Acid Composition Of Breast Muscle Research Articles

Influence of a Commercial Synbiotic Administered In Ovo and In-Water on Broiler Chicken Performance and Meat Quality

The present study aimed to test the synbiotic PoultryStar® solUS delivered in ovo to evaluate its effect on hatchability, productive performance and meat quality, compared to its post-hatch administration in water. On the twelfth day of embryonic incubation, 1200 fertile eggs were divided into synbiotic groups injected with 2 mg/embryo (T1) and 3 mg/embryo (T2), a saline group injected with physiological saline and an uninjected control group (C). After hatching, 120 male chicks/group were reared and chicks from the saline group were supplemented with the synbiotic via drinking water (T3). Hatchability was low in both T1 and T2 groups. Growth performance was not affected by the treatments. However, in the second rearing phase (15–36 days), birds from the C and T3 groups were heavier than T1 birds, due to a higher feed intake and daily weight gain. Neither route of synbiotic administration influenced final body weight (at 56 days), weight and yield of the carcass or commercial cuts. Physico-chemical properties, total lipid, cholesterol and fatty acid composition of breast muscle were not affected by the treatments. Considering its exploratory nature, this study has raised many questions that need further investigation, such as the bioactive combination and the effect on embryonic development.

Dietary Frankincense (Boswellia serrata) Oil Modulates the Growth, Intestinal Morphology, the Fatty Acid Composition of Breast Muscle, Immune Status, and Immunoexpression of CD3 and CD20 in Broiler Chickens.

This investigation explored the impact of dietary frankincense resin oil (FO) on growth performance parameters, intestinal histomorphology, fatty acid composition of the breast muscle, and the immune status of broilers. We allotted 400, three-day-old, male chicks (Ross 308 broiler) into four treatment groups (ten replicates/group; ten chicks/replicate). They were fed a basal diet with different concentrations of FO (0, 200, 400, and 600 mg kg-1). FO supplementation increased the overall body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) by different amounts, linearly improving the feed conversion ratio with the in-supplementation level. Total feed intake (TFI) was not affected. Growth hormones and total serum protein levels also linearly increased with the FO level, while albumin was elevated in the FO600 group. Moreover, total globulins increased linearly in FO400 and FO600 treatment groups. Thyroxin hormone (T3 and T4) levels increased in all FO treatment groups without affecting glucose and leptin serum values. Different concentrations of FO supplementation in the diet increased the activities of Complement 3, lysozyme, and interleukin 10 levels in the serum. Dietary FO in broilers increased the total percentage of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. It also increased the ratio of n-3 to n-6 linearly and quadratically. Additionally, FO supplementation led to the upregulation of immune clusters of differentiation 3 and 20 (CD3 and CD20) in the spleen, along with improving most of the morphometric measures of the small intestine. In conclusion, FO up to 600 mg kg-1 as a feed additive in broiler chicken production is valuable for promoting their growth, intestinal histomorphology, and immune status along with enriching breast muscle with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).

Linseed oil supplementation affects fatty acid desaturase 2, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, and insulin-like growth factor 1 gene expression in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).

ObjectiveEffects of linseed oil (LO) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated.MethodsThe animals in the control group were fed a commercially available feed and received no LO supplementation (n = 70), whereas animals in the LO group (n = 70) were fed the same basic diet supplemented with LO (day 15 to 21, 0.5%; day 22 to 112, 1%). The effect of dietary LO supplementation on fatty acid composition of breast muscle was examined by gas chromatography, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) genes was analysed by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThe LO supplementation affected the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Hepatic FADS2 levels were considerably lower (p<0.001), while adipose tissue expression was higher (p<0.05) in the control compared to the LO group. The PPARγ expression was lower (p<0.05), whereas IGF1 was higher (p<0.05) in the fat of control animals. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in FADS2, PPARγ, and IGF1 gene expressions of breast muscle; however, omega-6/omega-3 ratio of breast muscle substantially decreased (p<0.001) in the LO group compared to control.ConclusionFatty acid composition of breast meat was positively influenced by LO supplementation without deterioration of fattening parameters. Remarkably, increased FADS2 expression in the liver of LO supplemented animals was associated with a significantly decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio, providing a potentially healthier meat product for human consumption. Increased PPARγ expression in fat tissue of the LO group was not associated with fat content of muscle, whereas a decreased IGF1 expression in fat tissue was associated with a trend of decreasing fat content in muscle of the experimental LO group.

Dietary supplementation of a mixture of Lactobacillus strains enhances performance of broiler chickens raised under heat stress conditions.

High ambient temperature is a major problem in commercial broiler production in the humid tropics because high producing broiler birds consume more feed, have higher metabolic activity, and thus higher body heat production. To evaluate the effects of two previously isolated potential probiotic strains (Lactobacillus pentosus ITA23 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ITA44) on broilers growing under heat stress condition, a total of 192 chicks were randomly allocated into four treatment groups of 48 chickens each as follows: CL, birds fed with basal diet raised in 24°C; PL, birds fed with basal diet plus 0.1% probiotic mixture raised in 24°C; CH, birds fed with basal diet raised in 35°C; and PH, birds fed with basal diet plus 0.1% probiotic mixture raised in 35°C. The effects of probiotic mixture on the performance, expression of nutrient absorption genes of the small intestine, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial population of cecal contents, antioxidant capacity of liver, and fatty acid composition of breast muscle were investigated. Results showed that probiotic positively affected the final body weight under both temperature conditions (PL and PH groups) compared to their respective control groups (CL and CH). Probiotic supplementation numerically improved the average daily gain (ADG) under lower temperature, but significantly improved ADG under the higher temperature (P<0.05) by sustaining high feed intake. Under the lower temperature environment, supplementation of the two Lactobacillus strains significantly increased the expression of the four sugar transporter genes tested (GLUT2, GLUT5, SGLT1, and SGLT4) indicating probiotic enhances the absorption of this nutrient. Similar but less pronounced effect was also observed under higher temperature (35°C) condition. In addition, the probiotic mixture improved bacterial population of the cecal contents, by increasing beneficial bacteria and decreasing Escherichia coli population, which could be because of higher production of VFA in the cecum, especially at heat stress condition. The two Lactobacillus strains also improved the fatty acid profile of meat, including at heat stress. Generally, the two Lactobacillus strains can be considered as good potential probiotics for chickens due to their good probiotic properties and remarkable efficacy on broiler chickens.

Effects of Tannic Acid on Performance and Fatty Acid Composition of Breast Muscle in Broiler Chickens Under Heat Stress

One hundred twenty day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned into 4 treatment groups to investigate the effects of tannic acid supplementation (TA) on fatty acid composition in breast muscle of broilers under chronic heat exposure conditions. Five pen replicates of 6 chicks each were assigned to each of the following 4 dietary treatments: i) basal diet containing no TA at 25°C (CL); ii) basal diet containing no TA at 35°C (CH); iii) basal diet supplemented with 1% TA at 25°C (TL); and iv) basal diet supplemented with 1% TA at 35°C (TH). At the end of the 5-week experiment, breast muscle samples were collected to examine the fatty acid composition. Results showed that temperature, TA and their interaction effect significantly decreased body weight gain and feed intake. In addition, feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly increased under high temperature, and addition of TA under high temperature did not improve the FCR. The effects of temperature, TA and their interaction on the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were not significant (P<0.05). However, monounsaturated fatty acids significantly reduced by adding TA to the diet. Generally, TA improved the fatty acid profile of breast muscle of broilers under heat stress in comparison to the heat stressed chickens, which did not receive TA. Hence, it seems that dietary TA supplementation can be applied as a biological antioxidant for poultry nutrition in hot climatic conditions.

Physicochemical properties of breast meat from water-stressed naked-neck and Ovambo chickens

1. Differences in growth performance, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of breast muscle from water-stressed 16-week-old naked-neck (NNK) and Ovambo (OVB) chickens were investigated.2. OVB chickens had superior (P < 0.05) slaughter weights at 16 weeks of age, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily water intake (ADWI) than NNK chickens. Body weights of birds at 16 weeks of age, ADG, average daily feed intake (ADFI), ADWI and water to feed ratio (WFR) declined progressively with increasing severity of water restriction while the opposite was observed for feed conversion ratio (FCR) values. NNK chickens had better FCR at the 40% of ad libitum water intake than OVB chickens.3. Meat from NNK chickens had higher redness (a*) values at the 40% of ad libitum water intake but lower lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values at 70% of ad libitum and ad libitum water intakes compared with OVB chickens.4. There was no interaction between strain and water intake on most fatty acids, except for the proportion of elaidic acid (C18:1t9) higher in meat from NNK compared with OVB chickens given water at 40% of ad libitum. Water restriction to 40% of ad libitum water intake had a positive influence on the proportions of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6), adrenic acid (C22:4n-6), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3), total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), total omega-3 PUFA and total omega-6 PUFA proportions, but resulted in lower proportions of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) compared with 70% of ad libitum and ad libitum water intakes.5. It was concluded that cooking loss, meat redness values, omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA proportions and n-6/n-3 ratio of NNK chickens improved with increasing severity of water restriction compared with OVB chickens.

Effects of dietary ω-3 fatty acid-enriched microalgae supplementation on growth performance, blood profiles, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of meat in broilers

A total of 300 2-d-old ROSS 308 (BW of 42.6±0.1 g) broiler chicks were randomly allotted to one of the three dietary treatments as follows: (1) CON (basal diet), (2) MA0.1 [basal diet +0.1% microalgae (Schizochytrium JB5) powder], and (3) MA0.2 [basal diet+0.2% microalgae (Schizochytrium JB5) powder]. There were five replicate pens per treatment with 20 birds per pen. Dietary microalgae did not affect the growth performance, red blood cells, white blood cells, and relative organ weight of liver, spleen, gizzard, abdominal fat, bursa of Fabricius, and breast meat (P>0.05). However, the inclusion of microalgae increased lymphocyte concentration compared to those that were fed a basal diet (P<0.05). The stearic acid composition of breast muscle was lower in MA0.1 treatment than CON treatment (P<0.05). Dietary microalgae powder increased the oleic acid, DHA, ω-3 fatty acid, and USFA compositions compared to the CON group (P<0.05). Microalgae supplementation reduced ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio, saturated fatty acid contents and SFA/USFA ratio than those fed a basal diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary ω-3-fatty-acid-enriched microalgae supplementation can improve the fatty acid composition of breast meat without affecting the growth performance in broilers.

Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the growth performance of chickens and ducks for fattening and fatty acid composition of breast meat

The effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on feed intake, growth performance, carcass composition and fatty acid composition of meat tissue were investigated in broiler chickens and Pekin ducks. A total of 108 male chickens for fattening and a total of 96 male and 96 female Pekin ducks were allocated to 3 dietary treatments (0.0, 0.1 and 0.2 % CLA) and fed for 35 or 49 days. The results showed that 0.2 % CLA supplementation in the first 3 weeks improved the daily feed intake of the broilers and the feed to gain ratio, but did not significantly influence body weight, weight and the percentage of abdominal and visceral fat as well as the intramuscular fat in breast muscles. In the duck trial, the daily feed intake was significantly higher through the first 3 weeks of male control group and male 2 g CLA group compared with the female control group. The daily weight gain of all male ducks was significantly higher compared to female ducks of all groups and was not influenced by the CLA supplementation. The feed to gain ratio of the 1 g CLA-male ducks was lowest compared to male and female control ducks and 1 and 2 g CLA female ducks. Supplementing diets with CLA modified the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. The proportion of CLA was increased in broiler meat. In duck meat, the proportions of CLA, saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased and monounsaturated fatty acids were decreased.

Effect of dietary ω6/ω3 on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid profiles of Beijing-you chicken

The effects of varying the omega6 to omega3 fatty acid ratio (omega6/omega3) of diets on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid composition of breast muscle were investigated in Beijing-you chickens grown to 92 days. A total of 360 one-day-old female BJY chickens were fed diets containing 0%, 0.12%, 0.42%, 1.00% or 1.97% linseed oil replacing equal weights of maize oil to make dietary omega6/omega3 to be approximately 30:1, 20:1, 10:1, 5:1 and 2.5:1. Subcutaneous fat thickness and intramuscular fat content increased significantly in birds fed up to 10:1 omega6/omega3. a* values (redness of meat, dimension of the CIELAB-system) progressively increased as the diets contained increasing omega3 content, up to the 10:1 omega6/omega3.The changes in b* (yellowness of meat, dimensions of the CIELAB-system) were also significant but the pattern was almost the reverse of changes in a*. Shear force increased significantly as dietary omega6/omega3 was reduced from 30:1 to 5:1. Decreasing the dietary omega6/omega3 clearly decreased the content in breast muscle of C20:1 and C22:1, but increased that of C24:1. C20:4, C20:5 and C22:5, increased significantly by decreasing the dietary omega6/omega3, and the birds fed the 10:1 diet had higher contents of C22:6 than other treatments. This study has clearly demonstrated that decreasing the dietary omega6/omega3, increases the deposition of desirable omega3 and omega6 long chain PUFA in the edible tissue, thereby achieving nutritionally enriched meat.

Influence of dietary vitamin E supplementation on meat quality traits and gene expression related to lipid metabolism in the Beijing-you chicken

1. The effects of dietary vitamin E (DL-α-tocopheryl acetate) on carcase and meat quality, oxidative stability, fatty acid composition of muscle lipids, and gene expression related to lipid metabolism were studied in Beijing-you chickens. 2. A total of 360 female birds were distributed among 6 treatments, containing 6 replicates, each of 10 birds. The feed for each treatment was supplemented with vitamin E (0, 10, 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg feed). At 120 d, 30 birds from each treatment were slaughtered to examine the effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on evaluated traits. 3. The results showed that supplemental vitamin E in diet significantly increased α-tocopherol contents of breast and thigh muscles, reduced the drip loss and improved tenderness but did not influence carcase yield, meat colour or pH value 24 h after slaughter. 4. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values decreased with increase in dietary vitamin E, and the addition of 100 mg/kg or more vitamin E had a beneficial effect on oxidative stability as indicated by TBARS values during storage up to 7 d. 5. Dietary vitamin E supplementation significantly altered fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Supplementing with 200 mg/kg vitamin E led to lower saturated fatty acids and greater polyunsaturated fatty acids proportions in breast muscle than control and 10 mg/kg vitamin E treatments. 6. Vitamin E supplementation significantly inhibited expression of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene (cPLA 2) in breast muscle, while enhancing that of the peroxisome proliterator-activated receptor beta (PPAP-β) and heart fatty acid binding protein genes (H-FABP). The results indicate that dietary supplementation with vitamin E increased lipid stability in muscle and improved meat quality and fatty acid composition, probably by its influence on the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism.

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on growth performances, carcase composition, plasma lipoprotein lipase activity and meat traits of chickens

1. The effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLAs) on productive traits, carcase yield and meat quality were investigated in Beijingyou (Chinese) chickens. A total of 360 male chicks were allocated to 5 dietary treatments (0·00, 0·25, 0·50, 1·00 and 2·00% CLA) and fed for 126 d. 2. The results showed that CLA supplementation did not significantly influence body weight, but increased feed conversion and decreased intramuscular fat in breast and thigh muscles. Mortality was significantly higher in the control group. 3. The addition of 1·0 and 2·0% CLA decreased abdominal fat percentages. At CLA dietary levels greater than 0·5%, lipoprotein lipase activity in plasma was significantly decreased. 4. Hunter L* and a* values were not significantly affected by CLA supplementation. However, Hunter b* values were lower in chickens supplemented at levels greater than 0·5% CLA. Supplementing diets with CLA modified the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. The proportions of CLA, saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased whereas the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids was decreased.

Influence of dietary lipid source and strain on fatty acid composition of Muscovy duck meat.

A trial was conducted to study the effect of dietary 2% soya bean oil and dietary 2% fish oil (FO) on fatty acid composition of breast meat of two different Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata domestica L.) strains. The two strains were a broiler strain selected for meat production and an unselected rural strain. Fatty acid composition of breast muscle was deeply influenced by lipid source. Dietary FO improved the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) of omega 3 series content, while the content of LC-PUFAs of omega 6 series was reduced. Differences in susceptibility in lipid manipulation were found between the two groups of animals suggesting the highest capability of animals belonging to the rural strain in stocking arachidonic acid in breast muscle. As the fatty acid profile of Muscovy duck meat can be considerably modified by changing the fatty acid composition of the diet, and dietary FO represents an easy way to reach this goal, human intake of healthy n-3 LC-PUFAs could be enhanced using this enriched poultry meat, even if the influence of FO on organoleptic characteristics (i.e. off-flavours) must be evaluated.