Aceh Conflict Research Articles

The Role Of Former Free Aceh Movement (Gam) Elites’ In Maintaining Peace In North Aceh Regency Of Indonesia

This study analyzed the governance of North Aceh regency under the ex-GAM elite in the post MoU Helsinki peace agreement between the GAM and the Unitary State of Indonesia Republic (NKRI) in Finland, August 5th 2005. It focuses on the strategies of the GAM elite in maintain peace and the establishment of sustainable development in the regency of North Aceh in particular through which people welfare and dignity could be restored after long period of conflict. The data for this study is drawn from deep interview and focus group discussion with the elites of GAM, not only those who were in the government, but also out side the government. This study found that the elite of GAM had played important role in ensuring that the governance of North Aceh regency must be within the corridor of maintain peace, enhancing people welfare and sustainable development. To achieve these, they called upon all political parties in the region to guard the UUPA (the Law of Governing Aceh –LoGA) againt anykind of political conspiration that would againt triggred conflict in Aceh. With regards to special autonomy fund, the elite argued that it is no need for the renewal, because the Acehnese have been self-relience since.

RESOLUSI KONFLIK DI ASIA: ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN ACEH DAN SRI LANGKA

The conflicts in Aceh and Sri Lanka share many similarities. However, there have been significantly different post-tsunami dynamics of conflict resolution in Aceh and Sri Lanka. In this article, the conflict resolution processes in Aceh and Sri Lanka will be compared. The main goals of this article are to (1) identify the main factors that failed to resolve the Sri Lanka conflict and the main factors that contributed to the successful post-tsunami resolution of the Aceh conflict, and (2) to determine whether the Sri Lanka conflict's failure to be resolved will repeat in Aceh if Aceh is faced with a similar natural disaster (tsunami). This article uses a qualitative approach with multiple case studies. As a result, the author uses a scientific model that includes additional concepts, expert opinions, and theories about conflict resolution to comprehend and analyze the resolution of the Aceh conflict and the conflict in Sri Lanka. These findings demonstrate that the success or failure of post-disaster resolution in two areas depends critically on the level of trust between conflicting parties. As a reaction, the violations of the Helsinki Accords' terms are more likely to trigger a third wave of conflicts than future natural disasters In Aceh.

Why Was “Self-Government” Not Achieved in Aceh? The Challenges of Implementing a Peace Agreement

The "self-government" was proposed as an alternative solution to independence and special autonomy to end the protracted conflict in Aceh. Based on the contents of the peace agreement signed in 2005, Aceh is given the right to self-government. However, this is not realized fully. This study aimed to explain the imagined self-government and the causes challenging it to be implemented. The study used a qualitative library research method in which data was sourced from online text documents. The data were analyzed using critical discourse analysis. The study found that the issue of "self-government" was initially at the center of the negotiation. The Free Aceh Movement - GAM envisioned it like Olan Island in Finland and Sarawak in Malaysia. Still, it has not been realized because it was not declared explicitly in the agreement, and the term "self-government" was used as a strategy to persuade GAM negotiators to continue in the negotiation. Further, the Government of Indonesia (GoI) offered Aceh special autonomy instead of self-government through the Law on Governing Aceh by ignoring the limitations on the authority of GoI over Aceh that was agreed. This was caused by five reasons that lay in the negotiation process and the realization of the agreement interconnected. Amongst; GAM was unbalanced to GoI during the negotiations and powerless to force GoI to obey the deal, and there was no punishment mechanism for the violator of the agreement. Finally, the study revealed that an inclusive process in drafting new laws for a post-conflict region does not always result in full outcomes by the agreement.

Making Peace With History: Post-Conflict Teachers’ Experiences In Aceh

This research aimed to determine the implementation of peace education through history subjects and the development of historical materials for the development of national unity and peace. The research used the descriptive qualitative research method. The research subjects were teachers of history and students of class XII IPA 2 MAN 1 Banda Aceh. The research informants were teachers of non-history subjects and the principal of MAN 1 Banda Aceh. The validity of this research data used triangulation. The data analysis used the Miles and Huberman model: data reduction, data display, and conclusion verification data. The results showed that peace education through history learning was not carried out in classrooms but made use of the Aceh Peace Memorial Room. This room made it easier for students to directly access the events of the Aceh conflict and the peace process. This condition made it easier for students to directly understand the material on Overcoming the Threat of National Disintegration and its relation to peace in Aceh. In the early stages, the students toured the Aceh peace memorial room. They saw photos of Aceh's conflict and peace journey. After the tour, they continued to see two movies about ‘Weaving Peace in Aceh’ and ‘Sustainability and Example of Aceh Peace’. Students reflected on these three activities by writing articles themed Aceh Peace Strengthens National Integration. The results of this paper were recorded as student work entitled ‘Aceh Peace Strengthens National Integration’ in which there were subtitles from student groups.

PERANG DAN LIYAN: KAJIAN FEMINISME EKSISTENSIALIS DALAM NOVEL LAMPUKI KARYA ARAFAT NUR

This study aims to discuss the existence of women as the other in the novel Lampuki by Arafat Nur, which raises the theme of conflict in Aceh. This novel shows more of the daily life of the conflict-stricken community so that the situation and position of women can be seen more deeply, namely in the community itself. Furthermore, the analysis will focus on three female characters who represent the general situation of Acehnese women during the conflict. The theory used in this study is existentialist feminism, developed by Simone de Beauvoir. This study uses the qualitative descriptive method. The results showed that society's deeply rooted patriarchal culture is the biggest challenge preventing women from achieving freedom and actualizing themselves. Halimah and Siti viewed their status as wives. In other words, they are part of their husbands. However, the condition of women who do not have a husband is not better, such as Rukiya, who still needs men or is not independent. This lack of independence is due to the social construct that makes women always dependent on men. In Beauvoir's view, men place themselves as subjects and women as objects whose existence is to be subdued. Furthermore, the fate of marginalized women, and dependence on men, including being victims in the conflict, is the result of the objectification that occurs to them.

Jejak Moderasi Beragama di Kesultanan Aceh di bawah Pemerintahan Sultanah Safiatuddin

This paper discusses the traces of religious moderation, inclusivicity and tolerant policies during the reign of the sultan Sri Tajul Alam Safiatuddin. Starting from the conflict and religious polemics in Aceh during the Iskandar Thani administration, who supported ar-Raniri's resistance to religious beliefs which he considered deviant, Safiatuddin fought them by issuing policies that led to the formation of a more tolerant, inclusive, and non-violent attitude. Safiatuddin did this by fully supporting moderate scholars such as Sheikh Abdur Rauf Singkel. This paper uses a theory about the effect of education on a person's level of tolerance and acceptences, which can trace the reasons behind Safiatuddin's policies in favor of tolerance and inclusivism. Using historical methods and literature studies, this study finds that after Iskandar Thani and ar-Raniri's return to his home country in India, Aceh's religious life is relatively harmonious and inclusive. Abdur Rauf Singkel wrote many books and essays that mediate polemic religious discourses. Abdur Rauf's efforts are fully supported by Safiatuddin, who also believes that a moderate attitude can maintain political stability and harmony in religious life in society despite various differences in religious interpretation.

Financial Feasibility of Citronella in The Reforestation Area

Sawang District in North Aceh Regency, has a large forest area. During the sustained conflict in Aceh, most of forest areas were degraded and greatly affected the destruction of the forest ecosystem. The citronella plants on reforestation land have a high potential to be developed as intercropping plant because have a high economic value and could be cultivated during 5-7 years. The research is located in Riseh Tunong Village, Sawang District, North Aceh. This research was conducted from July to October 2022. The data was obtained using direct interviews with farmers who maintain forest reforestation with various annual plants and also cultivated citronella plants as intercropping plant. The population in this study were all farmers who cultivate citronella as intercropping plant in reforestation area. The respondents is amount 15 farmer. The financial feasibility analysis of citronella is showed that this comudity is very feasible to be cultivated on reforestation land in North Aceh Regency. The results of the financial feasibility analysis obtained that the NPV value is amount IDR. 43,179,262 which > 0, Net B/C value amount 2.54 which > 0, The acquisition IRR value is amount 57,44% which bigger than interest rates (10%). This research shows that the potential to develop citronella commodity is classified as very feasible. Communities can carry out forest and still get additional income from citronella commodities which have high economic value

Legal Protection and Family Resilience of Women Victims of Post-Peace Conflict in Aceh: A Study of Gender Approach

This study seeks to examine the legal protection and resiliency of the families of Aceh's female victims of post-peace conflict. From the outbreak of war to the end of hostilities, women have been the most affected group. This study is qualitative research employing an ethnographic methodology and analyzing the data from a gender perspective. The ethnography was conducted in three different locations: Nagan Raya, Pidie, and North Aceh. Utilized data collection methods include interviews, observation, and literature review. According to the findings of the study, the government has given legal protection to female victims of armed conflict in a variety of ways, including the establishment of a legal umbrella, the creation of special institutions, the provision of support, and thorough rehabilitation. Even though this is not evenly divided, it is vital for institutions, particularly those that care for orphans, to engage in gender-sensitive, sustainable management, and collaboration. The struggle has a significant impact on the psychological, physical, economic, social, and cultural demands of women, as well as the future of their children. Despite the fact that the conflict impacts family resilience owing to the death of family members and economic hardship, from a gender perspective, families can survive and even thrive in the face of life's difficulties. The majority of them come to accept the catastrophe, and their psychological pain is exacerbated by their religious beliefs. Although others have not been able to accept and find it difficult to forget the trauma of the conflict that has occurred.

Special Autonomy Implementation and Its Impact on the Welfare of the Society: A Short Review

Indonesia has been going through long and difficult times to be an independent country. The struggles to break from colonialism out were in concordance with Indonesia's efforts to maintain and secure its territorial sovereignty. Upheavals, threats, and even separatism often arose in various parts of the country, even since the early days of Indonesia's independence. Aceh is no different. The perceived injustice in the distribution of benefits from natural resources had led to conflict in Aceh in the past. To deal with this issue, through the enactment of the Law No. 11 of 2006, the central government granted the special autonomy status for Aceh to induce peace and security, while achieving social justice within the province. The special autonomy status was also intended to accelerate the economy and improve education, quality of life, health, and infrastructure. The implementation of the special autonomy and how it contributes to the improvement of the welfare of the Aceh residents are critical and interesting to analyze. In this study, the “welfare” was analyzed based on four aspects of analysis: (1) poverty alleviation, (2) unemployment alleviation, (3) Human Development Index (HDI), and (4) Gini Ratio. The study adopted a qualitative exploratory research design, in which data were derived from analysis of secondary sources obtained through literature review. The results of the study showed that Aceh was heavily dependent on the Special Autonomy Fund. The Aceh Provincial Government set seven priority sectors: infrastructure, economic empowerment, poverty alleviation, education, social, health, and Aceh privileges. Furthermore, other than improving the Gini Ratio, the Aceh special autonomy fund has had a positive impact on the welfare of the Acehnese in general.

Analisis Efektivitas Bantuan Orphan Kafala Baitulmal Muamalat Terhadap Pembangunan Sosial Ekonomi Anak Yatim di Aceh

Aqad kafala is one of the popular forms of aqad in the empowerment of orphans being implemented today. This aqad has been implemented by OIC and IDB in the empowerment of orphans affected by conflict and tsunami in Aceh. The implementation of Aqad kafala is in the form of guaranteeing the fulfillment of the daily social and economic needs of orphans. The distribution of aid is carried out by cooperating with local NGOs, namely Baitulmal Muamalat, Rumah Zakat, and PKPU. This assistance has been started since 2006 until the end of 2022 with the number of orphans reaching 4100 orphans. The objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the distribution of Orphan Kafala-OIC Alliance Aid to the development of the social and economic life of Aceh orphans. This study is using a qualitative research method. The data has been collected from the orphans who are being under the responsibility of Baitulmal Muamalat Indonesia. The data collection technique was through a questionnaire study. The results of this study showed that the kafala assistance given to the orphans in Aceh has provided a positive effect although not significant for the social and economic development of orphan families in Aceh.

Asymmetric Decentralization

Indonesia has passed through long hard times to stand as an independent country. The past struggles to break from colonialism out were in concordance with Indonesia's efforts to maintain and secure its territorial sovereignty. Upheavals, threats and even rebellions to leave the Republic have often arisen in various regions even since the beginning of Indonesia's independence. One of which has occurred in the Province of Aceh. The considered injustice in the distribution of benefits from natural resources has led to conflict in Aceh. To deal with this issue, through the enactment of the Law No. 11 of 2006, the central government aims to confirm the special autonomy for Aceh to induce peace as well as security and achieve social justice within the region. Besides to improve education, quality of life, health, infrastructure, accelerate economic development through the special autonomy fund allocation. How the special autonomy has been implemented hitherto and how it contributes to improve Acehnese welfare is considered critical as well as interesting to analyze. The term ‘welfare’ is analyzed based on four aspects of analysis namely: (1) poverty and (2) unemployment alleviation, (3) Human Development Index (HDI), and (4) Gini Ratio. The study adopted a qualitative exploratory research design by which data were derived from analysis of secondary sources through literature review. The results show that Aceh is considerably dependent on the special autonomy fund. There are also seven priority sectors set by the government, namely: infrastructure, economic empowerment, poverty alleviation, education, social, health, and Aceh privileges. Furthermore, Aceh's special autonomy fund in general has had a positive impact on the welfare of the Acehnese society besides the Gini Ratio that is still high.

The Role of the Ummul Ayman Islamic Boarding School in Samalanga District, Bireuen Regency in the Education of Children Victims of the Aceh Conflict, 1990-2021

This study aims to find out how (1) the background of the birth of the Ummul Ayman Islamic Boarding School was, (2) the education management system of the Ummul Ayman Islamic Boarding School was in handling children victims of the Aceh conflict before the Helsinki MoU. (3) the education management system of the Ummul Ayman Islamic Boarding School in handling children victims of the Aceh conflict after the Helsinki MoU, (4) the results of the education process for children of Aceh conflict victims at the Ummul Ayman Islamic Boarding School were . The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, documentation, and literature studies. The results of this study are (1) the background of the establishment of the Ummul Ayman Islamic Boarding School when conditions in Aceh were being hit by armed conflict which caused many negative impacts and the destruction of the social order of society in various aspects of life , especially in the aspect of education. (2), the education management system of the Ummul Ayman Islamic boarding school before the peace in Aceh followed the national education system, while the non-formal education system of the Ummul Ayman Islamic boarding school followed the Dayah Salafiyah method. (3) After the MoU in Helsinki, the situation in the Aceh Province began to improve, Islamic boarding schools began to be built. (4), the results of the education process for children victims of the Aceh conflict at the Ummul Ayman Islamic Boarding School after they leave or finish there are ustadz/teaching staff, establish study centers, writers, and continue

Korban Penghilangan Paksa pada Konflik Aceh; Upaya Pemulihan dan Pemenuhan Hak Korban Melalui Mekanisme KKR Aceh

Conflict victims are important entities in maintaining peace. However, after 16 years of peace in Aceh, there are still many victims and families of conflict victims who have not fully received attention, especially the families of victims of enforced disappearances during the Aceh conflict. Indeed, they need certainty about the whereabouts or status of their missing family members. This study examines the status of victims of enforced disappearances during the Aceh conflict and what rights of victims or victims' heirs can be resolved through the mechanism of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. This research uses the perspective of history, law and human rights. The data used come from various sources. The data are then analysed, narrated and described qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that there are several steps that can be taken to carry out the rights of victims and families of victims of enforced disappearances, namely through a court decision process, in the context of Aceh carried out by the Mahkamah Syar'iyah. Courts need to establish legal status for victims as a form of recognition that enforced disappearances occurred during the conflict. After obtaining legal certainty, the next step is to accomplish the right of reparation through the Commission of Truth and Reconciliation. Then, followed by granting residence status; provision of missing person certificate; compensation for deceased victims; memorialization of victims; and excavation of mass graves.

Historical Study: Jantho City and Infrastructure, 1979-2020

Jantho City is the Capital of the Aceh Besar Regency. This study aims to (1) describe the background of the determination of the Janthoi Settlement as the Capital of Aceh Besar District; (2) describe the initial and continued development process of Jantho City infrastructure 1979-2020; and (3) Identification the factors causing the failure of the development of Jantho City to become a new growth center. This study uses a type of approach that is combined with historical methods. The data collection techniques were carried out using documentation, literature study, and interviews. The results of this study are (1) the determination of the Janthoi Settlement as the Capital of Aceh Besar Regency because of its strategic location for regional development and have a very potential back area; (2) initial development in the form of the construction of the main infrastructure of the city, such as government buildings, roads, post offices, mosques, electricity networks, telephone networks, and other facilities for government purposes. Continued development in the form of supporting urban infrastructures, such as education, health, sports, housing, and economic facilities; (3) several factors cause Jantho City to fail to develop, namely its location opposite to other growth centers in Aceh Besar District, only working in the administrative center, not having a long historical background, no interaction with back areas, armed conflict in Aceh, and unsustainable development.

Political Orientation of Female Legislative Candidates in the 2019 Aceh Legislative Elections: A Study on Female Ex-combatants in the Aceh Conflict

Political Orientation of Female Legislative Candidates in the 2019 Aceh Legislative Elections: A Study on Female Ex-combatants in the Aceh Conflict

PAGUYUBAN KORBAN KONFLIK SEBAGAI MODAL SOSIAL DALAM EKSISTENSI QANUN NOMOR 17 TAHUN 2013

The birth of Qanun number 17 of 2013 concerning the Aceh Truth and Reconciliation Commission is the result of a derivative of Law number 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh (UUPA), which is a derivative of the result of the Helsinki Peace Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Republic of Indonesia (RI) and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) on August 15, 2005 in Helsinki, Finland. This paper discusses the opportunities for the Acehnese Conflict Survivors/Victims Association as Social Capital in the existence of Qanun number 17 of 2013 to settle the fulfillment of the rights of victims of human rights violations that occurred in Aceh in the period 1976-2005. This type of research is a qualitative research. The process of collecting data using the method of observation of the object of research related to the one being studied, interviews starting from listening, arranging words, and summarizing the results of the interviews without losing the substance of the information conveyed by the informants. The data analysis technique in this study used descriptive techniques using data reduction. The results of this study indicate that from its journey, especially after the Aceh Peace, SPKP-HAM Aceh was present in various issues related to human rights violations during the Aceh conflict, especially after the Aceh peace. The birth of Qanun number 17 of 2013 was a part of the SPKP-HAM advocacy with other institutions as well as Acehnese students in 2010 during the occupation of the Aceh DPR building. Furthermore, various issues regarding the fulfillment of the rights of victims of human rights violations, this organization also criticizes government policies that do not take sides with victims of conflict.

LEMBAGA WALI NANGGROE ANTARA PERAN ADAT DAN POLITIK: SUATU ANALISIS TERHADAP QANUN ACEH NOMOR 10 TAHUN 2019 PERUBAHAN KEDUA ATAS QANUN ACEH NOMOR 8 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG LEMBAGA WALI NANGGROE

The birth of Qanun number 17 of 2013 concerning the Aceh Truth and Reconciliation Commission is the result of a derivative of Law number 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh (UUPA), which is a derivative of the result of the Helsinki Peace Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Republic of Indonesia (RI) and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) on August 15, 2005 in Helsinki, Finland. This paper discusses the opportunities for the Acehnese Conflict Survivors/Victims Association as Social Capital in the existence of Qanun number 17 of 2013 to settle the fulfillment of the rights of victims of human rights violations that occurred in Aceh in the period 1976-2005. This type of research is a qualitative research. The process of collecting data using the method of observation of the object of research related to the one being studied, interviews starting from listening, arranging words, and summarizing the results of the interviews without losing the substance of the information conveyed by the informants. The data analysis technique in this study used descriptive techniques using data reduction. The results of this study indicate that from its journey, especially after the Aceh Peace, SPKP-HAM Aceh was present in various issues related to human rights violations during the Aceh conflict, especially after the Aceh peace. The birth of Qanun number 17 of 2013 was a part of the SPKP-HAM advocacy with other institutions as well as Acehnese students in 2010 during the occupation of the Aceh DPR building. Furthermore, various issues regarding the fulfillment of the rights of victims of human rights violations, this organization also criticizes government policies that do not take sides with victims of conflict.

THE IMPACT OF TRAUMA FOR RELIGIOUS IDENTITY AFTER CIVIL CONFLICT: STUDY AT BOARDING SCHOOL BABUL ALA NURILLAH BEUTONG ATEUH NAGAN RAYA ACEH INDONESIA

The impact of prolonged civil conflict in Aceh has caused lost family and mental disorder to the local community. One of the tragedy occurred during conflict in Aceh was the killing tragedy in Boarding School Babul 'Ala Nurillah, Blang Meurandeh village Beutong Blang Galang Nagan Raya Aceh Province Indonesia on July 23, 1999 and killed more than 50 man when they are in Boarding School ( Dayah) and learn Islamic knowledge.The peace agreement after conflict between Free Aceh Movement and Indonesia Goverment has 16 years ago since August 18, 2005. They are saw their husband killed by army, andmany women became widows and became poor life. The purpose of this study is to know how the traumatic post conflict and misdevelopment about the religious identity. The Method of this study used quantitative and qualitative method, used scale TSI (Trauma Syndrome Inventory) for trauma by Briere with 100 items and MRPI (Muslim Religious-Personality Inventory) for scale religious identity. MRPI has 47 item. The sample in this research 25 Woman and 5 man who directly saw the extrajudicial killing, this sample technique used random assigned sampling.The result showed that the victims there are have traumatized is: high trauma 3, low trauma 3, and middle trauma 24 person . The result of this study is that there is a relationship between trauma and religious identity is low r = -0,312. The correlation beetween trauma and Islamic worldview and spiritual is r = 0.312 (low), trauma with ritual r= 0.543 (medium), trauma with muamalat = 0.157 (very low). This meaning that although the victims feel traumatized but their ritual (hablun min Allah) still good in medium correlation, but the correlation between trauma and Islamic worldview and spiritual is low, and correlation between trauma and mu’amalat (hablun min an-naas) is very low, as well as in religious personality which is divided into Islamic worldview and spiritual, ritual (hablun minallah) and muamalat (hablun min an-naas). After twenty years ago they can to growth with their self and they want to forgotten the tragedy July 23 1999, and want to live in peace. And now they have the commitment to explore and learn Islamic knowledge again after twenty years ago they life without learning the Islamic knowledge in boarding school.

Perjuangan Pengakuan Hak Kelola Lahan bagi Pengungsi Aceh di Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser

Gunung Leuser national park covers an area of 830,268.95 hectares which has been designated as a national park since 1980. It has been managed by the Indonesian government through Gunung Leuser National Park Center. Ecological zonation systems have been implemented in the management. However, since about 1999, groups of refugees who escaped from the Aceh conflict have resided in the national park. They transformed the dry or bush landscape which is designated for conservation area into settlements, as well as rubber and oil palm plantations. The national park authority considers their activities illegal. While the refugees, after 20 years of their activities in the park, consider themselves to have the rights to cultivate the land. They have attempted various ways to legalize their settlement and right to cultivate the area inside the park. This qualitative study aims at describing the tenurial conflict faced by refugees residing in the Gunung Leuser national park. Data were collected through interviews and participant observation. The study found the violence and harsh tension in regards to this tenurial conflict. On one hand, the refugees fight for their livelihood in the park. On the other hand, the park management tends to implement their authority to assure the original function of the national park. The government should take necessary action to resolve this long-term conflict using a rights-based approach; so the refugees, who are also the citizens of the state, could have their access to cultivate the land.

ACEH LOCAL PARTIES IN THE HISTORY OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Aceh local party is a party that was born from the womb of a prolonged conflict in Aceh. The existence of the Aceh Local party is inseparable from the actions of GAM leaders in maintaining their existence in the land of the Veranda of Mecca. On the other hand the Government of the Republic of Indonesia also does not want what happened to the East-East province to occur in the Aceh province, so various efforts were made to maintain the sovereignty of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Efforts by the Indonesian government include military and civil emergency operations that have been implemented in Aceh, although these efforts have proven unable to eliminate GAM's influence in Aceh, so that in the end the peace route was adopted with the signing of the Helsinki MoU in 2005 which signaled an end to the armed conflict in Aceh for forever. This research is a legal research using a law in concrete sense suppressor where law functions or is implemented (law in action) or law that is always moving (recht in beweging).