Accumulation Of Total Carbohydrates Research Articles

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes interact with light intensity to affect morpho-biochemical, nutrient uptake, DNA damage, and secondary metabolism of Stevia rebaudiana.

In this study, the interaction between nanoparticles (0, 50, 100, and 150mg L-1) and light intensity (100, 200, and 400μmol·m-2·s-1) was evaluated for effectiveness in improving stevia shoot induction by measuring morphological traits, nutrient absorption, total carbohydrates, steviol glycosides (SVglys), and DNA damage in two DNA sequence regions (promoter and sequence of the UGT76G1 gene). MWCNTs at a concentration of 50mg L-1 in interaction with the light intensity of 200μmol·m-2·s-1 improved the morphological traits and absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and Manganese (Mn), compared to other treatments. Also, under this interaction, the accumulation of total carbohydrates and SVglys was elevated. Moreover, DNA damage in both regions of the DNA sequence under light intensity at low concentrations of MWCNTs (0 and 50mg L-1) did not show a significant change but increased with increasing MWCNT concentration at high light intensities (200 and 400μmol·m-2·s-1). These results demonstrate that the advantages and phytotoxicity of MWCNTs in the in vitro culture of stevia are dose-dependent and are affected by light intensity. Based on this, the interaction of 50mg L-1 of MWCNTs with the light intensity of 200μmol·m-2·s-1 is recommended to improve stevia micropropagation and subsequent growth and metabolism.

Determination of Grafting Success and Carbohydrate Distributions of Foxy Grape (Vitis labrusca L.) Varieties Grafted on Different American Grape Rootstocks

This study aimed to determine the grafting success and carbohydrate distributions for newly registered foxy grape varieties grafted on different American grapes and grown in humid conditions in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. In the study, ‘Rizessi’, ‘Çeliksu’, ‘Ülkemiz’, ‘Rizellim’, and ‘Rizpem’ foxy grape varieties were grafted on 140Ru, SO4, and 110R American rootstocks. The graft success, growth, and development characteristics were determined, and carbohydrate accumulations and distributions at the graft area, under the graft area (rootstock), and above the graft area (scion) of the grafted grapevines in the dormant period were also determined. The highest graft success rate was 100.00% in the combinations of ‘Rizessi’/SO4, ‘Rizellim’/SO4, ‘Rizpem’/SO4, ‘Rizellim’/110R, and ‘Rizpem’/110R. The percentage of vine saplings ranged from 86.00% (‘Rizellim’/SO4) to 27.14% (‘Rizpem’/140Ru). Regarding carbohydrate distribution, the ‘Rizessi’/140Ru, ‘Rizessi’/SO4, ‘Rizessi’/110R, ‘Çeliksu’/SO4, ‘Çeliksu’/110R, ‘Ülkemiz’/SO4, ‘Rizellim’/140Ru, ‘Rizellim’/SO4, ‘Rizpem’/SO4, and ‘Rizpem’/110R combinations showed a balanced distribution. The highest total carbohydrate accumulation (100.41 mg·L−1) was detected in the root region of the ‘Ülkemiz’/SO4 combination. On the other hand, vine sapling rate enhanced as carbohydrate accumulation increased in the grafting area. The SO4 American rootstock was found to be more successful than the others.

Influence of Carbohydrate Additives on the Growth Rate of Microalgae Biomass with an Increased Carbohydrate Content.

Our study focused on investigating the possibilities of controlling the accumulation of carbohydrates in certain microalgae species (Arthrospira platensis Gomont, Chlorella vulgaris Beijer, and Dunaliella salina Teod) to determine their potential in biofuel production (biohydrogen). It was found that after the introduction of carbohydrates (0.05 g⋅L−1) into the nutrient medium, the growth rate of the microalgae biomass increased, and the accumulation of carbohydrates reached 41.1%, 47.9%, and 31.7% for Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Dunaliella salina, respectively. Chlorella vulgaris had the highest total carbohydrate content (a mixture of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose, 16.97%) among the studied microalgae, while for Arthrospira platensis and Dunaliella salina, the accumulation of total carbohydrates was 9.59% and 8.68%, respectively. Thus, the introduction of carbohydrates into the nutrient medium can stimulate their accumulation in the microalgae biomass, an application of biofuel production (biohydrogen).

Development of micropropagation system of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade using different spectrum light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation

Halia Bara, a popular variety of Zingiber officinale Theilade in Malaysia valued for medicinal values was successfully micropropagated using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to produce disease-free planting materials. This study aimed to establish LED-induced organogenesis of Halia Bara and to evaluate their biochemical profile. Basal part explants were irradiated with white (400−700 nm), far-red (720 nm), blue (460 nm), green (530 nm), red (660 nm), and purple (400–660 nm) LEDs to study the impact of light quality on vegetative growth of 12-week-old Halia Bara plantlets and their biochemical profile such as superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzyme, pigmentation in addition to total carbohydrate content and accumulation of proline amino acid. Generally, shade avoidance syndrome driven growth by red (660 nm) LED significantly promoted shoot length to 12.07 cm producing taller plants with long and thin leaves. The number of shoots (5.57) and leaves (20) were significantly higher on plants irradiated with dichromatic purple (400–660 nm) LED. Root formation of Halia Bara was also significantly promoted by monochromatic red (13.29). However, microshoot formation was fairly enhanced by white, far-red (720 nm), and blue (460 nm) LEDs in the range of 5–5.9 while exhibiting the insignificant difference in green, red, and purple irradiance. First-line defense by superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme was significantly upregulated on Halia Bara plantlets irradiated by blue (460 nm) (0.186 ± 0.001 SOD U/mg) and green (530 nm) (0.183 ± 0.001 SOD U/mg). In general, pigmentation such as total chlorophyll (0.516 to 0.541 μg/mL) and carotenoid (1917–2109 μg/g) were notably higher in Halia Bara plants irradiated by white, blue, green, and purple LEDs than the red and far-red irradiation meanwhile porphyrin (14.143 ± 1.930 μg/g) was highly produced following green LED irradiation. Light-regulated accumulation of total carbohydrate and proline were the highest in far-red (109.098 ± 3.223 mg/g) and control white (0.101 ± 0.008 mmol/mg) LED irradiated Halia Bara plants, respectively. In short, vegetative traits and biochemical profile of in vitro Halia Bara is differentially influenced by the quality of light. Based on the photomorphogenetic and physiological traits, the present study emphasizes the suitability of adoption of the LED irradiance for the sustainable production of micropropagated Halia Bara plants to be supplied to small-scale farmers.

The Potentiality of Marine Macro-Algae as Bio-Fertilizers to Improve the Productivity and Salt Stress Tolerance of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Plants

The present study aimed to evaluate the potentiality of three seaweeds, which belong to different algal taxa (green alga Ulva lactuca Linnaeus, brown alga Cystoseira spp., and red alga Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon) as bio-fertilizers to improve the growth and yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) plants under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, the impact of seaweeds in alleviating the effects of salt stress (75 and 150 mM NaCl) on canola plants was also investigated. The three examined seaweeds (applied as soil amendments) successfully alleviated the harmful effects of salinity on canola plants by significantly reducing the inhibition of chlorophyll a, b, total carbohydrate accumulation, and growth promoting hormones, while increasing antioxidative compounds, such as phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and osmoprotectants, including total carbohydrates and proline. Phytochemical analysis of the three examined seaweeds suggests that their stimulatory effect on growth and productivity under normal and salinity growth conditions may be linked to their constituents of a wide variety of growth promotive hormones, including indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, gibberellic acid, cytokinins, total carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds. U. lactuca was found to be the best candidate to be used as a bio-fertilizer to improve canola growth, yield, and salt stress tolerance.

Effect of progressive drought stress on growth, leaf gas exchange, and antioxidant production in two maize cultivars.

Drought stress is one of the major environmental factors responsible for reduction in crop productivity. In the present study, responses of two maize cultivars (Rung Nong 35 and Dong Dan 80) were examined to explicate the growth, yield, leaf gas exchange, leaf water contents, osmolyte accumulation, membrane lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant activity under progressive drought stress. Maize cultivars were subjected to varying field capacities (FC) viz., well-watered (80% FC) and drought-stressed (35% FC) at 45days after sowing. The effects of drought stress were analyzed at 5, 10, 15, 20, ad 25days after drought stress (DAS) imposition. Under prolonged drought stress, Rung Nong 35 exhibited higher reduction in growth and yield as compared to Dong Dan 80. Maize cultivar Dong Dan 80 showed higher leaf relative water content (RWC), free proline, and total carbohydrate accumulation than Run Nong 35. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide anion were increased with prolongation of drought stress, with higher rates in cultivar Run Nong 35 than cultivar Dong Dan 80. Higher production of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) resulted in improved growth and yield in Dong Dan 80. Overall, the cultivar Dong Dan 80 was better able to resist the detrimental effects of progressive drought stress as indicated by better growth and yield due to higher antioxidant enzymes, reduced lipid peroxidation, better accumulation of osmolytes, and maintenance of tissue water contents.

Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Cell Wall Composition and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Marsilea Plants under Cadmium Stress

Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Cell Wall Composition and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Marsilea Plants under Cadmium Stress In an experiment to detect the cellular changes of carbohydrate content and its related enzymatic activities, a study was undertaken with Marsilea minuta L., an aquatic fern species in simulated condition of cadmium (Cd) toxicity. From the varying doses of Cd (0, 50, 100 and 200 μM) and supplemented with spermidine (2 mM), it revealed that plants were suffered from accumulation of total carbohydrate in a dose-dependent manner under Cd stress. Maximum depletion of carbohydrate content was 58% with respect to control which was retrieved by 1.42 fold with spermidine application. In a similar manner, plants were also affected with starch, total reducing sugar content by 42% and 63.04% respectively over the control. The fall in both starch and total reducing sugar were retrieved by plants by 1.32 fold and 1.52 fold, respectively.

Enhanced accumulation of starch and total carbohydrates in alginate-immobilized Chlorella spp. induced by Azospirillum brasilense: I. Autotrophic conditions

The effect of the microalgae-growth promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense on accumulation of total carbohydrates and starch in two species of Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella sorokiniana), when the bacterium and each microalga were jointly immobilized in alginate beads was studied under autotrophic conditions for 144h in synthetic medium. The interaction of the bacterium with the microalgae enhanced accumulation of total carbohydrate and starch. Cells of Chlorella accumulated the highest amounts of carbohydrate after incubation for 24h. Yet, this did not coincide with the highest affinity and volumetric productivity measured in these cultures. However, after incubation for 72h, mainly in jointly immobilized treatments of both microalgae species, the cultures reached their highest total carbohydrate content (mainly as starch) and also the highest affinity and volumetric productivity. These results demonstrate the potential of A. brasilense to affect carbohydrates and starch accumulation in Chlorella spp. when both microorganisms are co-cultured, which can be an important tool for applications of microalgae.

Low night-temperatures affect the metabolism of raffinose-family oligosaccharides in melon (Cucumis melo L.) leaves during fruit expansion

SummaryThis study served to reveal the effects and mechanism of low night-temperatures on the metabolism of raffinose-family oligosaccharides in melon (Cucumis melo L.) leaves. We investigated the carbohydrate contents and sugar-metabolising enzyme activities in leaves under normal (15°C; control) and two low night-temperature (12°C or 9°C) conditions during fruit expansion. The results showed that the greatest difference in carbohydrate metabolism occurred between 9°C at night and the 15°C control. Compared to the normal night temperature, total carbohydrate accumulation, in particular raffinose, increased and the ratio of raffinose to total carbohydrates exhibited the greatest increase in melon leaves treated at 9°C at night, while the ratio of sucrose to total carbohydrates declined at the end of the same treatment. These data suggested that 9°C at night played an important role in partitioning carbon from sucrose to raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFO), and that raffinose may serve dual purposes in stress protection and carbon storage. Meanwhile, the activities of sugar-metabolising enzymes were notably affected by 9°C at night. Sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and, in particular, galactinol and stachyose synthase activities decreased markedly, while acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase (NI) activities increased sharply, which restricted sucrose and RFO synthesis. Overall, these data suggest that the decline in stachyose and galactinol synthase activities were the main limiting factor for RFO synthesis in melon leaves at 9°C at night. They also indicated that the reduction in stachyose metabolism may be an important factor during the development of unmarketable fruit.

Fructan and total carbohydrate accumulation in leaves of two cultivars of timothy ( Phleum pratenseVega and Climax) as affected by temperature

Fructans are thought to have a role in physiological responses and growth under low temperatures in cool-season grasses. Two cultivars of timothy (Phleum pratense), Vega, a Scandinavian cultivar, and Climax, introduced from England and currently grown in the U.S., were compared in relation to their response to different growth temperatures. Leaf blades of neither of the two cultivars accumulated any fructan of high degree of polymerisation (DP) in leaves when grown at constant day/night temperature of 20 °C. At temperatures lower than 20 °C, content of total carbohydrate increased, especially in Vega. At 10/5 °C (day/night), a pronounced accumulation of total carbohydrate and high DP fructans occurred. A pronounced accumulation occurred also when plants grown at 20 °C were transferred to 10 °C for several days before sampling. A decrease in temperature is thought to induce a temporary imbalance in source and sink activities. Accumulated fructan was in the 12-80 DP range. Only very small amounts of low DP oligosaccharides (DP 4-12) were detected. The two timothy cultivars showed no apparent qualitative difference in fructan accumulation. Generally, Vega had significantly higher total carbohydrate and fructan content than Climax, suggesting possible differences in genetic adaptation to cool growth temperatures.

Effect of Minimal Pruning and Virus Inoculation on the Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Accumulation in Cabernet franc Vines

The effect on carbohydrate and nitrogen accumulation of three pruning systems and virus inoculation were studied in a split-plot experimental design. The pruning systems were spur pruning, minimal pruning of cordon trained vines (MPCT) converted from spur-pruned vines (MPCT-spur) or from cane-pruned vines (MPCT-cane). Virus treatments were uninoculated control and two sources of mild leafroll and yellow speckle from Sultana clones H4 and H5. Total carbohydrate accumulation in perennial parts and sugar accumulation in berries were identical for vines of similar size irrespective of pruning treatment, indicating that MPCT did not deplete carbohydrate reserves in roots and wood and that carbohydrate accumulation depended more on the vine size than on the pruning system. Pruning treatments, however, affected carbohydrate partitioning in the different plant parts. Spur-pruned vines accumulated less carbohydrates in old wood but more in their canes and roots than MPCT vines. Roots of spur-pruned vines were higher in starch concentrations compared to MPCT vines, which had higher levels of sugar in both old wood and roots. Amounts of nitrogen accumulated in perennial plant parts were 139 kg N/ha for spur-pruned vines and 111 and 88 kg N/ha for MPCT-spur and MPCT-cane vines, respectively. Both the inocula treatments, H4 and H5, reduced carbohydrate accumulation compared to the control. Differences between inocula indicate that the virus, graft transmitted from Sultana clone H5 is a more serious disease than that of the H4 clone.

Growth criteria of two common cyanobacteria isolated from Egyptian flooded soil, as influenced by some pesticides

Higher rates of the two organophosphorus Insecticides (dimethoate and dursban) induced severe drop in the dry weight gain of Nostoc muscorum and Anabaena oryzae. The fungicide karathane seemed to be inhibitory to the growth of Anabaena whereas all levels of the fungicide, except the two higher stimulated the growth of Nostoc. Trifluralin at all levels inhibited the growth of both organisms. However the magnitude of inhibition was always more pronounced in Anabaena. The lowest concentrations of dursban and dimethoate favored chlorophyll a synthesis in the cells of both cyanobacteria. Contrary to chlorophyll, total carotenoid accumulation was significantly suppressed. Moderate and higher doses of karathane and trifluralin increased chlorophyll a biosynthesis in Nostoc and to lesser extent in Anabaena, a phenomenon that was accompanied by significant increase in total carotenoid content. Glucose uptake by both organisms from media was accelerated following adminestration of all pesticides, an effect that was intensified with further increase in concentrations. Dimethoate and dursban favored the total carbohydrate accumulation in the cells of both organisms, whereas karathane and trifluralin accentuated the process, more prominently in Nostoc.

Effect of CMH on Growth and Enzyme Activity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Different Growth Stages and Light Intensities

AbstractPot experiments were conducted over 3 successive seasons using wheat Giza 155 grown in normal or low (50 % of normal) light intensity. Concentrations of 50, 100, 500, 1000 or 2500 ppm CMH were sprayed at tillering, early stem extension, late stem extension or heading. Grain weight/plant, specific grain weight, grain number/ear and ear number/plant were increased with lower concentrations of CMH treatments only at the first 2 stages under varied light intensity. During both tillering and early stem extension, CMH spraying increased activities of α‐amylase and β‐fructofuranosidase in leaves leading to more accumulation of total carbohydrates in grains and consequently more grain production/plant. Such effect occurred with 50–500 ppm CMH under normal light intensity as well as with all concentrations of this compound under low intensity. Meanwhile, 1000 and 2500 ppm CMH resulted in growth inhibition.

Use of batch assays to assess the toxicity of atrazine to some selected cyanobacteria. I. Influence of atrazine on the growth, pigmentation and carbohydrate contents of Aulosira fertilissima, Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc muscorum and Tolypothrix tenuis

AbstractThe data presented in this investigation revealed that the gain in the dry weights of all algae tested was suppressed in herbicide treatments, particularly, at higher concentrations. However, at the lowest dose of the herbicide, the growth inhibition was statistically significant for Anabaena and insignificant for the other organisms. The chlorophyll a content in Anabaena was slightly, however, insignificantly increased at lower concentrations; a phenomenon that was enhanced by increasing the herbicide dose. On the other hand, the pigment biosynthesis was suppressed in all treatments, in Tolypothrix and Aulosira, being more effective and statistically significant in the latter. The pigment accumulation in Nostoc was slightly and insignificantly promoted by all herbicide doses except at the highest concentration where a slight drop was noticed.The herbicide was most efficient at lower doses, in stimulating glucose absorption by either Nostoc and Anabaena up to 0.1 ppm. Applying higher doses, a remarkable drop was maintained. It induced significant retardation in the sugar uptake by Tolypothrix and Aulosira. This trend was confirmed by increasing the herbicide concentration. In all treatments with atrazine the total carbohydrate accumulation in all test organisms was suppressed and was more effective at the lowest concentration in Tolypothrix and Aulosira, however, of less significant effect in Anabaena and Nostoc. It may be concluded that the toxic effects of atrazine are partially due to its inhibitory effects on the synthesis of carbohydrates.

Carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning in Pinus banksiana seedlings and seedling cuttings

Tests were conducted to identify possible relations between carbohydrates and callusing‐rooting of Pinus banksiana Lamb, cuttings. Terminals, upper stems, and basal (1 cm) stems of 90‐day‐old untreated seedlings and seedling cuttings were analyzed for sucrose, total soluble reducing sugar, starch and total non‐structural carbohydrate during propagation. Seedlings were evaluated in order to determine whether data for cuttings alone properly described carbohydrate‐callusing‐rooting relations under conditions where stock plants and cuttings were propagated in different environments. Results indicated that seedling terminals and upper stems, but not basal stems, accumulated the measured carbohydrates much like cuttings, though to lesser concentrations. Thus, carbohydrate accumulation by cutting terminals and upper stems would have been overestimated, based on cutting data alone. In terms of rooting, results indicated that: 1) Total carbohydrate accumulation in cutting basal stems was related to callusing‐rooting, but a cause‐effect relation was not established; 2) The positive relation between callusing‐rooting and total carbohydrate accumulation was primarily due to accumulation of reducing sugar and starch, with reducing sugar predominant. 3) Reducing sugar/starch concentration ratios were the most sensitive and convenient indicators of specific carbohydrate differences within and between seedlings and cuttings.