Acid Battery Bank Research Articles

Transformer rail‐tapped buck‐boost converter design‐based feedback controller for battery charging systems

AbstractIn this article, a transformer rail‐tapped buck‐boost converter (TRT‐BBC) with minor loss of power transfer from a photovoltaic solar panel to a lead‐acid battery for battery charging systems is designed. The TRT‐BBC has been utilized to inter‐match the PV direct power to the battery. The 24‐V lead acid battery bank with a storage energy of approximately 168 Wh is designed. The photovoltaic solar panel of 200 W maximum power is used for the whole system operation. The proposed TRT‐BBC topology solves the conventional buck‐boost converter inverted output problem with apex conversion efficiencies of 93.25% and 91.97% for continuous current mode (CCM) and discontinuous current mode (DCM) respectively at standard test conditions (STC) and full load conditions. The whole system can operate either in DCM or CCM according to the needs at a switching frequency of 100 kHz and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with proportional integration (PI) based constant voltage‐constant current (CV‐CC) feedback control loop used to monitor the switching duty cycle of the TRT‐BBC.

Fractional Order PID Controller for DC Link Voltage Regulation in Hybrid System Including Wind Turbine- and Battery Packs- Experimental Validation

This paper presents a fractional order PID (FOPID) to control the operation of a stand-alone hybrid energy system with a wind turbine based on permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and a battery bank. In order to maintain the DC-link voltage at its reference value, regardless the variation in wind speed and load impedance a FOPID controller using a DC-DC buck-boost converter fed by a lead acid battery bank is used. The line to line AC output voltage regulation based on PID controller to supply RL load with constant amplitude and frequency has been achieved. The proposed FOPID controller is examined through simulation using MATLAB-simulink and experimentally via an experimental test bench under step change variation of wind speed and load impedance. The obtained simulation and experimental results using FOPID controller show better performances than the conventional PID regulator in terms of less settling time and lower overshoot in the transient state as well as a minimum steady state oscillation.

ENERGY TRANSFER FROM THE PV PANEL TO BATTERY VIA BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

This paper deals with the means of transferring energy from the input to the output. The buck boost converter is considered as a maximum power point tracker or power equilibrium device used between the photovoltaic solar system and the battery by supplying the desired power for the stand-alone system requirements. The system energy is assigned by SLP190S-24 High Efficiency Monocrystalline PV module based Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm with a selected lead acid battery bank of 24 Volts. In order to achieve this energy transfer with minor energy losses, Buck-Boost converter with the switching frequency of 25Khz is designed for charging the lead acid battery applied in standalone system. The MATLAB SIMULINK is used to validate the accuracy and effectiveness of the designed Buck-Boost converter simulation results. The result clings to the value of 99.72% for the combined Tracking and conversion efficiencies.

Conception of an electric propulsion system for a 9 kW electric tractor suitable for family farming

This study presents an updated review of the application of electric tractors. A customised drive system for the conception of a novel low-power electric tractor suitable for family farms is also introduced and discussed. The introduced system comprises several aspects regarding energy generation, transmission, conversion, storage, utilisation, conservation, and management, as well as sustainability issues. A 9 kW prototype composed of two three-phase induction motors, two independent inverters, and a lead–acid battery bank is presented. Flexible and safe operation is ensured by using an electronic control unit specifically designed for this project, as a dedicated control algorithm is also developed to provide greater versatility under common rural activities. Also, a supervisory system is proposed for data storage and performance analysis. To verify the proper performance of the electric tractor, the methodology used for conducting drawbar tests has been based on document CODE 2 by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Experimental results are presented and discussed; thus, demonstrating that the proposed electric tractor is technically feasible in terms of performance when compared with a similar internal combustion engine one.

An islanded microgrid energy management controller validated by using hardware-in-the-loop emulators

A novel microgrid emulator used to test multiple microgrid configurations and energy management control strategies is presented. The system includes Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) emulators for geothermal and biogas energy sources. It also includes actual photovoltaic energy together with a lead acid battery bank for storage and it is controlled by a two level control system. The control system consists of a primary level voltage-reactive power and frequency-active power and a secondary level energy management algorithm based on the balance between the power produced by the renewable energy generators, state of charge of the battery bank and the loads. The energy management control strategy is based on cycle-charging the batteries at a reference value in order to efficiently use the available resources. The primary energy source is considered the geothermal energy, while the most cost effective one is the photovoltaic energy. A buffer zone is kept in the battery bank in order to store as much energy produced by the photovoltaic system as possible. The presented microgrid, used for testing the energy management strategies, employs emulators for the geothermal and biogas generators; however, the results are relevant and can be scaled for a real-life microgrid.

Modelling, Parameter Identification, and Experimental Validation of a Lead Acid Battery Bank Using Evolutionary Algorithms

Accurate and efficient battery modeling is essential to maximize the performance of isolated energy systems and to extend battery lifetime. This paper proposes a battery model that represents the charging and discharging process of a lead-acid battery bank. This model is validated over real measures taken from a battery bank installed in a research center placed at “El Chocó”, Colombia. In order to fit the model, three optimization algorithms (particle swarm optimization, cuckoo search, and particle swarm optimization + perturbation) are implemented and compared, the last one being a new proposal. This research shows that the identified model is able to estimate real battery features, such as state of charge (SOC) and charging/discharging voltage. The comparison between simulations and real measures shows that the model is able to absorb reading problems, signal delays, and scaling errors. The approach we present can be implemented in other types of batteries, especially those used in stand-alone systems.

Distributed Variable Droop Curve Control Strategies in Smart Microgrid

In micro grid (MG), active/reactive power sharing for all dis-patchable units is an important issue. To meet fluctuating loads’ active and reactive power demands, the units generally adopt primary P-f and Q-U droop control methods. However, at different state of charge (SOC) values, the capability of Lead Acid Battery Bank (LABB) based units to take loads varies in a large range; active power should not be shared according to the units P capacities in a constant ratio. Besides, influenced by the output and line impedance between units, reactive power is not able to be shared in proportion to the units Q capacities. Another problem, after MG power balance requirement is satisfied, frequency and voltage are deviating from their rated values thus power quality is reduced. This paper presents a new smart MG which is based on the multi agent system. To solve the problems mentioned above, P-f and Q-U droop curves are adjusted dynamically and autonomously in local agents. To improve the power quality, secondary restoration function is realized in a decentralized way, the computation tasks are assigned to local, the computation capability and communication reliability requirements for central PC are low, and operation reliability is high. Simulation results back the proposed methods.

Contactless power transfer system for sealed lead acid battery charging

In this paper, an experimental study is carried out while charging the sealed lead acid battery bank using a series-parallel (SP) compensated contactless power transfer (CPT) system. Constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) modes are used for charging the battery bank. An expression of optimum operating frequency is derived to maintain the maximum compensated coil efficiency throughout the load variation in charging process. An experimental setup of SP compensated CPT system is built for charging the battery bank. The variation of compensated coil efficiency and the load phase angle with respect to different operating frequencies in CC and CV modes is verified with the measurement. Based on the analysis, the control parameters are identified.

Optimum Sizing Algorithm for An Off Grid Plant Considering Renewable Potentials and Load Profile

The energy demand in remote area cannot be satisfied unless renewable energy based plants are locally installed. In order to be efficient, such projects should be sized on the basis of maximizing the renewable energies exploitation and meeting the consumer needs. The aim of this work is to provide an algorithm-based calculation of the optimum sizing of a standalone hybrid plant composed of a wind generator, a photovoltaic panel, a lead acid-battery bank, and a water tank. The strategy consists of evaluating the renewable potentials (solar and wind). Obtained results are entered as inputs to established generators models in order to estimate the renewable generations. The developed optimal sizing algorithm which is based on iterative approach, computes plant components sizes for which load profile meet estimated renewable generations. The approach validation is conducted for A PV/Wind/Battery based farm located in Sfax, Tunisia. Obtained results proved that the energetic need is covered and only about 4% of the generated energy is not used. Also a cost investigation confirmed that the plant becomes profitable ten years after installation.Article History: Received June 24th 2017; Received in revised form September 26th 2017; Accepted Sept 30th 2017; Available onlineCitation: Brahmi, N., Charfi, S., and Chaabene, M. (2017) Optimum Sizing Algorithm for an off grid plant considering renewable potentials and load profile. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 6(3), 213-224.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.3.213-224

An efficient soft switching buck converter scheme for charging lead acid battery from PV source

In this paper, a high efficiency soft switched two channel interleaved buck converter scheme for charging a lead acid battery bank is presented. This scheme uses the incremental conductance (INC) maximum power point tracking (MPPT). An internal model control system (IMC) is used for controlling the charging of the battery in the constant current mode, constant voltage mode, and trickle mode depending upon the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. Various subsystems of simulation and the results are presented. The simulation results are validated experimentally by using a 125 W photovoltaic (PV) panel unit and a 36 A H lead acid battery. The real time experiment is performed under climatic conditions of Madurai which is a city located in Tamil Nadu, India. The result of the proposed system has been compared against the Perturb and observe MPPT scheme. The results of both simulation and the experiment reveal that the proposed soft switched, internal model controller incorporated INC scheme of MPPT offers more close tracking of the PV power and is more efficient.

Reliability assessment of a standalone wind-conventional/energy storage system using probabilistic production simulation method

This paper presents a reliability evaluation technique for a small standalone system including wind and conventional resources integrated with an energy storage system. A battery bank is considered as the energy storage system. The focus in this analysis is on the effect of battery modeling and its performance on system reliability. In this way, this paper presents an accurate model for the electrochemical batteries, which takes into account all the influential characteristics of the battery related to reliability studies, such as depth of charge, efficiency of charge, and rate of discharge. The proposed reliability evaluation method is based on the combination of a probabilistic production simulation technique as an analytical method and time series technique, in the domain of adequacy studies. By using the probabilistic production simulation technique, not only can the reliability of wind-conventional resources be assessed, but the fuel consumption can also be analyzed. On the other hand, by using the time series approach, the time variation of wind speed and operating constraints of the battery bank can be considered in evaluating the reliability indices. In this paper, a typical lead--acid battery bank is used. It is shown how the accurate modeling of the battery bank can affect the reliability indices. Beneficial results are obtained for different operating strategies and wind penetrations and are then compared.

Energy management by using point of common coupling frequency as an agent for islanded microgrids

This study presents an islanded AC microgrid system composed of distributed generations (DGs) and an energy storage system. The valve-regulated lead acid battery bank is used as the energy storage device. A non-linear energy management control strategy is proposed by utilising the point of common coupling (PCC) frequency as an agent for all the constituent units, which avoids any communication lines among the constituent units. Based on the system modelling, the stability criterion for the proposed control strategy has been established. The proposed energy management is effective even when the battery is fully charged and DGs can supply more power than the load consumption. For this extreme situation, all DGs can automatically reduce their output power until the battery works in float charge state. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by simulation and experimental results.

Power Electronic Interface for Energy Management in Battery Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System

The desirable features of batteries used in electric vehicles are high energy density and high power density, but this combination may result in an undesirable large size of battery bank. Ultracapacitors having high power density can be used to complement the high energy density batteries to form an excellent hybrid energy storage system. This article deals with design, simulation, and experimental validation of a power electronic interface between a lead acid battery bank, an ultracapacitor module, and a permanent magnet direct current traction motor. The objective is to achieve desired acceleration and deceleration with minimum stress on the battery bank.

System Integration and Power-Flow Management for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Supercapacitors and Batteries

In this paper, system integration and power-flow management algorithms for a four-wheel-driven series hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) having multiple power sources composed of a diesel-engine-based generator, lead acid battery bank, and supercapacitor bank are presented. The super-capacitor is utilized as a short-term energy storage device to meet the dynamic performance of the vehicle, while the battery is utilized as a mid-term energy storage for the electric vehicle (EV) mode operation due to its higher energy density. The generator based on an interior permanent magnet machine (IPMM), run by a diesel engine, provides the average power for the normal operation of the vehicle. Thanks to the proposed power-flow management algorithm, each of the energy sources is controlled appropriately and also the dynamic performance of the vehicle has been improved. The proposed power-flow management algorithm has been experimentally verified with a full-scale prototype vehicle.