Combination Of Acetone Research Articles

Tsetse and other biting fly responses to Nzi traps baited with octenol, phenols and acetone

Octenol (1-octen-3-ol), acetone, 4-methylphenol, 3-n-propylphenol, and other potential attractants (human urine, stable fly faeces), as well as guiacol, creosol (potential repellents), were tested as baits for biting flies in North America using standard phthalogen blue IF3GM cotton Nzi traps, or similar commercial polyester traps. Baits were tested during the summers of 2001-04 at a residence in Canada and during January-August 2001 at a dairy in the U.S.A. Behaviour in the presence of octenol was also studied by intercepting flies approaching a trap through the use of transparent adhesive film. Analogous bait and/or trap comparisons were conducted in natural settings in June 1996 in Kenya and in September-December 1997 in Ethiopia. In Canada, catches of five of six common tabanids (Tabanus similis Macquart, Tabanus quinquevittatus Wiedemann, Hybomitra lasiophthalma [Macquart], Chrysops univittatus Macquart, Chrysops aberrans Philip) and the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans L. were increased significantly by 1.2-2.1 times with octenol (1.5 mg/h). Catches of T. quinquevittatus and S. calcitrans were 3.5-3.6 times higher on a sticky enclosure surrounding a trap baited with octenol. No other baits or bait combinations had an effect on trap catches in North America. In Ethiopia, standard Nzi traps baited with a combination of acetone, octenol and cattle urine caught 1.8-9.9 times as many Stomoxys as similarly baited epsilon, pyramidal, NG2G, S3, biconical and canopy traps, in order of decreasing catch. When baits were compared, catches in Nzi traps of six stable fly species, including S. calcitrans, were not affected by octenol (released at approximately 1 mg/h), or cattle urine (140 mg/h), used alone or in combination with acetone (890 mg/h). Acetone alone, however, significantly increased the catches of common Stomoxys such as Stomoxys niger niger Macquart, Stomoxys taeniatus Bigot, and S. calcitrans by 2.4, 1.6 and 1.9 times, respectively. Catches of Glossina pallidipes Austen were increased significantly in traps baited with acetone, urine or octenol, or any combination, relative to those in unbaited traps (1.4-3.6x). Catches of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead were increased significantly by 1.5-1.7 times, but only when baits were used individually. Unlike other studies with East African tsetse, catches of both tsetse species with the complete bait combination (acetone, urine and octenol) did not differ from those in unbaited traps. Experiments with an incomplete ring of electric nets surrounding a Nzi trap, and a new approach using a sticky enclosure made from transparent adhesive film, revealed diverse responses to artificial objects and baits among biting flies. In Kenya, daily trap efficiency estimates for traps baited with either carbon dioxide (6 L/min) or a combination of acetone, cattle urine and octenol were 21-27% for G. pallidipes, 7-36% for Glossina longipennis Corti, 27-33% for S. n. niger, and 19-33% for Stomoxys niger bilineatus Grünberg, assuming 100% electrocution efficiency. Actual trap efficiencies may have been lower, given observed outside : inside electric net catch ratios of 0.6 : 1.6. Observed ratios averaged 54% of expected values, with 10 of 15 possible ratios less than the minimum possible value of 1.0.

Purification and characterization of a peroxidase from corn steep water.

Three cationic peroxidases have been detected in early, middle, and late corn steep water, with pI values of approximately 8.9, approximately 9.5, and >10.0. The major cationic corn steep water peroxidase (CSWP), with a pI >10, was purified 36400-fold with a 12% recovery from late steep water by a combination of acetone and ammonium sulfate precipitation and sequential chromatography on CM-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose, and Sephadex G-75. The UV-vis spectrum of purified CSWP is typical of other plant class III peroxidases. The RZ (A(403)/A(280)) of CSWP was between 2.6 and 2.9. It is not glycosylated and exhibited an M(r) of 30662 +/- 7 by MALDI-TOF MS. The pH optimum of CSWP depends on the substrate, and it is active on 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), guaiacol, ferulic acid, o-dianisidine, o-phenylenediamine, and pyrogallol but is not active on either syringaldazine or ascorbate. At 75 degrees C and pH 4.5, the enzyme has half-lives of 22.7 min (0 mM Ca(2+)) and 248 min (1 mM Ca(2+)). The enzyme is stable at room temperature (22-25 degrees C), losing <3% of the activity at pH 4.5 and <10% at pH 6.2 over 400 h in the presence of 1 mM Ca(2+).

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Acetone-Methanol-Methyl Methacrylate Ternary System.

Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of the binary and ternary systems formed by the combination of acetone, methanol and methyl methacrylate, are determined at atmospheric pressure by means of an equilibrium still. The binary data have been correlated by means of the Wilson equation. The equilibrium results for the ternary system are also compared with the values predicted by this equation. It is found to be in very good agreement.A practical problem occurring in the case of distillation of the ternary mixtures is explained on the basis of the new results.

Multi‐Residue Analysis of Corn and Soybean Pesticides in Brazilian Oxisols Using Gas Chromatography and Mass Selective Detection

AbstractAvailable methods for measuring pesticide residues in soils usually have not been tested for tropical soils nor do they cope with the spectrum of pesticides used in the tropics. An accurate and efficient method for the simultaneous determination of 14 corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pesticides in Oxisols is presented in this study. The quantification of the pesticides was achieved using gas chromatography coupled with mass selective detection. For the extraction of aged pesticide residues from soil samples, combinations of acetone, ethylacetate, hexane, methanol, water, and salt solutions were tested. Of the 20 different solvent systems evaluated, the mixture of acetone‐ethylacetate‐water 2:2:1 (v/v/v) was most efficient for the extraction of all pesticides except metribuzine [4‐amino‐6‐ (1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐3‐(methylthio)‐1,2,3‐ triazine‐5(4H)‐one]; this herbicide was recovered best by ethylacetate‐water4:1 (v/v). Different sample aging‐times (5–30d) did not affect the recovery of pesticides from incubated samples. Extraction of pesticides from field‐soil samples also was best with acetone‐ethylacetate‐water. No differences in extraction efficiency were observed between a simple shake extraction (4h) and batch extractions with an additional rise in temperature (60°C) or a sonication (30 min). The elimination of the water from the soil extract was achieved by a liquid‐liquid extraction with dichloromethane, which recovered the whole polarity spectrum of pesticides quantitatively. The method recovery from soil samples of freshly spiked pesticides averaged 94.8 ± 2.4%. The method was validated for Oxisols of contrasting clay and organic C content.

Quantitative 2-D Fuel Distribution Measurements in a Direct-Injection Gasoline Engine Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Technique.

To improve the accuracy of fuel concentration measurements in a direct-injection gasoline engine by LIF (laser-induced fluorescence) technique, two approaches have been couducted. The combination of acetone as the fluorescence tracer of fuel and 266 nm as the excitation wavelength was used for the first approach in order to minimize the error caused by the temperature dependence of the LIF intensity. The second approach was the correction of the equivalence ratio obtained from the raw LIF image for the severe temperature distribution caused by evaporation and superheating of the injected fuel. The temperature distribution in the mixture was calculated ; then the equivalence ratio was corrected for the effects of air density variation and the remaining LIF temperature dependence. This improved techanique was applied to the quantitative analysis of the mixture formation process in a visualized direct-injection gasoline engine both under early and late injection conditions.

The responses of Glossina pallidipes and G. longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited traps and targets at Galana Ranch, south-eastern Kenya

AbstractFour designs of trap, all made from identical material, were compared at Galana Ranch, south-eastern Kenya, as sampling devices for Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. longipennis Corti. The NG2G and Epsilon traps caught more than twice as many female G. pallidipes as the biconical trap, and the F3 was intermediate. A similar, pattern was observed for males, although the differences were smaller, and not significant. The NG2G, Epsilon and F3 traps all caught approximately twice as many male and female G. longipennis as the biconical trap. Acetone (500 mg/h) significantly increased trap catches of G. pallidipes, and there was a synergism between acetone and 4-methylphenol (0.8 mg/h). There was little or no effect with 1-octen-3-ol (0.8 mg/h). Acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, and 4-methylphenol all increased trap catches of G. longipennis, and there were no synergisms among them. Cow urine (850 mg/h) increased the catches of both species in traps baited with acetone and 1-octen-3-ol, although not significantly for G. longipennis. There was no effect with 3-methylphenol (0.8 mg/h). The addition of 3-propylphenol to traps baited with acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and 4-methylphenol had no effect on the catches of either species. For G.pallidipes, a combination of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 4-methylphenol and 3-propylphenol was calculated to have a catch index of 6–8 over unbaited traps, a value lower than that reported for Zimbabwe and Nguruman, Kenya, and greater than that reported for Somalia. The catches of G. longipennis were approximately three times higher on electrified targets than in F3 traps, although there was no difference in the catch of G. pallidipes.

The responses of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odourbaited traps and targets in Somalia

AbstractStudies were carried out at Jilaal Moogi, south-eastern Somalia, of the responses of Glossina pallidipes Austen to traps and targets. F3 traps caught three times as many tsetse as a biconical trap. Baiting F3 traps with acetone (released at 5–50 000 mg/h), butanone (10–50 mg/h) or octenol (0·05–5 mg/h) either alone or as mixtures did not affect the catch significantly. The catch was increased by 1·6 times (P&lt;0·05) by releasing a mixture of 4–methylphenol (at 0–2 mg/h) and 3-n-propylphenol (0·04 mg/h), and by four times by releasing a mixture of acetone (500 mg/h), octenol (0·5 mg/h) and the two phenols. Baiting a target enclosed in an electric net with the combination of acetone, octenol and phenols increased the catch only 1·3 times, (P&gt;0.05). Baiting an electric net plus target with natural ox odour increased the catch 1·8 times (P&lt;0·05). A pthalogen blue (peak reflectivity = 40% at 450 nm) target caught 1·7 times as many tsetse as a black target (P&lt;0·01) and a standard blue (reflectivity = 29%) target caught 7·4 times the catch of a yellow one (P&lt;0·001). The results are compared with published data from Zimbabwe, Kenya and Mozambique, and it is noted that the level of response of G. pallidipes in Somalia to host odours is lower than elsewhere.