Acetaldehyde Research Articles (Page 1)

Development and characterization of injectable, bioadhesive, pH-responsive hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels for enhanced postoperative cancer therapy.

Acetaldehyde (AA) is a reactive aldehyde primarily produced in cells as a metabolic intermediate during ethanol oxidation. Excess AA, often resulting from impaired AA detoxification, leads to aberrant DNA, protein, and/or lipid damage and increases risk of diseases such as cancer, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Traditional methods for detecting biological AA often require sample destruction or extensive processing, which compromise spatiotemporal resolution, or do not exhibit sufficient selectivity for this two-carbon metabolite over other competing aldehydes and reactive carbon species in living systems. To overcome these limitations, we now report the design, synthesis, and biological applications of a fluorescent probe platform for acetaldehyde-specific activity-based sensing. The first-generation reagent Acetaldehyde Probe-1 (AAP-1) utilizes an AA-triggered inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction to enable selective detection of physiologically relevant levels of this two-carbon aldehyde in aqueous solution and in live cells, with minimal interference from competing biological analytes, including highly similar aldehydes like formaldehyde (FA) and methylglyoxal (MGO). Furthermore, AAP-1 enables visualization of endogenous AA pools generated during ethanol metabolism in a human liver cancer cell line, highlighting the potential of this chemical activity-based sensing strategy for studying two-carbon biology in living systems.

One-pot enzyme cascade production of therapeutic deoxyribonucleoside analogs from glycerol and acetaldehyde.

Stimulus-responsive doxorubicin-conjugated hyaluronic acid/polypyrrole nanoplatform for targeted photothermal chemotherapy of breast cancer.

Abstract Iron–molybdenum mixed oxides are well‐established catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of methanol, but their performance in the ODH of ethanol (EtOH), particularly with respect to the Mo:Fe ratio, remains unexplored. In this study, we present the synthesis of mixed oxides across the full composition range, their catalytic assessment in the ODH of EtOH, and their structural characterization. While pure iron oxide is unselective toward acetaldehyde (AcH), introducing small amounts of molybdenum oxide enhances the catalyst's selectivity significantly. In contrast, molybdate‐rich systems tend to produce more dehydration products such as diethyl ether and ethene due to an increased acid site density. The optimal catalyst was found to be an iron‐rich system with a composition of xFe = 0.95, yielding 94% AcH at temperatures as low as 220 °C with promising long‐term stability. Therefore, while molybdenum is essential for high catalytic activity and selectivity, only small amounts are required when supported by a high surface area, defect‐rich iron oxide, highlighting the efficiency of this mixed oxide system as catalyst for the ODH of EtOH.

Alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for esophageal and liver cancers. Recently, it was reported that mutation signatures characterized by T:A to C:G mutations (SBS16), which are suggested to be associated with alcohol intake, are frequently detected in esophageal, liver, and stomach cancers among the Japanese population. However, the scientific evidence linking alcohol consumption to SBS16 remains lacking. Acetaldehyde (AA), a carcinogenic metabolite of alcohol, is considered a key contributor to alcohol-related cancer development. Although the guanine adducts associated with alcohol exposure have been reported as part of its carcinogenic mechanism, an adenine adduct, N6-ethyl-deoxyadenosine (N6-ethyl-dA), a potential contributor to the SBS16 mutation pattern, was recently identified using a mass spectrometry-based DNA adductome approach. However, the mutagenicity assessment of N6-ethyl-dA using primer extension assays and the supF gene mutation test showed that this adenine adduct is not mutagenic. To identify another candidate as a driver adduct for SBS16, a DNA adductome approach was conducted, leading to the identification of a novel adenine adduct, 3-(2′-deoxyribos-1′-yl)-7,9-dimethyl-3,9-dihydro-7H-[1,3,5]oxadiazino[4,3-i]purine (N1-oxydiethylidene-dA), in which two AA molecules are bound to an adenine base. Moreover, N1-oxydiethylidene-dA was detected in mouse livers, and its levels increased following ethanol administration, suggesting that alcohol may contribute to SBS16 induction via the formation of N1-oxydiethylidene-dA.

The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials assessed the safety of N,N'-(2-(4-(2-aminobenzamido)butyl)pentane-1,5-diyl)bis(2-aminobenzamide) to be used at up to 650 mg/kg in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to scavenge acetaldehyde (AA). Final articles are intended for contact with aqueous, acidic and low-alcoholic beverages for long-term storage at room temperature and below. The migration of the substance from PET bottles into 20% ethanol was 0.0038 mg/kg food. The Panel calculated the potential migration of the summed reaction products not to exceed 0.02 mg/kg food. From experimental studies, the Panel excluded genotoxicity concerns for the substance, for 2-aminobenzamide +1 formaldehyde and 2-aminobenzamide +1 AA, both with desaturation. In silico predictions, previous EFSA evaluations and the use of the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) excluded genotoxicity concerns for 15 other impurities/reaction products. A tentatively identified by-product was predicted as possible DNA-reactive invitro mutagen and clastogen, due to its aromatic hydroxylamine group. Its modelled migration would not exceed 0.14 μg/kg food, leading to a potential exposure below the TTC of 0.0025 μg/kg body weight per day. Non-identified reaction products are expected to be structurally related to the identified ones and, hence, not to raise concern for genotoxicity. The Panel concluded that the substance is not of safety concern for the consumer, if it is used as an additive at up to 650 mg/kg in PET intended for contact with foods simulated by simulants A, B and C, for storage above 6 months at room temperature and below, including hot-fill conditions and/or heating up to 70°C ≤ T ≤ 100°C for maximum t = 120/2((T-70)/10) minutes. The substance should not be used for infant formula (including water used for reconstitution) and human milk. The migration of the substance should not exceed 0.05 mg/kg food. The substance should not contain aromatic hydroxylamine derivatives at more than 0.15% w/w.

Active catalysts are typically metastable, and their surface state depends on the gas-phase chemical potential and reaction kinetics. To gain relevant insights into structure-performance relationships, it is essential to investigate catalysts under their operational conditions. Here, we use operando TEM combining real-time observations with online mass spectrometry (MS) to study a Cu catalyst during ethylene oxidation. We identify three distinct regimes characterized by varying structures and states that show different selectivities with temperature, and elucidate the reaction pathways with the aid of theoretical calculations. Our findings reveal that quasi-static Cu2O at low temperatures is selective towards ethylene oxide (EO) and acetaldehyde (AcH) via an oxometallacycle (OMC) pathway. In the dynamic Cu0/Cu2O oscillation regime at medium temperatures, partially reduced and strained oxides decrease the activation energies associated with partial oxidation. At high temperatures, the catalyst is predominantly Cu0, partially covered by a monolayer Cu2O. While Cu0 is extremely efficient in dehydrogenation and eventual combustion, the monolayer oxide favors direct EO formation. These results challenge conclusions drawn from ultra-high vacuum studies that suggested metallic copper would be a selective epoxidation catalyst and highlight the need for operando study under realistic conditions.

Developing more effective gold–support synergy is essential for enhancing the catalytic performance of supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the gas-phase oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde (AC) at lower temperatures. This study demonstrates a significantly improved Au–support synergy achieved by copper doping in LaMO3 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) perovskites. Among the various Au/LaMCuO3 catalysts, Au/LaMnCuO3 exhibited exceptional catalytic activity, achieving an AC yield of up to 91% and the highest space-time yield of 764 gAC gAu−1 h−1 at 225 °C. Notably, this catalyst showed excellent hydrothermal stability, maintaining performance for at least 100 h without significant deactivation when fed with 50% aqueous ethanol. Comprehensive characterization reveals that Cu doping facilitates the formation of surface oxygen vacancies on the Au/LaMCuO3 catalysts and enhances Au–support interactions. The LaMnCuO3 perovskite stabilizes the crucial Cu+ species, resulting in a stable Au-Mn-Cu synergy within the Au/LaMnCuO3 catalyst, which facilitates the activation of O2 and ethanol at lower temperatures. The optimization of the reaction conditions further improves AC productivity. Kinetic studies indicate that the cleavages of both the O-H bond and the α-C-H bond of ethanol are the rate-controlling steps.

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality, yet clinically effective therapies for ALD remain lacking. Here, we demonstrate that alcohol intake and its metabolite, acetaldehyde (ACH), induce senescence in the liver and liver cells, respectively. To assess the therapeutic potential of targeting liver senescence in ALD, we treated ALD-affected mice with the senolytic compound ABT263 and the senomorphic NAD+ precursor, nicotinamide (NAM). The results show that ABT263 effectively clears senescent hepatocytes and stellate cells, and reduces liver triglyceride (TG), but increases plasma alanine aminotransferase and TG levels. Conversely, NAM efficiently suppresses senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), protecting the liver from alcohol-induced injury in ALD mice. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that ABT263 treatment downregulated genes involved in adipogenesis while activating the complement pathway. In contrast, NAM upregulated metabolism-related genes, such as Sirt1, and downregulated DNA damage marker genes, including Rec8 and E2f1, in the liver. These findings suggest that cellular senescence plays a critical role in alcohol-induced liver injury. Compared with senescent cell clearance by ABT263, suppressing senescence and SASP by NAM may provide a safer and more effective therapeutic approach for ALD.

Hyperglycemia-responsive nitric oxide-releasing biohybrid cryogels with cascade enzyme catalysis for enhanced healing of infected diabetic wounds.

In this paper, a new headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) method has been developed for the determination of ethylene oxide (EO) and 1,4-Dioxane (Dioxane) in bulk lots of polyethylene glycols (PEG). PEG samples are dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, heated in a headspace oven maintained at 90°C for 10min and then injected into the GC system for analysis. Analytes are separated through a thermal gradient elution from 36 to 240°C on an Agilent DB-624 column (60m × 0.53mm diameter, film thickness 3.00μm). The carrier gas is helium and detector is flame ionization detector. Total run time of the new HSGC method is about 18min. In the new HSGC method, other common residual solvents present in PEGs such as methanol (MeOH), methyl formate (MF) and acetyl aldehyde (Acetal) are also sufficiently separated from EO and Dioxane peaks. In the HSGC methods prescribed in USP monograph <228> and EP monograph <2.4.25>, EO co-elutes with MF. The new HSGC method was successfully validated according to current ICH/VICH guidelines and was found to be specific, linear, accurate, precise, robust and sensitive. This HSGC method is fast and quality control (QC) friendly and suitable for routine analysis for the determination of EO and Dioxane in bulk batches of PEGs in QC laboratories.

Although 3D printing is becoming a dominant technique for scaffold preparation in bone tissue engineering (TE), developing hydrogel-based ink compositions with bioactive and self-healing properties remains a challenge. This research focuses on developing a bone scaffold based on a composite hydrogel, which maintains its self-healing properties after incorporating bioactive glass and is 3D-printable. The plain hydrogel ink was synthesized using natural polymers of 1 wt % N-carboxyethyl chitosan, 2 wt % hyaluronic acid aldehyde, 0.3 wt % adipic acid hydrazide, and alginate (ALG) (2, 5, and 10 wt %). Bioactive glass (BG) (0 and 5 w/v %) particles were incorporated into the plain matrix to obtain an osteogenic composite hydrogel. The material was characterized via rheology, field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM/EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), swelling, degradation, bioactivity, and in vitro cellular assessments. Rheological evaluations confirmed that the specimen with 0 w/v % BG and 5 wt % ALG exhibited the highest G', G″, and viscosity values. All specimens exhibited self-healing, provided by two reversible dynamic bonds, namely, imine and acylhydrazone. Bioactivity evaluation by SBF immersion revealed the formation of HA particles on the composite hydrogels. MTT cytotoxicity assay on MG63 indicated that the composite sample containing 5 w/v % BG and 10 wt % ALG had the highest cell viability (95 ± 1.02%) by culture day 3. The developed approach presents a promising hydrogel ink formulation with a high potential for extrusion-based 3D printing of bone TE constructs.

A new universal gas-chromatographic method of identification of toxic impurities is proposed in order to improve the quality indicators of alcoholic beverages. Application of chromatographic methods in wine making is characterized by some peculiarities, which is stipulated from one hand by substance characteristics as they are and from the other by changes in chromatographic methods possibilities. The method allows to determine the quality and chemical composition of the alcoholic beverages, which to some extent determines the possibility of regulating its quality on a scientific basis. Modification of the methods presented in the work is based on utilization of packed and capillary-packed columns. They are mainly usable for quantitative analysis, are stable, characterized with good reproducibility and can be used as long as a year and more. Several immobile liquid phases – PEG-300, PEG-400, PEG-20000, SE-30 and polymeric sorbent – Poropak-Q, Separon-CDA – were tested in order to determine the optimum conditions for chromatographic separation. To achieve this goal, a combined chromatographic packed column (Poropak-Q+SE-30) based on the principles of adsorption and distribution chromatography was created. Chromatography of a twelve-component 0.1 % graded mixture (acetone, acetic aldehyde, butanone-2, methanol, propanol-2, ethanol, butanol-2, propanol-1, isobutanol, butanol-1, crotonaldehyde, isopentanol) was carried out. The analyses were performed in both isothermal and temperature-programmed modes. The chromatographic method developed by combining air-adsorption and distribution chromatography (combined column) provides the possibility of effective identification and maximum separation of harmful micro-impurities in alcoholic beverages.

Highly sensitive and selective imaging of human-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) enables an intuitive understanding of their concentrations and release sites. While multi-VOC imaging methods have the potential to facilitate step-by-step metabolic tracking and improve disease screening accuracy, no such system currently exists. In this study, we achieved simultaneous imaging of ethanol (EtOH) and acetaldehyde (AcH), the starting molecule and an intermediate metabolite of alcohol metabolism, using a multiwavelength VOC imaging system. The system employed alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed substrate oxidation (ADHOX) and reduction (ADHRD) reactions. The oxidation of EtOH by ADHOX in the presence of NAD+ produced NADH, which was subsequently oxidized by diaphorase (DP) with resazurin, leading to the resorufin formation, characterized by red fluorescence (excitation at 560 nm and fluorescence at 590 nm). Reduction of AcH by ADHRD consumed NADH, leading to a decrease in blue fluorescence (ex. 340 nm, fl. 490 nm). Meshes incorporating ADHOX-DP or ADHRD were arranged in tandem in front of a camera. Fluorescence images were captured, while a mixture of gaseous EtOH and AcH was applied by switching between two bandpass filters at 1 Hz. Each mesh exhibited selective responses to the target VOCs, with no significant impact on the dynamic range observed in either the single or tandem configurations (EtOH 1-300 ppm, AcH 0.2-5 ppm). The 90% response time was close after time-domain image differential analysis (EtOH = 26 s and AcH = 15 s). Furthermore, the system enabled simultaneous and quantitative imaging of EtOH and AcH concentrations in the breath after alcohol consumption. It also distinguished differences in alcohol metabolism based on the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) activity, as indicated by the EtOH/AcH ratio (ALDH2 active vs nonactive: 120.9/0.71 ppm vs 129.2/1.99 ppm).

Sulfur-containing amino acids, including cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy), as well as aldehydes such as formaldehyde (FA), acetaldehyde (AA), pyridoxal 5`-phosphate (PLP), acrolein (ACR), malondialdehyde (MDA), croton aldehyde (CA) and 4-hydoxynonenal (4-HNE) widely occur in the human body. As indicated in the literature, abnormal (elevated) concentrations of these compounds in humans may result in or even be the cause of the occurrence/development of some civilization diseases. At the same time, the literature provides the evidence that Cys and Hcy are a highly reactive towards aldehydes resulting in formation of substituted thiazolidine and thiazine carboxylic acids, respectively. Importantly, it has been shown that these adducts are formed in vitro and in vivo, while chromatographic techniques are suitable for their monitoring in biological samples. In this work, the above-mentioned issues are discussed. In particular, Cys and Hcy as well as selected endogenous aldehydes are characterized, and their role in human body in health and disease is discussed. Moreover, chromatographic methods enabling determination of selected adducts of Cys and Hcy with the above-mentioned aldehydes in biological samples are described.

The photocatalytic conversion of ethanol and the simultaneous development of hydrogen technology play a role in solving the energy crisis and reducing environmental pollution. In this research, rod-like M-MoS2 serves as a channel for charge transfer, leading to superior photocatalytic activity compared to H-MoS2. Further, two-dimensional (2D) B-doped C3N4 (BCN) nanosheets were anchored on the one-dimensional (1D) rod-like M-MoS2 surface to form a 1D/2D heterojunction, with M-MoS2/BCN-0.08 (mass ratio of M-MoS2:BCN of 0.08:1) exhibiting the highest photocatalytic performance. Under visible light irradiation, the ethanol conversion rate reached 1.79% after 5 h of photocatalytic reaction per gram of catalyst, while generating 421 μmol of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO), 5460 μmol of acetaldehyde (AA), and 5410 μmol of hydrogen gas (H2). This different characterization provides evidence that a significant amount of photoinduced electrons generated in BCN under illumination conditions rapidly transfer to the conduction band (CB) of M-MoS2 through the rod-like structure of M-MoS2, and finally transfer to Pt to promote the production of hydrogen gas. The photoinduced holes in the valence band (VB) of M-MoS2 are rapidly consumed by ethanol upon transferring to BCN, effectively separating the photoinduced electron–hole pairs and resulting in superior photocatalytic performance.

Introduction: Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a degenerative disease characterized by progressive calcification and stenosis, driven by a multifactorial inflammatory process. Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) have been implicated in this process, yet their presence in aortic valve tissue remains unexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by developing a sensitive method to identify and quantify OxPL in the plasma and tissue of patients with severe AVS. Methods: We obtained aortic valve tissue from 70 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement surgery. The tissue samples were subjected to derivatization with DNPH, followed by LC/MS/MS analysis, enabling the identification and quantification of 60 individual OxPL across five different phospholipid classes. Results: Our analysis identified 34 OxPL species across five phospholipid classes in human valvular tissue, including oxidized phosphatidylcholine (OxPC), phosphatidylethanolamine (OxPE), phosphatidylinositol (OxPI), and phosphatidylserine (OxPS). OxPC was the most abundant class, with PONPC being the most prevalent molecule, constituting 35% of total OxPL. We observed a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in 20 OxPL species in valvular tissue when comparing mild to moderate to severe valve stenosis based on pressure gradient. The most significant change occurred between mild and moderate AVS as PONPC increased by 90% (p=0.012) and total OxPC increased by 83% (p=0.004). Compared to plasma, valvular tissue had more OxPS species present and an increase in longer chain fatty acid aldehydes in the SN-2 position of OxPCs. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that OxPL infiltration of the valve tissue is an early event in the progression of AVS. This suggests that early intervention with OxPL-lowering therapies may prove beneficial in managing AVS.

Acetaldehyde (AcH) is the first metabolite of ethanol and is proposed to be responsible for the genotoxic effects of alcohol consumption. As an electrophilic aldehyde, AcH can form multiple adducts with DNA and other biomolecules, leading to function-altering and potentially toxic and carcinogenic effects. In this review, we describe sources of AcH in humans, including AcH biosynthesis mechanisms, and outline the structures, properties and functions of AcH-derived adducts with biomolecules. We also describe human AcH detoxification mechanisms and discuss ongoing challenges in the field.

Pgmiox mediates stress response and plays a critical role for pathogenicity in Pyrenophora graminea, the agent of barley leaf stripe