Accumulation Of Nutrient Elements Research Articles

Regulating Leaf Photosynthesis and Soil Microorganisms through Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Can Effectively Alleviate the Stress of Elevated Ambient Ozone on Winter Wheat.

The mitigation mechanisms of a kind of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, SCNF) in response to O3 stress on a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety (Nongmai-88) were studied in crop physiology and soil biology through the ozone-free-air controlled enrichment (O3-FACE) simulation platform and soil microbial metagenomics. The results showed that SCNF could not delay the O3-induced leaf senescence of winter wheat but could enhance the leaf size and photosynthetic function of flag leaves, increase the accumulation of nutrient elements, and lay the foundation for yield by regulating the release rate of nitrogen (N). By regulating the soil environment, SCNF could maintain the diversity and stability of soil bacterial and archaeal communities, but there was no obvious interaction with the soil fungal community. By alleviating the inhibition effects of O3 on N-cycling-related genes (ko00910) of soil microorganisms, SCNF improved the activities of related enzymes and might have great potential in improving soil N retention. The results demonstrated the ability of SCNF to improve leaf photosynthetic function and increase crop yield under O3-polluted conditions in the farmland ecosystem, which may become an effective nitrogen fertilizer management measure to cope with the elevated ambient O3 and achieve sustainable production.

Response of selected nutrient elements in leaf tissues of sweet potato cv. 'Bophelo' to Nemafric-BL phytonematicide

Nemafric-BL phytonematicide is a potent plant-based nematicide which consistently suppress nematode population densities of root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes on various crops, but with limited information on its effects on foliar nutrient elements in sweet potato. The objective of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effects of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide on accumulation of nutrient elements in leaf tissues of sweet potato cv. 'Bophelo' under greenhouse conditions in Limpopo Province, South Africa, during autumn (February-April) in 2021 and validated in 2022. The product was applied weekly at geometric concentrations, with mature leaves collected and prepared for analysis of nutrient elements at eight weeks. Seasonal interactions were not significant and therefore data were pooled (n = 70) and then subjected to the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Dose (CARD) algorithm computer model. Iron (R2 = 0.86), K (0.91) and Na (0.82) versus Nemafric-BL phytonematicide each exhibited negative quadratic relations, whereas Zn (0.83) versus the product exhibited positive quadratic relations. In all test elements, the CARD-generated biological indices illustrated that the accumulation of elements was highly sensitive to the concentration of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide. In conclusion, in sweet potato production, the application of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide can inhibit (Fe, K) and stimulate (Zn) the accumulation of certain elements in leaf tissues of sweet potato cv. ′Bophelo‵.

Effects of four soil types on growth responses and nutrient stoichiometry in Phellodendron chinense seedlings

Abstract Phellodendron chinense is an extraordinary medicinal plant, and its stem bark is a famous traditional Chinese medicine in China, containing a number of phytochemicals with biological and pharmacological functions. Studies have shown that the medicinal ingredients in P. chinense from various regions are different, as soil types might be important factors affecting the growth and quality of P. chinense. In this study, the effects of acidic purple soil, alkaline purple soil, yellow soil and red soil on the growth, nutrient element accumulation and partitioning in P. chinense seedlings were studied. Our results showed that the biomass of leaves and stems in acidic purple soil was significantly higher than in other soils, and the root biomass was significantly lower than that in yellow soil. C, N, P and Ca contents cultured in acidic purple soil were the highest compared to other soils, and K and Mg content were the highest in yellow soil and red soil, respectively. The distribution of carbon between different organs can reflect environmental stress. N has become a limiting factor for the growth and development of P. chinense seedlings. C:N and C:P ratios in the leaves were significantly lower than those in the stem and roots. Among four soil types, the highest N:P ratio was 1.65 in P. chinense seedlings. These results suggest that four soil types may significantly affect the accumulation and distribution of biomass and nutrient elements in P. chinense seedlings. The characteristic patterns in different organs have different responses. Acidic purple soil is more suitable for the growth of P. chinense. These findings will help to understand the distribution characteristics and requirements of nutrient elements in P. chinense seedlings, and further provide a theoretical basis and reference for site selection and cultivation strategy.

Effects of Shading on the Growth and Photosynthetic Fluorescence Characteristics of Castanopsis hystrix Seedlings of Top Community-Building Species in Southern Subtropical China

Castanopsis hystrix is a major community-building species in the top communities of southern subtropical China, with a high natural regeneration capacity. However, excessive logging and the introduction of exotic tree species have substantially reduced the area of natural forest patches of Castanopsis hystrix, and seedling regeneration is essential for the long-term continuation of Castanopsis hystrix populations. To explore the effects of light intensity on the seedling emergence and early growth of Castanopsis hystrix, shading experiments were conducted under four shading treatments (0%, 40%, 60%, and 80%). The growth, biomass accumulation, and distribution, the quality index of seedlings, the morphology and structure of the root systems of seedlings, and the leaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence properties of seedlings under different shading treatments were analyzed. The results displayed the following: (1) Shade intensity impacts growth of Castanopsis hystrix seedlings and biomass allocation, with optimal results observed at 60% shade, leading to the promotion of organic matter production in leaves and the limitation of stem growth. (2) Using a multi-indicator composite index, it was determined that seedling quality for Castanopsis hystrix peaks at 60% shade intensity. (3) Shade significantly impacts the morphology and structure of Castanopsis hystrix’s root system, with most root characteristics peaking at 60% shade, indicating a substantial increase in root development compared to no-shade conditions. (4) The D-values indicated the most suitable shade intensity for seedling growth to be 60%, suggesting that Castanopsis hystrix seedlings are sensitive to light and excessive light can be detrimental to their growth. (5) The 60% shade treatment showed the maximum values of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and photochemical activity, with variations in energy conversion efficiency and dissipation reflected in parameters like photochemical burst coefficient (qP), photochemical burst coefficient (qN), the actual photometric yield of PSII under light acclimation (YII), and the maximum photosynthetic electron transport rate in photoinhibition (ETR), thereby supporting seedling growth and maintaining the normal function of photosynthetic organs. In conclusion, 60% shade treatment can effectively improve the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Castanopsis hystrix seedlings and promote the accumulation of nutrient elements, ultimately promoting their growth.

Recognition of Area without Understory Vegetation Based on the RGB-UAV Ultra-High Resolution Images in Red Soil Erosion Area

Understory vegetation plays an important ecological role in maintaining the diversity of the ecosystem, the stability of ecosystem services, and the accumulation of nutrient elements, as an important part of a forest ecosystem. In this study, a new method of recognizing areas without understory vegetation is proposed. The method makes full use of the advantages of spectral characteristics, spatial structure information and temporal resolution of UAV images, and can quickly and simply distinguish understory, without vegetation cover. Combined with fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) and vegetation dispersion, understory, with no vegetation area, can be successfully recognized, and the Pr, Re and F1 are all above 85%. The proportion of bare soil under forest in our study area is 20.40%, 19.98% and even 41.69%. The study area is located in Changting County, Fujian Province, which is a typical red soil area in China where serious soil erosion is taking place in the forest. The method provides a promising, quick and economic way of estimating understory vegetation coverage with high spatial accuracy.

Response of selected nutrient elements in pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaf tissues to the seed priming-and-drying technology in cucurbitacin phytonematicides

Priming-and-drying technology for pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds with hypogeal germination showed that the technology could improve plant growth and development, while suppressing nematode population densities, but without information on the potential causal factors for the former. A study was, therefore, conducted in Limpopo Province, South Africa, to investigate the extent to which plant responses could be associated with accumulation of foliar nutrient elements in pea plants post-subjecting pea seeds to the technology. After a 2-h priming of pea seeds in geometric concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides and then air-dried in ovens at 26ºC for 72 h. Seeds were sown in 20-cm-diameter plastic pots filled with appropriate growing mixture, with one trial in the greenhouse and the other on microplots. At 60 days after sowing, 10 healthy mature leaves per plant were prepared for extraction of nutrient elements through the digestion method and then quantified in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ICPE-9000. Iron, Na, K and Zn in leaf tissues of pea plants versus increasing phytonematicides concentration, regardless of the growing condition, exhibited significant (P ≤ 0.05) negative or positive quadratic equations. In conclusion, results suggested that the priming-and-drying technology could affect pea plant growth through disproportionate accumulation of nutrient elements in foliar leaf tissues.

Response of nutrient elements in leaf tissues of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to interactive effects of soil-drenched triterpenoid phytonematicides

Root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematode population densities on various crops, including sweet sorghum, were consistently decreased by three triterpenoid phytonematicides that are currently available as Nemarioc-AL, Nemafric-BL and Mordica. These compounds have chemically different active ingredients. The interaction between triterpenoid phytonematicides and the accumulation of nutrients in plant leaf tissues has not yet been studied, with the exception of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL. The objective of this study was to investigate the interactive effects of triterpenoid phytonematicides on accumulation of nutrient elements in leaf tissues of sweet sorghum under microplot conditions in Limpopo Province, South Africa during 2020 and 2021. Nemarioc-AL, Nemafric-BL and Mordica were laid in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, respectively. The test treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with eight replications, conducted on artificial microplots containing steam pasteurized soil. At 150 days after inoculation, the second order interaction (Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL × Mordica) significantly (P=0.05) increased accumulation of Ca, K and Mg in leaf tissues of sweet sorghum, but without affecting P, Fe, Na and Zn. Relative to untreated control, second order interaction increased Ca, K and Mg by 206, 164 and 289%, respectively. In accordance with the density-dependent growth principles of entities exposed to allelochemicals, soil-drenched administration of triterpenoid phytonematicides dramatically modified the accumulation of nutritional components in leaf tissues of sweet sorghum.

Fluctuation Effect of Dissolved of TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) on Diatom Abundance in Intensive Shrimp Culture Ponds

TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) is the accumulation of nutrient elements needed by plankton to grow in intensive shrimp farming ponds. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship effect of TAN concentration fluctuations on diatom abundance in the intensive shrimp culture cycle. This research was conducted during one intensive shrimp culture cycle at PT. Menjangan Mas Nusantara, Pandeglang, with its research variables is the dominance percentage of plankton abundance and the level of TAN solubility in ponds. The results showed that during the shrimp culture period the abundance of plankton was dominated by predominant diatom, chlorophyceae, and chyanophyceae classes. The percentage of diatom dominance during cultivation has a graph similarity with the level dissolved of TAN fluctuation in the pond. The dissolved of TAN itself is described continue to increase with shrimp farming age. Statically, the relationship between the dissolved effect of TAN concentration on diatom abundance in ponds was modeled by the regression equation y = 2.210 + 32.411 (R2= 0.88; α0.00). The conclusion obtained from the results of this study, the level of dominance by diatom abundance during shrimp culture period is strongly influenced by the fluctuation of TAN concentration as the main nutrient element in ponds with a significance level of 88%.

Root-specific activation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase 1 enhances plant growth and shoot accumulation of nutrient elements under nutrient-poor conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase contributes to nutrient uptake and stomatal opening by creating proton gradient across the membrane. Previous studies report that a dominant mutation in the OPEN STOMATA2 locus (OST2-2D) constitutively activates Arabidopsis PM H+-ATPase 1 (AHA1), which enlarges proton motive force for root nutrient uptake. However, the stomatal opening is also constitutively enhanced in the ost2-2D, causing drought hypersensitivity. To develop plants with improved nutrient acquisition and normal stomatal movement, we generated grafted plants (scion/rootstock: Col-0 (WT)/ost2-2D), and compared their growth, nutrient element content, and transcriptomes with those of control plants (WT/WT) under nutrient-rich or nutrient-poor conditions. WT/ost2-2D shoots had larger weights, rosette diameter, leaf blade area, and content of C, N, K, Ca, S, P, Mg, Na, Mn, B, Co, and Mo under nutrient-poor conditions compared with WT/WT shoots. The root weights and primary root length were greater in WT/ost2-2D plants than in WT/WT plants under both nutrient conditions. Root expression of the high-affinity nitrate transporter NRT2.1, potassium transporter HAK5, and divalent cation transporter IRT1 was higher in WT/ost2-2D plants than in WT/WT plants under nutrient-poor conditions. These results suggest that root-specific activation of PM H+-ATPase enhances plant growth by increasing root uptake of nutrient elements under nutrient-poor conditions. Our study presents a novel approach to improving nutrient uptake efficiency in crops for low-input sustainable agriculture.

Phytoextraction of toxic elements and chlorophyll fluorescence in the leaves of energy willow (Salix sp.), treated with wastewater solids and wood ash

Open-field small plot long-term experiment was set up during 2011 with willow (Salix triandra × S. viminalis ‘Inger’), grown as a short rotation coppice energy crop in Nyíregyháza, Hungary. The sandy loam Cambisol with neutral pH was treated three times (2011, 2013, and 2016) with 15 t ha–1 municipal sewage sludge compost (MSSC) and with 600 kg ha–1 (2011, 2013) or 300 kg ha–1 (2016) wood ash (WA). In 2018 the MSSC-treated plots were amended with 7.5 t ha–1 municipal sewage sediment (MSS), and 300 kg ha–1 WA. MSSC and WA or MSS and WA were also applied to the soil in combinations during all treatments. Control plots remained untreated since 2011. Repeated application of wastewater solids (MSSC, MSS) and wood ash (WA) significantly enhanced the amounts of As (up to +287%), Ba, Cd (up to +192%), Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn in the topsoil of willows. The combined application of MSSC+MSS+WA resulted in significantly higher Mn and Zn and lower As Ba, Cd Cr, and Pb concentrations in topsoil than MSSC+MSS treatment of soil without WA. Nitrogen concentrations in leaves of treated plants were generally slightly lower or similar to control. All soil treatments significantly enhanced the uptake or accumulation of nutrient elements (Ca, K, Mg, P) and potentially toxic elements (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the leaves of willows during 2018, 2019, and 2020. Significantly higher Mn or Zn concentrations were measured in MSSC+MSS+WA than in MSSC+MSS treatments. Significant amounts of Cd (up to 1.11 mg kg–1) or Zn (up to 183 mg kg–1) can be translocated (phytoextracted) from a soil amended with wastewater solids or wood ash to willow leaves. In 2018 the treatments decreased the chlorophyll fluorescence values, while in 2019 and 2020 the light adapted fluorescence yield (Y) values were higher in treated than in control plants.

Climate and soil change nutrient element allocation of Siberian larch in the Mongolian semiarid forest

Ecological stoichiometry of nutrients regulates both tree growth and resilience to environmental stress. Exploring the accumulation of nutrient elements and changes in ecological stoichiometry under a drying climate is critical to understand the responses of drought-threatened trees in semiarid region to climate drying. Here, we conducted large-scale sampling of Larix sibirica-dominated forest patches of different sizes at 5 sites with different mean annual precipitation (MAP) in semiarid northern Mongolia in August 2017. The results showed that the accumulation and the stoichiometric ratio of elements in plants were affected by climate factors and soil factors. Soil N (44.9%) and MAP (29.9%) explain most of the total variance of ecological stoichiometry in leaves, while MAP explained 64.5% of the total variance of ecological stoichiometry in branches. The N and P contents in both the leaves and branches of Larix sibirica significantly increased, while the C:N and C:P ratios in leaves and the C:N ratio in branches significantly decreased with decreasing MAP (P < 0.05). And the response trend of branch stoichiometry was larger than that of leaf stoichiometry. Our results imply that increased storage of nitrogen in branches might benefit trees to resist water deficit, which contributes to the assessment of ecological resilience to water deficit for trees in semiarid forests.

Evaluating the Accumulation of Antioxidant and Macro- and Trace Elements in Vaccinium myrtillus L.

This study was conducted in order to characterise the accumulation ability of Vaccinium myrtillus L for trace elements such as Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn and selected macroelements Ca, K, Mg, Na and P. The accumulation of nutrient elements and trace elements (ANE and ATE) and changes in the ecophysiological responses in bilberry in differently polluted areas were compared. The accumulation of the elements in the roots, stems and leaves of bilberry from four sites (in the nearest vicinity of a zinc smelter, a Mining and Metallurgical Plant, a main road with a high traffic volume and an unprotected natural forest community) were measured using optical emission spectrometry with excitation using inductively coupled argon plasma after wet acid digestion. The highest Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were found in the V. myrtillus samples that were growing under the influence of the emissions from the zinc smelter. Moreover, the level of the total accumulated trace metals (ATE—17.09 mmolc kg−1) was also highest for the bilberry at this site. However, in the same area, the sum of the accumulated macronutrients (ANE—296.92 mmolc kg−1) was lower than at the other sampling sites. An EF > 2 was found for Cd, Pb, Zn and Mn, which suggests that bilberries may be enriched in these metals. According to the translocation factor, V. myrtillus was an accumulator of Cd, Zn and Mn. An analysis of the ecophysiological responses showed that the greatest concentration of ascorbic acid was found in the leaves of V. myrtillus at the most contaminated site (3.32 mg g−1 fresh weight). There were no significant differences in the total phenols between the contaminated and non-contaminated sites. However, the lowest value of the total phenolic content (490.77 mg g−1 dry weight) was recorded at the site where the highest Fe concentration was detected in the leaves. A significantly positive correlation between the Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations and a strong negative correlation between the Mn concentration and ascorbic acid content in the leaves of bilberry was also observed. The results provide evidence that the ANE method, which is used to interpret the chemical composition of bilberry has made determining the impact of toxic trace metals on the mineral composition of V. myrtillus significantly easier and also that a non-enzymatic antioxidant such as ascorbic acid can be a good biomarker for determining the oxidative stress that is caused by toxic trace metals.

Influence of C14 alkane stress on antioxidant defense capacity, mineral nutrient element accumulation, and cadmium uptake of ryegrass.

In order to explore the influence of C14 alkane on physiological stress responses, mineral nutrient elements uptake, cadmium (Cd) transfer, and uptake characteristics of Lolium perenne L. (ryegrass), a series of pot trials were conducted which included a moderate level of Cd (2.182mg·kg-1) without (control) and with five levels of C14 alkane (V/m, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%). Biomass and Cd content in the root and shoot, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzymes activity, and mineral nutrient elements in the shoot of ryegrass were determined at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that Cd uptake significantly elevated at 0.1% C14 alkane treatment, then gradually decreased with the increase of C14 alkane concentration. Compared with the control, chlorophyll content was significantly suppressed and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration obviously increased. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase (CAT) activity significantly increased to prevent the C14 alkane stress. With the increase of C14 alkane, the Mn concentration gradually increased; Mg and Fe significantly decreased. Correlation analysis showed that Mn was positively correlated with SOD (with the exception of 2% treatment) and CAT (p < 0.01), and negatively correlated with Cd uptake (p < 0.01). It implied that the increase of Mn induced by C14 alkane stress was an important reason for the decrease of Cd uptake.

Impact of salt and exogenous AM inoculation on indigenous microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of dioecious plant, Populus cathayana

The sex-specific physical and biochemical responses in dioecious plants to abiotic stresses could result in gender imbalance, and how to ease the current situation by microorganisms is still unclear. Using native soil where poplars were grown, growth parameters, soil physicochemical properties in the rhizosphere soil of different sexes of Populus cathayana exposed to salt stress and exogenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation were tested. Besides, the sex-specific microbial community structures in the rhizosphere soil of different sexes of Populus cathayana were compared under salt stress. To identify the sex-specific microbial community characteristics related to salinity and AM symbiosis, a combined qPCR and DGGE method was used to monitor microbial community diversity. Seedlings suffered severe pressure by salt stress, reflected in limited growth, biomass, and nutrient element accumulation, especially on females. Exogenous AM inoculation treatment alleviated these negative effects, especially under salt treatment of 75 mM. Compared with salt effect, exogenous AM inoculation treatment showed a greater effect on soil physical–chemical properties of both sexes. Based on DGGE results, salt stress negatively affected fungal richness but positively affected fungal Simpson diversity index, while exogenous AM inoculation treatment showed the opposite effect. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to show the causal relationships between salt and exogenous AM inoculation treatments with biomass accumulation and microbial community: salt and exogenous AM inoculation treatment showed complicated effects on elementary concentrations, soil properties, which resulted in different relationship with biomass accumulation and microbial community. Salt stress had a negative effect on soil properties and microbial community structure in the rhizosphere soil of P. cathayana, whereas exogenous AM inoculation showed positive impacts on most of the soil physical–chemical properties and microbial community status.

Floccularia luteovirens modulates the growth of alpine meadow plants and affects soil metabolite accumulation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Plant diversity and coverage on the basidiomycete fungus Floccularia luteovirens fairy rings are higher than those outside of the fairy rings, indicating a favorable role of F. luteovirens in the growth of alpine meadow plants on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms of F. luteovirens-mediated plant growth and environmental adaptation remain largely unclear. Here, the growth and metabolic profiles of two alpine meadow plants which are the dominant plant species growing on F. luteovirens fairy rings (Kobresia humilis and Oxytropis coerulea), were investigated via physiological and metabolomic analyses. F. luteovirens increases nutrient element accumulation in plants and improves the growth of the aboveground tissues but reduces the root growth of alpine meadow plants. Metabolomic analysis revealed that F. luteovirens reprograms carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and affects the levels of organic acids and flavonoids, thereby modulating the growth and environmental adaptation of plants. Together, these results suggest that F. luteovirens promotes aboveground growth by modulating nutrient uptake and regulating metabolism in plants. These findings help to further elucidate the role of this edible mushroom fungus in influencing alpine meadow vegetation.

Effects of Chitosan on the Uptake of Total Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium in Peach Seedlings

In this experiment, peach seedlings, as materials, were treated with various concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/L) of chitosan. The content of total calcium, magnesium and sodium in roots, stems and leaves of peach seedlings were all measured. Overall, the chitosan treatments could increase the total calcium, magnesium and sodium content in roots and stems, especially at chitosan concentration of 2 g/L. In other words, spraying different concentrations chitosan solution could promote the accumulation of nutrient elements and the plants growth. However, the total calcium and sodium content in leaves of chitosan-treated seedlings were significantly lower than that in control seedlings. In soil, the water-soluble calcium content was higher and the water-soluble magnesium and sodium content were all the highest at 2 g/L chitosan concentration. Thus, to a certain extent, it’s good for spraying chitosan solution for the better growth and nutrient uptake of total calcium, magnesium and sodium in peach seedlings.

A review on nanotechnological interventions for plant growth and production

Nanomaterials in biology is a versatile tool for enhancing plant growth and development, and yield. Nanotechnology facilitates improvement in agricultural production by amplifying the input efficiency and reducing relevant losses. Nanomaterials provide wider and specific surface area to agrochemicals and act as inimitable carriers to enhance nutrient bioavailability and accumulation of nutrient elements in crop plants. Nanomaterials can also be used for the crop protection. For this purpose, an inclusive understanding of nanotechnology practices and the effect of nanomaterials on the physiological, biochemical, and molecular level are needed. Nanotechnology can also be helpful to plant growth through technological interventions like nanosensors and nanofilters, to help monitor and manage the crop growth and development. The synthesis of nanoparticles can be based on chemical methods and can also be achieved through green plant-based methods. This review summarizes the utilization of plants for nanoparticle synthesis through green methods, effects of nanoparticles on growth and development of plant, and the applications of nanoparticles as fertilizers, pest control agents and in post-harvest processing of crop produce. The review also addresses various physical aspects of nanotechnology i.e., nanosensors, nanofiltration, diligence farming, and fabricated nanoparticles.

Influence of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on mineral nutrient elements in tomato leaf tissues under field conditions

Effects of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides on plants could be stimulative, neutral or inhibitive in relation to accumulation of essential nutrient elements under controlled environments, with limited information on how plants would respond to the products under field conditions. The objective of this study was to determine whether increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides under field conditions would have stimulative, neutral or inhibitive effects on accumulation of selected mineral nutrient elements in tomato leaf tissues. Separate trials for each product were conducted in spring 2017 and validated in 2018. Potassium, Na and Zn over Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations, with models explaining the associations by 91, 96 and 89%, respectively. Sodium and Zn over Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations, with associations explained by 93 and 83%, respectively. In contrast, K over Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited negative quadratic relation, with the association explained by 96%. In all cases, the accumulation of nutrient elements was highly tolerant to the phytonematicides. In conclusion, increasing concentration of phytonematicides had stimulative effects on accumulation of selected mineral nutrient elements in tomato leaf tissues.

Investigation of Atmospheric Pollution by Biomonitoring of Major and Trace Elements in an Industrial Region

Spatial variations and sources of atmospheric pollution by measuring of 48 major and trace elements were determined in Iskenderun industrial region using tree components samples (pine needle, bark, branch, stem and litter) and soil samples taken from 21 industrial sites and 6 background sites. The highest elemental concentrations were found at industrial sites and generally a decreasing trend with distance was observed. For most of the crustal elements, contamination factors (CF, element concentration in polluted area/element concentration in background area) were low (&lt; 2). For Bi, Cr, Pb, Sn, and Zn, the Iskenderun region was classified as seriously contaminated (8 &lt; &lt;CF&gt; &lt; 27), while for several elements, including Cd, Ag, Cr, As, Fe, Mn, Sn, Mo, Se, Pb, Ni, Sb and Zn the region was classified as moderately contaminated (3.5 &lt; &lt;CF&gt; &lt; 8). Sources of trace elements in Iskenderun industrial region were investigated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA have identified four factors as crustal-resuspended particulate matter, iron-steel plant emissions, marine aerosol, and accumulation of nutrient elements on plants. Spatial variations of anthropogenic-based trace elements supported the finding that iron-steel facilities are their major sources in the Iskenderun industrial region. Results of this study confirmed that tree components and litter can be used as passive samplers to explore the geographical distribution of atmospheric pollution.

Evaluate the effect of compost tea and some chelated micronutrients forms on black cumin productivity

The effects of interaction of compost tea with chelated EDTA or humic acid micronutrients on black cumin productivity were investigated. It showed that soil drenching or foliar spray of compost tea with chelated EDTA and humic acid micronutrients increased plant height, plant dry weight, weight of seeds, oil percentage and volatile oils of seeds. Interacted compost tea significantly (p 0.05) in the two seasons, for plant dry weight, weight of seeds and oil percentage. However it was significant (p < 0.05) with humic form in the second season for plant height and in the first season for volatile oils percentage. Compost tea when applying in conjunction with mineral fertilizers results in high performance in the availability, uptake and accumulation of nutrient elements and leading to increasing in black cumin productivity.