Acid Constituents Research Articles

Comprehensive Analysis of Bile Medicines Based on UHPLC-QTOF-MSE and Machine Learning.

Based on UHPLC-QTOF-MSE analysis and quantized processing, combined with machine learning algorithms, data modeling was carried out to realize digital identification of bear bile powder (BBP), chicken bile powder (CIBP), duck bile powder (DBP), cow bile powder (CBP), sheep bile powder (SBP), pig bile powder (PBP), snake bile powder (SNBP), rabbit bile powder (RBP), and goose bile powder (GBP). First, 173 batches of bile samples were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MSE to obtain the retention time-exact mass (RTEM) data pair to identify bile acid-like chemical components. Then, the data were modeled by combining support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), gradient boosting (GB), AdaBoost (AB), and Naive Bayes (NB), and the models were evaluated by the parameters of accuracy (Acc), precision (P), and area under the curve (AUC). Finally, the bile medicines were digitally identified based on the optimal model. The results showed that the RF model constructed based on the identified 12 bile acid-like chemical constituents and random forest algorithm is optimal with ACC, P, and AUC > 0.950. In addition, the accuracy of external identification verification of 42 batches of bile medicines detected at different times is 100.0%. So based on UHPLC-QTOF-MSE analysis and combined with the RF algorithm, it can efficiently and accurately realize the digital identification of bile medicines, which can provide reference and assistance for the quality control of bile medicines. In addition, hyodeoxycholic acid, glycohyodeoxycholic acid, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid, and so forth are the most important bile acid constituents for the identification of nine bile medicines.

The association of certain lipid metabolism indicators and light regimes in salmonids and cyprinids in aquaculture

Purpose of the review: analysis of the effect of the photoperiodic factor based on indicators of lipid metabolism in Salmonid and Cyprinid fish species.Methods used: comparative analysis of literature and own experimental data.Results: The length of daylight (photoperiod) is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting the behavior, reproduction, metabolism, growth and development of fish. The changes in the lipids and fatty acid constituents execute a significant role in the adaptation of aquatic organisms to new light conditions. Certain parameters of lipidogenesis can serve as a reliable indicator of the normal route of metabolic processes in the organism. It is widely known that photoperiod regimes are used in aquaculture to optimize the cultivation of various species of aquatic organisms, including the most common Cyprinids and Salmonids. The specificity of the reaction of lipid metabolism to the effects of various lighting modes is shown: in cyprinids, the reaction can be multidirectional depending on the species (including its absence), while in Salmonids on example of Atlantic salmon, a change in the lipid profile in the direction of smoltification is observed. The role of combining the photoperiod with other factors, such as feeding and climatic features of the region, are discussed.Significance: The results can contribute to a better understanding of the adaptive processes in fish and optimize the conditions for their artificial rearing.

Self-cleavage of genetically encoded Zn2+-dependent deoxyribozymes for low-cost biotechnological production of programable responsive DNA hydrogels

Despite the emergence of sequence-programable responsive DNA hydrogels, their further development is still hampered by the limited availability of chemically synthesized nucleic acid constituents. We herein developed a cost-efficient biotechnological approach for general production of programable responsive DNA hydrogels by harnessing bacteria as cell factories. Programmable pseudogenes of responsive DNA hydrogels were designed by interleaving Y-unit strand sequences with Zn2+-dependent self-cleaving deoxyribozymes. After in vivo amplification, self-cleavage of these deoxyribozymes in extracted precursor ssDNAs were systematically investigated. The versatility of this approach was demonstrated by preparing a unitary Y-unit system of pH-responsive DNA hydrogel and a binary Y-unit system of Cas12a-responsive hydrogel. This low-cost biotechnological approach requires only standard molecular biology equipment and inexpensive consumables, which may encourage further exploration of responsive DNA hydrogels.

Study of interfacial competitive distribution and synergistic permeation in nanofiltration separation of Salvia divinorum acids from the aqueous extract

The contact between solution and membrane during nanofiltration separation produces the interfacial layer fluid, and the competitive distribution laws of solutes in the interfacial layer are difficult to be analyzed, giving rise to diversified separation results that are challenging to explain using traditional nanofiltration separation theory. Four Salvia divinorum phenolic acid components—sodium salvinorin, protocatechuic aldehyde, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid B—which have gradient relative molecular masses and dissociation constants, were selected as the objects of study. The nanofiltration separation parameters, such as membrane flux and permeation rate of the Salvia divinorum phenolic acids and their variability with the monomer solution under the complex solution environment were systematically analyzed. Based on the correlation between the concentration of the interfacial layer and the initial concentration, membrane flux and mass transfer coefficient in the theory of concentration polarization, the concentration of the interfacial layer of the nanofiltration membrane was calculated. This was combined with the state of association characterized by the distribution of particle sizes in the solution, the research model based on the ‘Associative State-Interfacial Competition-Separation Behavior’ was constructed, and the competitive and synergistic membrane separation regulations of the constituents of salvia phenolic acids were clarified. In acidic solutions, van der Waals forces dominate the interfacial competition, and of the four phenolic acids, salvinorin acid B diffused most easily to the membrane surface, showing that the component with the larger relative molecular mass inhibited the penetration of the smaller component; In alkaline solution, Coulomb force and Van der Waals force together dominate the interfacial competition, and the more acidic sodium salvinorin, etc., would preferentially react with hydroxide. At the same time, combined with the feature that the more molecular states in the particle size distribution of the solution are more likely to form aggregates, it was proven that the dissociation of protocatechuic acid aldehyde was inhibited, and its molecular state was more complete. It was shown that the more acidic sodium salvinorin and others facilitated the less acidic protocatechuic aldehyde to pass through the membrane.

Flavonoid, Fatty Acid, and Phenolic Constituents from the Whole Plants of Smilax sieboldii

Flavonoid, Fatty Acid, and Phenolic Constituents from the Whole Plants of Smilax sieboldii

Congregibacter variabilis sp. nov. and Congregibacter brevis sp. nov. Within the OM60/NOR5 Clade, Isolated from Seawater, and Emended Description of the Genus Congregibacter.

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by means of flagella, short rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated IMCC43200T and IMCC45268T, were isolated from coastal seawater samples collected from the South Sea of Korea. Strains IMCC43200T and IMCC45268T shared 98.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and were closely related to Congregibacter litoralis KT71T (98.8% and 98.7%, respectively). Complete whole-genome sequences of IMCC43200T and IMCC45268T were 3.93 and 3.86 Mb in size with DNA G + C contents of 54.8% and 54.2%, respectively. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the two strains were 74.5% and 23.4%, respectively, revealing that they are independent species. The two strains showed ANI values of ≤ 75.8% and dDDH values of ≤ 23.0% to the type and only species of the genus Congregibacter (C. litoralis), indicating that each strain represents a novel species. Both strains contained summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c) and summed feature 8 (comprising C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c) as major fatty acid constituents. The predominant isoprenoid quinone detected in both strains was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major polar lipids of the two strains were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospholipids, and aminolipids. Based on the phylogenetic, genomic, and phenotypic characterization, strains IMCC43200T and IMCC45268T were considered to represent two novel species within the genus Congregibacter, for which the names Congregibacter variabilis sp. nov. and Congregibacter brevis sp. nov. are proposed with IMCC43200T (= KCTC 8133T = NBRC 116295T = CCTCC AB 2023139T) and IMCC45268T (= KCTC 92921T = NBRC 116135T) as the type strains, respectively.

Neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal stromal cells in mouse models of Alzheimer’s Disease: The Mediating role of gut microbes and their metabolites via the Microbiome-Gut-Brain axis

The intricacy and multifaceted nature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) necessitate therapies that target multiple aspects of the disease. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) emerge as potential agents to mitigate AD symptoms; however, whether their therapeutic efficacy involves modulation of gut microbiota and the microbiome-gut-brain axis (MGBA) remains unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the effects of three distinct MSCs types—derived from the umbilical cord (UCMSC), dental pulp (SHED), and adipose tissue (ADSC)—in an APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. In comparison to saline control, MSCs administration resulted in a significant reduction of behavioral disturbances, amyloid plaques, and phosphorylated tau in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, accompanied by an increase in neuronal count and Nissl body density across AD-afflicted brain regions. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we identified partial restoration of gut microbial balance in AD mice post-MSCs treatment, evidenced by the elevation of neuroprotective Akkermansia and reduction of the AD-associated Sphingomonas. To examine whether gut microbiota involved in MSCs efficacy in treating AD, SHED with better anti-inflammatory and gut microbiota recovery effects among three MSCs, and another AD model 5 × FAD mice with earlier and more pathological proteins in brain than APP/PS1, were selected for further studies. Antibiotic-mediated gut microbial inactivation attenuated MSCs efficacy in 5 × FAD mice, implicating the involvement of gut microbiota in the therapeutic mechanism. Functional analysis of altered gut microbiota and targeted bile acid metabolism profiling revealed a significant enhancement in bile acid variety following MSCs therapy. A chief bile acid constituent, taurocholic acid (TCA), was orally administered to AD mice and similarly abated AD symptoms. Nonetheless, the disruption of intestinal neuronal integrity with enterotoxin abrogated the ameliorative impact of both MSCs and TCA treatments. Collectively, our findings substantiate that MSCs confer therapeutic benefits in AD within a paradigm that primarily involves regulation of gut microbiota and their metabolites through the MGBA.

Phenolic, amino acids, and fatty acids profiles and the nutritional properties in the fresh and dried fruits of black rosehip (Rosa pimpinellifolia L.)

Recently, increased attention has been paid to the raw materials of plants as a source of biologically active substances. Black rosehip (Rosa pimpinellifolia L.) fruits could be a good resource for potential functional components in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Also, drying can influence the composition of heat-sensitive phytochemicals. However, less attention is given to comparing black rosehip bioactive compounds particularly compositions of fatty acid, amino acids, and phenolic content in fresh and dried fruits. So in this study, the amino acid constituents (by amino acid analyzer), fatty acids (by GC–MS), mineral elements (by atomic absorption spectrometer), antioxidant (by DPPH) and phenolic compounds (by HPLC) present in fresh and dried fruits of black rosehip naturally grown in Iran were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that dried fruits had a lower level moisture by 51.55%, and a higher level of total phenolic compounds and total sugar by 786.20 mg GAE/100 g and 15.77 g/100 g, respectively. Chlorogenic acid and gallic acid were the major phenolic compounds (109.3 mg/g). Whilst, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and arachidic acid (85.34%) were the most dominant fatty acids. The most dominant amino acids were glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and arginine (29.41 g/100 g). Also, Fe and Mn as micro-elements were the most dominant elements. In general, the results illustrated the potentials and differences of black rosehip fruits grown in the Arasbaran region as promising resources for food sources, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and breeding programs. Also, these findings confirm that black rosehip fruits contain significant amounts of secondary metabolites that may positively affect human health.

Para rubber seed oil and its fatty acids alleviate photoaging and maintain cell homeostasis.

Para rubber seed oil was indicated for skin dullness and hair loss in regard to its cutaneous beneficial fatty acids. Nonetheless, the oil's potency against photoaging remains unexplored. We proposed that para rubber seed oil could alleviate photoaging. Para rubber seed oil was investigated in cocultures of human HaCaT cells and dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Photoaging protectant efficiency was monitored in terms of IL-6 and IL-8 as well as MMP-1 (collagenase) and MMP-9 (gelatinase) in a comparison with its fatty acid components. Para rubber seed oil standardized in fatty acids was indicated as the promising plant oil for photoaging treatment. Its photoprotection mechanism was demonstrated in the coculture system of keratinocyte and fibroblast cells for the first time. Where the oil and its fatty acid constituents (100 μg/mL) were indicated to be safe and efficiently protect the cocultures against UV damage. The oil significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed UV-induced IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1 and MMP-9 secretions. The revealed photoprotection proficiency was abided by its fatty acids, particularly the unsaturated C18 ones. The oil was indicated on its potential to maintain skin homeostasis and would alleviate senescence ageing in regard to its photoprotection abilities exhibited. Para rubber seed oil is warranted as a new generation of photoaging protectant agent with the profiled safety and efficacy demonstrated in the epidermal coculture system. The findings encourage the development of innovative anti-ageing products containing the oil, which is categorizable as a sustainable specialty material for photoaging treatment.

Determination of the Nucleic Acid Constituents in Edible Mushrooms by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD)

Nucleosides and nucleobases in edible mushrooms collected from the Tekirdağ region of Turkey were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Separation of compounds was accomplished by gradient elution on a C18 column. A mixture of methanol (MeOH):50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (1:99, v/v) at pH 3.70 and methanol:50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (20:80) at pH 6.20 was used as the solvent. Two methods were used to treat the lyophilized mushrooms: ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction (US-SLE) and pressurized (accelerated) solid-liquid extraction (PSLE). Deionized water was used as the extraction solvent. The extraction temperature and time were optimized. Fourteen nucleosides and nucleobases were simultaneously monitored at 254 nm within 25 min. Ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid was demonstrated to be more effective, perhaps because the pressurized liquid extraction system is a closed system and the matrix-solvent interaction may be insufficient. Adenosine, guanosine and uridine were the most abundant compounds in all studied mushrooms.

Economic production of eco-friendly dehairing keratinase and antioxidant feather hydrolyzate using Bacillus halotolerans

AbstractFeather is a high recalcitrance keratin-based biomass, and keratin-degrading microorganisms have been seen as beneficial tools for its biodegradation and production of valuable products with biomedical and industrial applications. In the current study, the isolated keratinolytic bacteria was identified on the base of its 16 S rDNA sequencing data as Bacillus halotolerans, and its efficiency in the hydrolysis of feather with the preservation of most of its amino acid constituent was estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography Pico-Tag (HPLC PICO-TAG) method. The produced hydrolysate possessed antioxidant activity of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of 52.3 ± 5.6 mmole TE/g without possessing any cytotoxicity to human normal skin fibroplast cell line BJ-1 estimated by MTT assay. Moreover, the isolated strain was capable for producing keratinase under submerged fermentation of feather that was optimized by combining single-variable-at-a-time optimization with the application of statistical designs (Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken). The optimum keratinase activity was 140.83 U/mL that was enhanced by 3.2-fold of the estimated initial activity, and the purified enzyme possessed optimum activity at pH 9.5 and 70 °C with a half-life of 69.3 min. Finally, the applicability of the purified enzyme in the dehairing of bovine hide was examined in comparison to sodium sulfide (Na2S) and lime (Ca(OH)2) conventional method. The results estimated the efficiency of the examined bio-treatment process, it achieved complete dehairing after 2 h with a good skin quality as manifested by scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, a significant reduction of the pollution load parameters was estimated.

Production of Rhamnolipids using WFSO and its application in the development of antifungal nanoemulsion using Hydnocarpus Wightiana, Garcinia Cambogia - Seed oils

Presently, Industrial-scale demands for manufacturing rhamnolipids (RhLs) are not so developed; probably due to the high cost of the substrates and the rare demand for costlier surfactants. Therefore, the use of waste frying oils (WFSO) as substrates in RhLs manufacturing using Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be a notable substitute for the regularly used sources of oils and fatty acids to minimize manufacturing charges. WFSO as a byproduct normally consists of Linoleic acid as a prime fatty acid constituent. In the present work, P. aeruginosa yielded RhLs at an uttermost concentration of 7.4 g L−1; while constructional characteristics proved the presence majority of di-RhLs in the mixture. Also, on testing, the SFT (Surface Tension) reduced to 34.6±0.1 mN m−1; and an interfacial tension against heptane went down to 5.2±0.05 mN m−1. The oils from kernels of Hydnocarpus Wightiana and Garcinia cambogia were extracted separately; further, the detailed analysis showed the presence of their corresponding active fatty acids. In the initial screening of antifungal efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum (fusarium wilt) and Diplodia maydis (Diplodia ear and stalk rot of maize), RhLs shown the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 250 and 500 ppm, both extracted oils shown the MIC between 5 % and 10 %. Therefore, we decided to prepare the nanoemulsions (NEs) using 0.5 % RhLs, and 10 % of each respective extracted oil; which upon analysis showed the globule size as low as 110.9 nm and 147.0 nm respectively. The turbiscan study revealed that NEs made using RhLs as an adjuvant were found more stable than the alkyl polyglucosides, and the nanoemulsions containing RhLs showed higher levels of antifungal activity against F. oxysporum and D. maydis in the antifungal study. Thus, a successful utilization of the WFSO for the production of RhLs; and reduction in the probable water or soil pollution was achieved, as well as our RhLs bio-synthesis cost was much less as compared to the existing manufacturing process.

Plasma fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids and surrogate fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids hydrolysis activity in children with or without obesity and in adults with or without coronary artery disease.

Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) are a class of bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and cardioprotective properties. FAHFA hydrolysis into its fatty acid (FA) and hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) constituents can affect the bioavailability of FAHFA and its subsequent biological effects. We aimed to investigate FAHFA levels and FAHFA hydrolysis activity in children with or without obesity, and in adults with or without coronary artery disease (CAD). Our study cohort included 20 children without obesity, 40 children with obesity, 10 adults without CAD and 28 adults with CAD. We quantitated plasma levels of four families of FAHFA [palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acid (PAHSA), palmitoleic acid hydroxy stearic acid (POHSA), oleic acid hydroxy stearic acid (OAHSA), stearic acid hydroxy stearic acid] and their corresponding FA and HFA constituents using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Surrogate FAHFA hydrolysis activity was estimated as the FA/FAHFA or HFA/FAHFA ratio. Children with obesity had lower plasma PAHSA (p = .001), OAHSA (p = .006) and total FAHFA (p = .011) levels, and higher surrogate FAHFA hydrolysis activity represented by PA/PAHSA (p = .040) and HSA/OAHSA (p = .025) compared with children without obesity. Adults with CAD and a history of myocardial infarction (MI) had lower POHSA levels (p = .026) and higher PA/PAHSA (p = .041), POA/POHSA (p = .003) and HSA/POHSA (p = .038) compared with those without MI. Altered FAHFA metabolism is associated with obesity and MI, and inhibition of FAHFA hydrolysis should be studied further as a possible therapeutic strategy in obesity and MI.

Ozone Chemistry on Greasy Glass Surfaces Affects the Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Environments.

The chemistry of ozone (O3) on indoor surfaces leads to secondary pollution, aggravating the air quality in indoor environments. Here, we assess the heterogeneous chemistry of gaseous O3 with glass plates after being 1 month in two different kitchens where Chinese and Western styles of cooking were applied, respectively. The uptake coefficients of O3 on the authentic glass plates were measured in the dark and under UV light irradiation typical for indoor environments (320 nm < λ < 400 nm) at different relative humidities. The gas-phase product compounds formed upon reactions of O3 with the glass plates were evaluated in real time by a proton-transfer-reaction quadrupole-interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We observed typical aldehydes formed by the O3 reactions with the unsaturated fatty acid constituents of cooking oils. The formation of decanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), and 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA) was also observed. The employed dynamic mass balance model shows that the estimated mixing ratios of hexanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, undecanal, 6-MHO, and 4-OPA due to O3 chemistry with authentic grime-coated kitchen glass surfaces are higher in the kitchen where Chinese food was cooked compared to that where Western food was cooked. These results show that O3 chemistry on greasy glass surfaces leads to enhanced VOC levels in indoor environments.

So Let's Design a Peptide . . . A Physician's Approach.

This paper outlines a process undertaken by a physician to design a peptide aimed at impacting the extracellular matrix. From a position of very little expertise, a new peptide was designed with amino acid constituents based on the structural proteins collagen and elastin. Sequencing was also considered, given the periodic repetition observed in these proteins, and a peptide with reasonable molecular weight and physical characteristics was designed using available software. The sequence of events concerning intellectual property, functionality investigation, and eventual use of the peptide in new formulations is detailed. This may be of interest to physicians who consider this exercise out of the scope of the usual practice. J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23(5):347-352.&nbsp; &nbsp; doi:10.36849/JDD.7921.

Fatty acid and essential oil compositions of seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Cultivated in different regions of Ethiopia

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds are used as spices. In this study, fatty acids extracted from the coriander seeds collected from three places (Sululta, Jimma and Wolaita Sodo) in Ethiopia were determined as their methyl ester using GC-MS. The fatty acid components were assessed using linoleic acid ethyl ester as an external standard. Sululta sample showed five fatty acids, while Wolaita Sodo and Jimma three each with highest amount of petroselinic acid: 68.41%, 72.53%, and 64.4%, respectively, of the total fatty acids. Linoleic acid (omega-6) was found in the range of 18.24-22.37%. The polyunsaturated versus saturated (P/S) index values were found to be 1.69-2.39, which indicated that coriander seeds from the three sites have a good capacity to prevent the development of cardiovascular and some chronic diseases. The number of compounds identified in the essential oils of coriander seeds from Jimma, Sululta, and Wolaita Sodo were 7, 9, and 15 with total percent areas of 99.64, 75.14, and 96.68, respectively. The major component in the essential oils was linalool ranging from 36.72-88.50% of the total amount. In general, the chemical constituents of fatty acids and essential oils of coriander seeds indicates its good nutritional quality and usefulness for human health. KEY WORDS: Coriander seeds, Fatty acids, P/S index, Essential oils, Nutritional quality, Spice Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(4), 863-876. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i4.4

A Data-Driven Approach to Sugarcane Breeding Programs with Agronomic Characteristics and Amino Acid Constituent Profiling.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) and its processed products have supported local industries such as those in the Nansei Islands, Japan. To improve the sugarcane quality and productivity, breeders select better clones by evaluating agronomic characteristics, such as commercially recoverable sugar and cane yield. However, other constituents in sugarcane remain largely unutilized in sugarcane breeding programs. This study aims to establish a data-driven approach to analyze agronomic characteristics from breeding programs. This approach also determines a correlation between agronomic characteristics and free amino acid composition to make breeding programs more efficient. Sugarcane was sampled in clones in the later stage of breeding selection and cultivars from experimental fields on Tanegashima Island. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis using agronomic characteristics revealed the diversity and variability of each sample, and the data-driven approach classified cultivars and clones into three groups based on yield type. A comparison of free amino acid constituents between these groups revealed significant differences in amino acids such as asparagine and glutamine. This approach dealing with a large volume of data on agronomic characteristics will be useful for assessing the characteristics of potential clones under selection and accelerating breeding programs.

Capillary zone electrophoresis method for quantification of therapeutic peptide glatiramer acetate

This study presents the development and validation of a novel capillary zone electrophoresis method for the precise determination of glatiramer acetate and its amino acid constituents. A 120 mmol dm−3 phosphoric acid solution adjusted to pH 1.9 with Tris, supplemented with 20 mmol dm−3 triethylamine to achieve a final of pH 2.1, resulted in a repeatable analysis of glatiramer acetate. The method demonstrated a limit of detection and quantification of 39.2 µg cm−3 and 130.7 µg cm−3, respectively. This method allows for the rapid control of glatiramer acetate-based pharmaceuticals and distinguishes glatiramer acetate from the amino acids used in its synthesis.Graphical abstract

Therapeutic Uses of Mee Tree (Madhuca longifolia)

In the past, our ancestors maintained a close relationship with the environment. They knew the value of many plants. One tree that our ancestors preserved is the Mee tree. Madhuca longifolia belonging to the family Sapotaceae, is one of those multipurpose forest tree species that provide an answer for the food, fodder and fuel. It is widely distributed in the South Asian countries, Especially in Sri Lanka. Mee tree is a large deciduous tree growing widely under dry tropical and sub-tropical climatic conditions. The tree has religious and aesthetic value in the tribal culture. The trees with best girth in forest are often Mee trees as it is protected and cared by forest dwellers. Aim of the study is to identify the therapeutic uses of this plant in Sri Lanka. Ancient classical texts were used to collect data on Mee tree especially, Medicinal plants (Indigenous and Exotic) used in Ceylon. Articles were filtered through journals, magazines and newspapers. Databases such as Google scholar, Springer and Agroforestry were used to search journal articles. The journal articles from 2010-2022 were considered as eligible for this review. Search terms such as Madhuca longifolia, Mee tree, Medicinal uses were used to search journal articles. The final summary was formulated after a thorough reading of all above materials. As the results, the plant contains Vitamins, Ethylcinnamate, Amyrin acetates, Hexacosanol, Linoleic acid, Palmitic acid and many more chemical constituents. The Mee tree has analgesic, diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, astringent and demulcent properties with various parts of the plant. The parts are used in certain treatments in Ayurvedic medicine. The flowers, leaves, bark, roots, and seeds of the Mee tree are used to prepare medicines for rheumatism, bronchitis, headache, skin diseases, and worm infestations. The study was concluded as, this tree was so close and familiar to the lives of the people. This tree has many benefits for mankind, and many people have been interested in preserving it. However, due to the deforestation that has taken place in the country in the last few decades, the existence of Mee trees has been severely threatened. Today, Mee tree is a scarce resource in Sri Lanka. People should aware about protecting the plant for future generation. &#x0D; Keywords: Madhuca longifolia, Mee tree, Medicinal uses, Deforestation

A Review of Literature on Transferrin: Deciphering its Complex Mechanism in Cellular Iron Regulation and Clinical Implications

Iron is a crucial constituent in cellular metabolism, playing a pivotal role in numerous enzymatic activities that are required for the maintenance of life. However, the lack of regulation in iron levels can lead to cellular damage through the Fenton reaction, which produces reactive oxygen species. Transferrin which is a glycoprotein functions crucially in contributing significantly to the movement of iron in biological systems. The polypeptide chain of transferrin, which is made of 700 amino acids, has a crucial role in iron binding and delivery. Transferrin has different N and C lobes that contribute to its exceptional attributes. In this paper, we looked at several aspects of transferrin which were explored, especially its diverse forms, characteristic structures, synthesis mechanisms, and metabolic functions. Various proteins, including lactoferrin, melanotransferrin, serum transferrin, and ovotransferrin, take part in regulating the transportation of iron and the prevention of iron homeostasis in vertebrates. We also explored the role of transferrin in various metabolic processes, which includes its activation of macrophages, antimicrobial attributes, and participation in immunological responses. A detailed assessment of the chemical attributes of transferrin provides useful information about its amino acid constituent, arrangement, and bonds with a broad spectrum of metal ions. This paper delves into taking part in scholarly reviews that address the therapeutic relevance of transferrin, stressing its function as a marker for diagnosing iron deficiency as well as its implications in health conditions such as hemochromatosis and atransferrinemia. This detailed assessment of transferrin that this paper presents makes a renowned development in how we understand its complex mechanisms, thus enhancing how we comprehend iron regulations in cells and how it implies both health and disease.