and without loss of DNA for STR profiling. In this work, two methods for DNA and RNA co-extraction were tested and compared: a commercial kit that uses a spin, mini column methodology, and a quick, simple nucleic acid isopropanol precipitation based protocol. Both methods simultaneously extract DNA and RNA, crucial for forensic casework and were tested in semen samples. Nucleic acid quantifications as well as purity assessment ratios (OD260/OD230 and OD260/OD280) were obtained by both methods to infer on the use of extracts in downstream applications such as PCR. The performance of the two tested protocols was further evaluated by analyzing two semen mRNA specific markers, PRM1 and SEMG1. When compared to the commercially developed kit, results suggest that the literature adapted protocol allowed more carryover of contaminants absorbing at 230 nm and 280 nm as the purity ratios were below the accepted standard ranges. Negative results for mRNA profiling supported the QC results obtained by spectrophotometry. On the hand, PRM1 and SEGM1 were positive in RNA samples extracted with the commercial kit.

Stearic acid infused polyurethane shape memory foams

Shape memory polymer (SMP) foams were fabricated by immersing a polyurethane foam inside stearic acid-isopropyl alcohol solutions of varying concentration. Samples were programmed using a compression press or a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). It was determined that fixity increases with increasing wt% stearic acid, reaching 95% fixity with 29 wt% (1 vol%) stearic acid. Pre- and post-submersion volume measurements reveal that the foam volume increases after the solution treatment. Optical microscopy images illustrate that the stearic acid coats the foam struts, eventually filling the pores at higher stearic acid loading forming a percolating network whose strength increases with increasing stearic acid concentration. The ease of fabrication and the large volume compression that is fixed in the SMP foams is useful for space-filling applications stimulated by heating.

Synthesis and structure of some new Schiff bases, derivatives of 2-((4-((R-benzylidene)amino)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetohydrazides

Triazole derivatives are among wide range of pharmacological agents, such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antitumor, antimalarial, antiviral, antiproliferative, anti-cancer drugs etc. The importance of triazole derivatives is in their various biological properties. That is why they have a good position in heterocyclic chemistry. The purpose of this work was to synthesize and define physical and chemical parameters of new 2-((4-((R-benzylidene)amino)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetohydrazide derivatives. Material and methods. Studying of physical and chemical properties of synthesized compounds was carried out in accordance with the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. The melting temperature of the synthesized compounds was set on the automatic device for determining the melting temperature MPA100. The Elementar Vario L cube element element analyzer was used to determine the elemental composition of the synthesized substances. 1 H NMR spectra of compounds were recorded using a Varian Mercury VX-200 spectrometer ( 1 H, 200 MHz), solvent ­ DMSO- d6 , internal standard ­ tetramethylsilane (TMS). Results. 2-((4-((R-benzylidene)amino)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetohydrazides (1a-c) were used as initial materials. These compounds were obtained by reaction of hydrazine hydrate 1.5 molar excess with the corresponding 2-((4-((4-R-benzylidene)amino)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetic acid. Subsequently, corresponding R'-benzaldehyde was added to the synthesized products 1 a-c in the mixture of acetic acid-isopropyl alcohol (2: 1) and heated for 30 minutes, after which the final product was isolated after 6-8 hours. Conclusions. As a result of the research 18 new 2-((4-((R-benzylidene)amino)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetohydrazides (1a-c) and their R'-N-benzylidene-2-((4-((4-R-benzylidene)amino)-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl)thio)acetohydrazides (2a-e, 3a-h, 4a, 4b) were synthesized. The structure of the obtained substances was confirmed by the data of elemental analysis, 1 H NMR spectroscopy.

Adsorption of oleic acid dissolved in isopropanol–water mixtures on hydrotalcite

Fatty acids are an interesting class of educts for chemical processes as they are available from renewable resources. For obtaining high-purity fatty acids, efficient separation techniques are needed. An interesting option is adsorption. In the present work, therefore, the adsorption of oleic acid on hydrotalcite, a readily available adsorbent, is studied. The focus is on studying the influence of the composition of the solvent on the adsorption. Adsorption isotherms are reported for oleic acid in pure isopropanol and mixtures of isopropanol and water at temperatures between 278 and 308 K. Even though the solubility of oleic acid in isopropanol is higher than in mixtures of isopropanol and water, the highest capacity of the adsorber is found for pure isopropanol. The reasons are discussed. No significant influence of the temperature was observed.

Determination of metoprolol enantiomers in human plasma and saliva samples utilizing microextraction by packed sorbent and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A sensitive, accurate and reliable bioanalytical method for the enantioselective determination of metoprolol in plasma and saliva samples utilizing liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. Human plasma and saliva samples were pretreated by microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) prior to analysis. A new MEPS syringe form with two inputs was used. Metoprolol enantiomers and internal standard pentycaine (IS) were eluted from MEPS sorbent using isopropanol after removal of matrix interferences using aliquots of 5% methanol in water. Complete separation of metoprolol enantiomers was achieved on a Cellulose-SB column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using isocratic elution with mobile phase 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in hexane-isopropanol (80:20, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. A post-column solvent-assisted ionization was applied to enhance metoprolol ionization signal in positive mode monitoring (+ES) using 0.5% formic acid in isopropanol at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The total chromatographic run time was 10 min for each injection. The detection of metoprolol in plasma and saliva samples was performed using triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in +ES under the following mass transitions: m/z 268.08 → 72.09 for metoprolol and m/z 303.3 → 154.3 for IS. The linearity range was 2.5-500 ng/mL for both R- and S-metoprolol in plasma and saliva. The limits of detection and quantitation for both enantiomers were 0.5 and 2.5 ng/mL respectively, in both matrices (plasma and saliva). The intra- and inter-day precisions were presented in terms of RSD values for replicate analysis of quality control samples and were <5%; the accuracy of determinations varied from 96 to 99%. The method was able to determine the therapeutic levels of metoprolol enantiomers in both human plasma and saliva samples successfully, which can aid in therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical laboratories. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sol–gel deposited phosphorus and boron doped thin silica films for diffused n+p and n+pp+ structures

AbstractThe realization of a silicon solar cell emitter is a critical and very important step in photovoltaic technology. Indeed, the surface concentration of boron (B) or phosphorus (P) and junction depth determines the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells. Several techniques are used for the realization of emitters n+p and n+pp+ among which the vapor diffusion, ionic implantation and diffusion from solid sources are the most common. This work will be devoted to the realization of emitters made by diffusion of P or B from solid doping sources developed by the sol–gel method associated to spin coating on monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon wafers. The doping solutions were prepared by sol–gel method using methyltriethoxysilane “MTEOS” or tetramethoxysilane “TEOS” and H4PO3 or H3BO3 as precursors. The n+ junction was realized by emulsion of phosphoric acid in isopropanol while the p+ junction was obtained by emulsion of boric acid H3BO3 in isopropanol or by diffusion of aluminium at high temperatures. Our samples were annealed at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1000 °C in a classical furnace under Nitrogen atmosphere. The four point technique has been used to study the electrical properties of n+p and n+pp++ structures. The results of measurements showed values of the sheet resistance Rs comparable to those of literature and confirm the diffusion of phosphorus and boron from liquid and solid sources prepared by sol–gel method. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Magnetoimpedance of Amorphous Ribbons with Polymer Covering

Magnetic properties and magnetoimpedance were studied for as-cast Fe5Co75Si4B16 rapidly quenched amorphous ribbons and Fe5Co75Si4B16/polymer amorphous ribbon based composites with the following polymer coverings: modified rubber solution in o-xylene, copolymer solution of butyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid in isopropanol and solution of polymethylphenyl resin in toluene. All selected composites showed very good adhesion of the coverings and allowed us to provide long term temperature measurements, including measurements under stress. Polymer coverings have an effect on the temperature sensitivity of the impedance value. The present study demonstrates the promising future for the development of magnetically active conductor/polymer composites for creating new sensors. Modification of the composition and thickness of the polymer coverings can be the basis for creation of the detectors with a unique set of functional properties. Polymer covering can perform the protective and reinforcing role that is particularly important in the case of nanocrystalline alloys and the polymer covering can also affect and improve the functional properties of the magnetic core.

Nanocomposite films prepared from stabilized aqueous SiO2 sols

Using sol-gel method, the films containing appropriate nanoparticles have a wide range of application as protective, dielectric and superhydrophobic layers. The system “stabilized aqueous SiO2 sol–acetic acid–isopropyl alcohol” was used to study the possibilities of preparation of nanocomposite SiO2 films and their properties. The properties of surface of prepared films, such as morphology, topography and adhesion forces, were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The contact angle of water and diiodomethane was measured to specify the polar and disperse components of surface tension. The changes in observed properties, mainly the difference of samples X4, X5 and X6, are explained on the basis of changes in stabilization process of sols used for films preparation. For the given observed properties, the determining process is the change from electrostatic to steric stabilization of studied sols.

A simple and efficient tetradentate Schiff base derived palladium complex for Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in water

A simple and efficient catalytic system based on Pd complex of tetradentate Schiff base ligands is found to be highly active (up to 99% isolated yield) for Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of aryl bromides with arylboronic acids in water at room temperature. Further the scope of this protocol has been extended to the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of aryl chlorides with arylbronic acids in isopropanol.

Thin-film microextraction coupled to LC-ESI-MS/MS for determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in water samples

The dual nature of the quaternary ammonium compounds, having permanently charged hydrophilic quaternary ammonium heads and long-chain hydrophobic tails, makes the sample preparation step and analysis of these compounds challenging. A high-throughput method based on thin-film solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous quantitative analysis of nine benzylic and aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds. Chromatographic separation and detection of analytes were obtained in reverse-phase mode in 8 min using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Hydrophilic lipophilic balance particle-coated blades were found to be the most suitable among the different coatings tested in terms of recoveries and carryover on the blades. For desorption solvents, 70/30, v/v (A/B) with 0.1 % formic acid (where A is 10 mM ammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water (95/5 , v/v) and B is 0.1 % (v/v) formic acid in isopropyl alcohol) was shown to be the most efficient solvent for the desorption of the analytes from the SPME sorbent. The SPME method was optimised in terms of extraction, pH, and preconditioning, as well as extraction and desorption times. Optimum conditions were 45 min of extraction time and 15 min of desorption time, all with agitation. The extraction was found to be optimum in a range of pH 6.0 to 8.0, which is consistent with the natural pH of water samples. Wide linear dynamic ranges with the developed method were obtained for each compound, enabling the application of the method for a wide range of concentrations. The developed method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration criteria. The proposed method is the first SPME-based approach describing the applicability of the high-throughput thin-film SPME in a 96-well system for analysis of such challenging compounds.