Acid Composition Of Lipid Classes Research Articles

Determination of the fatty acid profile of neutral lipids, free fatty acids and phospholipids in human plasma

Knowledge of the fatty acid composition of lipid classes in human plasma is an important factor in the investigation of human metabolism. Therefore, a method for the analysis of neutral lipid (NL), phospholipid (PL) and free fatty acids (FFA) in human plasma has been developed and validated. Separation of lipid classes was carried out by solid phase extraction of the lipid extract. The fractions were transesterified and the resulting fatty acid methyl esters were determined by GC/FID. For the method to be validated, precision, detection and quantification limits, as well as recovery, were determined for combined lipid extraction, solid phase extraction and GC analysis. The lipid extraction was miniaturized and simplified by application of an ultrasound ‘Sonotrode’. The resolution of lipid classes was optimized with appropriate standards added to a representative plasma sample. In addition, a rapid derivatization procedure using trimethylsulfoniumhydroxide was established. Low determination limits (1.5, 0.2 and 1.3 μg/g plasma for NL, PL and FFA, respectively) indicate that the method’s sensitivity is sufficient to quantify even minor components. Furthermore, recovery for NL and PL fatty acids was found to range from 80% to 110%. The results were similar for FFA apart from more polar free fatty acids due to their higher solubility in water. Repetitive measurements showed very good precision apart from the long chain PUFA for which the coefficients of variation were significantly higher. The present method is applicable to the quantitation of fatty acids in lipid classes of human plasma including several minor components.

Fatty Acid Composition of the Brain, Retina, Liver and Adipose Tissue of the Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus, Primate)

The particular interest in supplementing human foods with n-3 fatty acids has arisen from the findings that this series of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have an impact on neuronal functions. Indeed vertebrates, including humans, preferentially use docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) over other long-chain n-3 PUFA for the genesis of their neuronal and retinal membranes. The grey mouse lemur is a nocturnal prosimian primate originating from Madagascar. The increased use of this omnivorous primate in nutritional studies (chronic caloric restriction, n-3 fatty acids supplementation), justifies the interest of determining their fatty acids body composition. In the present study, we report the fatty acid composition in lipid classes from the main target tissues (brain, retina, liver and adipose tissue) of six adult mouse lemurs raised under laboratory nutritional conditions. Among the main findings, n-6-docosapentaenoic acid (n-6-DPA; 22:5n-6) is very low in the brain cortex and retina, whereas there is a very high accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in the neural tissues compared to liver and plasma. In particular, DHA accounts for about one half of the total fatty acids in the retina ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. This high concentration clearly indicates that DHA is efficiently transferred from blood lipids to the outer segment of the mouse lemur retina. We conclude that the mouse lemur n-3 PUFA metabolism efficiently drives DHA to neural tissues, through the blood-brain barrier and the blood-retina barrier.

Fatty acid composition of lipid classes in two mussel populations (Anodonta piscinalis and Corbicula fluminalis) living in Tigris River

Purpose: The aim of this work was to investigate quantitative and qualitative fatty acid composition of phospholipid, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol and total body lipid of two adult freshwater mussels, Anodonta piscinalis (Nilsson, 1822) and Corbicula fluminalis (Muller, 1774). Methods: Mussels’ body lipids were fractionated by thin layer chromatography. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instruments were used to detect the fatty acids. Results: C16:0, C18:0, C16:1ω7, C18:1ω9, C18:2ω6 and C20:4ω6 were the dominant fatty acids. Their total percentages are between 70.37% and 82.11% in A. piscinalis and between 66.70% and 75.53% in C. fluminalis. As characteristic to freshwater mussels, Σω6 / Σω3 ratio was defined high in all lipid fractions. In both of the mussels, the maximum level of total polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in the phospholipids, and the maximum level of the total saturated fatty acids was found in the monoacylglycerol fractions. However, the level total monounsaturated fatty acids showed differentiations among fractions. In comparison to other fractions, the phospholipid contained high amount of C20:4ω6 and C20:5ω3, involved in eicosanoids formation. Conclusion: The study provided insight into the biochemistry and nutritional value of the widely distributed freshwater mussels from Tigris River.

The predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the butterfly Morpho peleides before and after metamorphosis

We hypothesized that the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the butterfly were probably derived from the diet and that there might be a great loss of body fat during metamorphosis. To substantiate these hypotheses, we analyzed the fatty acid composition and content of the diet, the larva, and the butterfly Morpho peleides. Both the diet and the tissues of the larva and butterfly had a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the diet, linolenic acid accounted for 19% and linoleic acid for 8% of total fatty acids. In the larva, almost 60% of the total fatty acids were polyunsaturated: linolenic acid predominated at 42% of total fatty acids, and linoleic acid was at 17%. In the butterfly, linolenic acid represented 36% and linoleic acid represented 11% of total fatty acids. The larva had a much higher total fatty acid content than the butterfly (20.2 vs. 6.9 mg). Our data indicate that the transformation from larva to butterfly during metamorphosis drastically decreased the total fatty acid content. There was bioenhancement of polyunsaturated fatty acids from the diet to the larva and butterfly. This polyunsaturation of membranes may have functional importance in providing membrane fluidity useful in flight.

Effect of exercise training on the fatty acid composition of lipid classes in rat liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue

Effect of exercise training on the fatty acid composition of lipid classes in rat liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue

Effect of exercise training on the fatty acid composition of lipid classes in rat liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of exercise training on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TG) in rat liver, skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius medialis), and adipose tissue (epididymal and subcutaneous fat). For this purpose, the relevant tissues of 11 trained rats were compared to those of 14 untrained ones. Training caused several significant differences of large effect size in the concentrations and percentages of individual fatty acids in the aforementioned lipid classes. The fatty acid composition of liver PL, in terms of both concentrations and percentages, changed with training. The TG content of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue decreased significantly with training. In contrast to the liver, where no significant differences in the fatty acid profile of TG were found, muscle underwent more significant differences in TG than PL, and adipose tissue only in TG. Most differences were in the same direction in muscle and adipose tissue TG, suggesting a common underlying mechanism. Estimated fatty acid elongase activity was significantly higher, whereas Delta(9)-desaturase activity was significantly lower in muscle and adipose tissue of the trained rats. In conclusion, exercise training modified the fatty acid composition of liver PL, muscle PL and TG, as well as adipose tissue TG. These findings may aid in delineating the effects of exercise on biological functions such as membrane properties, cell signaling, and gene expression.

Tissue-Specific Fatty Acid Composition of Glandular Trichomes of Mite-Resistant and -Susceptible Pelargonium xhortorum

Anacardic acids, alkyl phenolic acids excreted by tall glandular trichomes of the garden geranium, Pelargonium xhortorum, confer small-pest resistance. Up to 90% of the trichome exudate from mite-resistant P. xhortorum inbreds consists of an unusual anacardic acid with an unsaturated omega-5 (ω5) alkyl chain. As fatty acids are biochemical precursors to anacardic acids, we examined by GC the fatty acid composition of leaves, pedicels, petals, sepals, mature seeds, and glandular trichomes from pest-resistant and pest-susceptible Pelargonium inbred lines to determine the localization of ω5-fatty acids within plant tissues. The fatty acid composition of lipid classes (galactolipids, phospholipids, and neutral lipids) extracted from glandular trichomes from mite-resistant pedicels were also examined. ω5-Fatty acids (16:1Δ11 and 18:1Δ13) were found only in the glandular trichomes from pest-resistant geraniums (27.2% in trichomes of pedicels) and were localized predominantly in the phospho- and galactolipids (phosphatidylinositol, 25.9%; phosphatidylcholine, 18.2%; monogalactosyldiglyceride, 15.5%; and diglactosyldiglyceride, 14.0%).

Fatty acid composition of lipid classes in maternal and cord plasma at birth.

The fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol esters and nonesterified fatty acids was determined by high-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography in 41 pairs of mothers and their term infants at time of birth. The total free fatty acid content in maternal and cord plasma was positively correlated, possibly reflecting a passive, gradient dependent transplacental passage of nonesterified fatty acids. Higher percentage values of several saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in cord than in maternal plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids may have resulted from an active fetal fatty acid synthesis. Trans fatty acids were found in every lipid class at similar or slightly lower percentages in neonatal as in maternal plasma, thus confirming their placental passage. Long-chain n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are preferentially incorporated into phospholipids and sterolesters of both maternal and cord plasma. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids were found in smaller portions in cord than in maternal fatty acids, in contrast to strikingly higher proportions of their long-chain polyunsaturated metabolites, which may indicate a discriminating placental transport for certain physiologically important long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fetus appears to obtain fatty acids from a combination of de novo synthesis, a passive gradient dependent transplacental passage of nonesterified fatty acids and a selective materno-fetal placental transport for certain fatty acids, such as physiologically important long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Fatty acid composition of lipid classes in circulating lipoproteins in human pregnancy: J. Ashton 1, P. Haggarty 1, D. Abramovich 2, D. Rae 2, S. McMillan 2 & C. Moffat 3. 1Rowett Institute, 2Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Aberdeen University, 3SOAEFD Marine Lab, Aberdeen, UK

Fatty acid composition of lipid classes in circulating lipoproteins in human pregnancy: J. Ashton 1, P. Haggarty 1, D. Abramovich 2, D. Rae 2, S. McMillan 2 & C. Moffat 3. 1Rowett Institute, 2Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Aberdeen University, 3SOAEFD Marine Lab, Aberdeen, UK

Effect of extraction methods on lipid yield and fatty acid composition of lipid classes containing γ‐linolenic acid extracted from fungi

AbstractThe effect of extraction procedures on the lipid yield and fatty acid composition of total lipid and main lipid structures (phospholipids, diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, and sterol esters) of fungal biomass (Mucor mucedo CCF‐1384) containing γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) was investigated. Seventeen extraction methods, divided into three groups, were tested: six with chloroform/methanol, five with hexane/alcohols, and six with common solvents or mixtures. The chloroform/methanol procedure (2∶1) was selected as standard, where lipid yield (TL/DCW, total lipid per dry cell weight) was 17.8%, considered to be 100% of lipids present. All chloroform/methanol extractions yielded more than 83% recorvey of lipids. Use of hexane/isopropanol solvent systems led to a maximum of 75% recovery. The best lipid yield was achieved by a two‐step extraction with ethanol and hexane (120%). Extraction efficiency of the other solvent systems reached a maximum of 73%. Triacylglycerols were the main structures of lipid isolated; only methanol‐extracted lipid contained 58.5% phospholipids. The fatty acid content of total recovered lipid was variable and depended on both the lipid class composition and the solvent system. GLA concentrations in total lipids isolated by hexane/alcohol procedures (7.3–10.7%) are comparable with classical chloroform/methanol systems (6.5–10.0%). The maximal GLA yield was obtained with chloroform/methanol/n‐butanol/water/0.1 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (2∶1∶1∶1∶0.1, by vol) and after two‐step extraction with ethanol and hexane (14.3 and 13.7 g GLA/kg DCW, respectively). The highest GLA content was analyzed in the phospholipid fraction (16.1%) after using chloroform/methanol/n‐butanol/water/0.1 M EDTA (2∶1∶1∶1∶0.1, by vol). Remarkably low concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids were determined in the free fatty acid fraction.

Dietary .alpha.-Linolenic Acid Alters the Fatty Acid Composition of Lipid Classes in Swine Tissues

The effects of dietary 18 :3n-3 on the fatty acid composition of total lipids and lipid classes of pig tissues were investigated. Pigs (n = 25) were fed diets containing 18 :3n-3 at 0% (control), 1.5% (LNA1), 2.5% (LNA2), and 3.6% (LNA3). The total lipid content of the tissues was not affected by dietary treatment. Feeding LNA1, LNA2, and LNA3 diets increased (P < 0.05) the 18 :3n-3 and 20 :5n-3 content in the total lipids, triglyceride, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine of all tissues except brain. The enrichment of 18 :3n-3 was mainly in the triglycerides. Long-chain n-6 and n-3 fatty acids were incorporated in the phosphatidylethanolamine. Arachidonic acid and monounsaturated fatty acids were reduced in the phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of all tissues except for brain by dietary 18 :3n-3. The 22 :6n-3 content of brain was not altered by dietary 18 :3n-3, indicating a resistance of brain tissue to dietary manipulation.

Nonessential fatty acids in formula fat blends influence essential fatty acid metabolism and composition in plasma and organ lipid classes in piglets

The n-6 and n-3 fatty acid status of developing organs is the cumulative result of the diet lipid composition and many complex events of lipid metabolism. Little information is available, however, on the potential effects of the saturated fatty acid chain length (8:0-16:0) or oleic acid (18:1) content of the diet on the subsequent metabolism of the essential fatty acids 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 and their elongated/desaturated products. The effects of feeding piglets formulas with fat blends containing either coconut oil (12:0 + 14:0) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT, 8:0 + 10:0) but similar levels of 18:1, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, or MCT with high or low 18:1 but constant 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 on the fatty acid composition of plasma, liver and kidney triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters, and of brain total lipid, were studied. Diet-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of lipid classes were generally similar for plasma, liver and kidney. Dietary 18:1 content was reflected in tissue lipids and was inversely associated with levels of 18:2n-6. Lower percentage of 18:2n-6, however, was not associated with lower levels of its elongated/desaturated product 20:4n-6 but was associated with higher levels of 22:6n-3. Feeding coconut oil vs. MCT resulted in lower 18:1 levels in all lipids, and higher percentages of 20:4n-6 in tissue phospholipid. Increasing the dietary n-6/n-3 ratio from 5 to 8 significantly increased tissue percentage of 18:2n-6 and decreased phospholipid 22:6n-3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of two Avtemia diets with different contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lipid composition of larvae of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus

Atlantic herring larvae (Clupea harengus) were fed two enriched Artemia diets with different contents of (n‐3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), one containing low levels of 20: 5(n‐3) and no 22: 6(n‐3), the other containing substantial levels of both 20: 5(n‐3) and 22: 6(n‐3). After 30 days of culture, fatty acid compositions of lipid classes in the heads, bodies and eyes of the larvae were analysed. Fish fed Artemia with the low (n‐3) HUFA diet lacking 22: 6(n‐3) had lower amounts of total (n‐3)HUFA and, in particular, of 22:6(n‐3) in individual phospholipids and total neutral lipids of heads, bodies and eyes as compared to fish fed Artemia with high levels of (n‐3)HUFA. The amount of 22: 6(n‐3) in the fatty acids of phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine of eyes was particularly susceptible to dietary depletion. The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly in relation to dietary requirements for 22: 6(n‐3) during development of neural tissue in predatory fish iarvae.

Fatty acid composition of acylglycerol and free fatty acid fractions of fat body, haemolymph and muscle lipids in tenebrio molitor l. (Coleoptera Tenebri-Onidae) larvae

The fatty acid compositions of lipid classes in non-esterified fatty acid and in acylglyceroi fractions of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae were identified in fat bcdy, haemolymph and muscle by Gas-T iquid Chromatography. The identified 18 fatty acids had sıraight, mostly odd numbered carbon chains wîth C numbers ranging fi’om 14 tc 22. Some of the n3 and n6 members of polyenoics were also separated. Quantitative and some gualitative differences wçre observed in fatty aCid compositions between the lipid classes of the same tissue and between a given lipid fraction of ali tissues. The main saturated fatty acid was C 16:0 in all the lipid classes. Ali the other salurates, namely C 14:0, C 17:0, C 18:0 and C 20:0, were also e isted in various proportions. In FFA fractions C 18:0 was distinctively hıgher than in acylglycerol fractions. High nnsaturation was observed primarily as a resnlt of high proportions of C 18: 1 an .l C 20:4 n3 in 1,2-JÜGj TG and FFA fractions and in MG and 1,3-DG fractions respectively.

Lipid metabolism of the male crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus during the moulting cycle

The moult induces important variations in the concentrations and fatty acid composition of lipid classes during the moulting cycle of the male crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus. Phospholipids are the predominant lipid class. The high levels in total saturated fatty acids but also in oleic and palmitic acids result of the semi-terrestrial ethology of this grapsidae. The hepatopancreas presents the most notable variations in the lipid concentration during the moulting cycle. Transport of hepatopancreatic lipids through the hemolymph to the periphery occurs during the end of premolt, just before the new tissues constitution.

Changes in fatty acid composition of the lipid classes in developing oil palm mesocarp

During fruit development of oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis) oil deposition in the mesocarp started ca12–13 weeks after flowering (WAF) and continued until the fruit ripened at 20 WAF. Over the next 1–2 weeks oil continued to be deposited but the fruit became loose and readily detached from the bunch. The lipids extracted at this stage contained over 50 % free fatty acids and ca6%, polar lipids. The major fatty acids in the storage triacylglycerols were 16:0,18:1 and 18:2. The fatty acid composition of the neutral lipid classes and polar lipids during oil deposition were similar except that the latter also contained a high proportion of 18:3. Longer chain acids (20:3 and 22:0) were detected in certain lipid classes at 8 and 12 WAF.

Changes in fatty acid composition of lipid classes in developing mustard seed

Maturation of mustard ( Sinapis alba) seed proceeds with a sharp decrease in the amounts of palmitic and linoleic acids in the total lipids up to 6 weeks after flowering (WAF). Concomitantly, the concentration of oleic acid increases, reaching a plateau at 4 WAF, which is followed by chain elongation of oleic acid to gadoleic and erucic acids. Compositional changes in constituent fatty acids of individual lipid classes indicate that the very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (C 20 and C 22), as opposed to common long-chain fatty acids (C 16 and C 18), are metabolized to triacylglycerols mainly by esterification to preformed diacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols, rather than via esterification to glycerol-3-phosphate or lysophosphatidic acids.

Incorporation into lipid classes of products from microsomal desaturation of isomeric trans-octadecenoic acids.

The microsomal desaturation of positional isomers of trans-octadecenoic acids is effected by the delta 9-desaturase and, with concomitant geometric isomerization, cis,trans- and cis,cis-octadecadienoic acids of unusual structure are formed. Incorporation of the substrates and their products into lipids varied from 50.5% for incubations with 14-18:1 to 81.0% for 6-81:1. A detailed study of the composition of each of the major lipid classes, i.e., phospholipids, triacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters, as well as the composition of the free fatty acid fraction, revealed a complex picture. Generally, the c,c-18:2 products were enriched in the phospholipids fraction, whereas the c,t-18:2 appeared preferentially in cholesteryl esters. The 18:1 substrates themselves did not show marked preferences for any of the lipid classes. Phospholipase A2 action on phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine demonstrated enrichment of the c,c- and the c,t-18:2 products in the 2-position, whereas the 18:1 substrates were preferentially inserted into the 1-positions. The c,c- and c,t-18:2 formed by desaturation of t11-18:1 varied from this pattern, probably due to their conjugated double bond structures. Linoleic acid, c9,c12-18:2, formed during desaturation of t12-18:1, surprisingly showed enrichment in the 1-position of phosphatidylcholine. Incubation experiments with t5- and t6-isomers using liver microsomes from rats fed a corn-oil-supplemented diet showed conversion and incorporation rates similar to the rates obtained with microsomes from EFA-deficient rats. The fatty acid composition of lipid classes and the distribution of products and substrate between the 1- and 2-positions of phosphatidylcholine also agreed with results obtained using microsomes from EFA-deficient rats.

Fatty acid composition of lipid classes in oils from peanuts differing in variety and maturity

ABSTRACTOils from three varieties of mature peanuts and from one variety at seven physiological maturity stages were extracted with petroleum ether and fractionated into lipid classes. The fatty acid composition of the whole oils and fractions were then determined. The fractions from the Starr variety generally contained more 16:0 and 18:2 and less 18:1 than those from the Florunner and Florigiant varieties. Long chain fatty acids (C20–C24) were generally more predominant in thesn‐1,3‐diacylglycerol fraction than in other fractions, and only traces of long chain acids were found in the sn‐1,2(2,3)‐di‐acylglycerol fraction. An unusual compound associated with thesn‐ 1,3‐diacylglycerol fraction was detected by GLC. Fatty acid compositions of classes in the different maturity stages showed that, generally, the concentration of 18:1 increased and that the concentrations of all other fatty acids decreased with maturity.

Variation in lipid classes during the molting cycle of the prawn Penaeus japonicus

The variation in the concentration and fatty acid composition of lipid classes during the molting cycle of the prawn Penaeus japonicus was investigated. The lipid concentration of the whole body reached a maximum at mid-premolt (Stage D2) and then decreased to low level at late premolt (Stage D3–4). The accumulation of lipids during the premolt period seemed to be attributable to the increase of both polar and neutral lipids. The increase of neutral lipids at Stage D2 was derived from not only triglycerides but also free sterols and free fatty acids. Regarding the fatty acid composition of every lipid class, a marked variation occurred mainly at the intermolt (Stage C). In this stage, the polar lipids were rich in monoenoic acids such as 18:1 and poor in polyenoic acids such as 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3. The triglycerides were rich in polyenoic acids at Stage C, but poor in monoenoic acids such as 16:1 and 18:1. The steryl esters contained large amounts of saturated acids such as 16:0 and 18:0 throughout the molting cycle, however the level of polyenoic acids increased at Stage C.