Accumulation Of Material Research Articles

Вопрос народного образования в деятельности городской думы Чистополя конца XIX – начала XX века

The article examines the issue of the attitude of city governments to the development of education in the late 19th and early 20th century on the example of the county town of Chistopol. The purpose of the study is to identify the main trends in the activities of the City Duma in the field of education during the period under review. The public administration allocated a significant part of its budget for education, much like the provincial city of Kazan. Although Chistopol, due to its large population, lagged behind many other county towns in terms of education coverage, the Duma tried its best to increase the number of schools. Great importance was attached to secondary education, both male and female. Repeated attempts were made to transfer secondary educational institutions to a higher level – from gymnasiums to gymnasiums, which was done at the beginning of the 20th century. Funds were allocated for the development of vocational education and Russian classes at the madrasah. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the activities of the City Duma contributed to the significant development of the educational network of Chistopol. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that in historiography, as a rule, either the provincial city or the county towns of the entire province as a whole are considered. Meanwhile, county towns were not a homogeneous phenomenon, they could differ significantly in size, economic structure, and social composition. The study of the educational policy of Chistopol allows us to more fully identify the trends inherent in a particular county town, and in the future, with the accumulation of similar material for other cities, to identify similar and distinctive characteristics of each of them.

Islamic Economic Principles: A Critical Review of Capitalism and a Vision for Justice

This article addresses the paradigmatic tension between capitalism and socialism in the quest for economic and social justice, with a specific focus on critiquing financial capitalism from an Islamic perspective. Using a literature review methodology, this study explores the theoretical foundations of these paradigms and highlights Islam’s distinct approach. The findings reveal that Islam critiques the financial theories underpinning capitalism, particularly its emphasis on the unrestricted pursuit of profit, accumulation of capital, and reliance on mechanisms like interest (riba) and speculative activities (gharar) that exacerbate economic inequality and social injustice. Islam does not align with the profit-driven individualism of capitalism or the state-centric control of socialism. Instead, it presents a transformative paradigm rooted in Islamic theology, advocating principles such as zakāt to ensure equitable wealth distribution, the prohibition of riba to prevent exploitative financial practices, and the prioritization of shared welfare over material accumulation. This paradigm, referred to as Transformative Islam, critiques the structural inequities of financial capitalism while emphasizing the moral imperative for justice, communal well-being, and sustainable economic systems. By integrating theological principles with practical methodologies, Transformative Islam offers a comprehensive and just alternative to exploitative financial systems.

Study on the Impact Resistance of the Honeycomb Composite Sandwich Structure by a Fragment Flight Angle

At present, the typical targets in the air are mainly high-speed impact bodies such as fragments, which pose a great threat to aviation equipment such as drones. It is urgent to study the impact resistance of different initial conditions of fragments to honeycomb sandwich structures. The fragment impact experiment analyzes the fragment flight attitude, fragment power, failure mode, and impact resistance of the structure by changing the different impact velocities on the target plate. In order to study the damage mode and anti-damage performance of several composite honeycomb sandwich structures under oblique penetration impact mode, a total of six groups of composite honeycomb structures were tested by fragment impact sandwich structure at different angles, and the damage law of composite honeycomb sandwich structure in the experiment was compared and analyzed. According to the experimental results, the accuracy of the theoretical model and numerical simulation was verified by fragment impact composite honeycomb sandwich structure. The analysis results show that the failure mode of the composite honeycomb sandwich structure under oblique impact is quite different from that of the traditional structure, which is mainly reflected in the material accumulation type of the failure part. Compared with the traditional structure, the composite honeycomb sandwich structure exhibits better energy absorption efficiency, which is increased by 130% and 600%, respectively. This paper shows the different failure modes of honeycomb sandwich structure under oblique impact and positive impact. The existence of an inclined angle changes the failure mode, increases the damage range, and increases the total energy absorption. It is necessary to further study the failure mechanism of fragment flight angle on honeycomb sandwich structure and provide a reference for the impact resistance design of the structure.

Spatial and temporal changes in small-strain shear modulus of geogrid-stabilized crushed aggregate materials

Geogrid stabilization can be used by transportation agencies to build durable roadways over soft subgrade soil. The performance of geogrid stabilization is highly dependent on the properties of the geogrid material, the aggregate material, and the interaction between the two materials when combined. Therefore, transportation agencies need to perform their own studies to assess the performance of geogrid stabilization for their local materials. Additionally, the current knowledge base needs to be continually expanded to a variety of aggregate-geosynthetic composites to develop performance-based design methods for geosynthetic-stabilization. This study evaluates the long-term performance of two geogrids used to stabilize a crushed aggregate material. A full-scale traffic loading system was built to simulate a full half-axle (40kN) traffic load for thousands of load cycles. Two trials were completed using the same crushed aggregate material. For each trial, two geogrid-stabilized sections, and one control section were evaluated. The performance of the test sections was monitored for 4000 load cycles by measuring surface rutting and completing multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) to measure aggregate stiffness. Results showed that the geogrid-stabilized sections had better long-term performance than the control sections with lower degradation of the as-built aggregate stiffness. There was good agreement amongst the MASW results, rutting measurements, and Shakedown analysis. It has been concluded that MASW is an effective method for evaluating the long-term performance of geogrid stabilization in aggregate layers with a customized instrumentation plan according to the targeted measurements.

Patterns of nitrate load variability under surface water-groundwater interactions in agriculturally intensive valley watersheds

Nitrate pollution is a significant environmental issue closely related to human activities, complicated hydrological interactions and nitrate fate in the valley watershed strongly affects nitrate load in hydrological systems. In this study, a nitrate reactive transport model by coupling SWAT-MODFLOW-RT3D between surface water and groundwater interactions at the watershed scale was developed, which was used to reproduce the interaction between surface water and groundwater in the basin from 2016 to 2019 and to reveal the nitrogen transformation process and the evolving trend of nitrate load within the hydrological system of the valley watershed. The results showed that the basin exhibited groundwater recharge to surface water in 2016-2019, particularly in the northwestern and northeastern mountainous regions of the valley watershed and the southern Beishan Reservoir vicinity. Groundwater recharge to surface water declined by 20.17% from 2016 to 2019 due to precipitation. Nitrate loads in the hydrologic system of the watershed are primarily derived from human activities (including fertilizer application from agricultural activities and residential wastewater discharges) and the nitrogen cycle. Nitrate loads in surface water declined 16.05% from 2016 to 2019. Nitrate levels are higher in agricultural farming and residential areas on the eastern and northern sides of the watershed. Additionally, hydrological interactions are usually accompanied by material accumulation and environmental changes. Nitrate levels tend to rise with converging water flows, a process that becomes more pronounced during precipitation events and cropping seasons in agriculturally intensive valley watersheds. However, environmental changes alter nitrogen transformation processes. Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and ammonification intensify nitrogen inputs during river pooling, enhancing nitrogen cycling fluxes and elevating nitrate loads. These processes are further enhanced during groundwater recharge to surface water, leading to evaluated nitrate load. Enhanced denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), anaerobic ammonia oxidation, and assimilation promote the nitrogen export from the system and reduce the nitrate load during surface water recharge to groundwater.

Exogenous melatonin improves peanut field productivity and quality at reduced nitrogen application

ContextNitrogen (N) plays integral roles in plant growth and yield. Finding ways to increase plant yield with reduced N usage will promote both agricultural and environmental sustainability. Melatonin acts as a multifunctional regulatory molecule in numerous metabolic processes crucial for plant growth and development as well as response to environmental stresses. The effects of melatonin on the material accumulation and transport, source-sink dynamics, as well as its association with yield and quality formation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) remain unclear, especially at different N levels. ObjectivesWe aim to investigate the response mechanism of melatonin in peanut plants subjected to reduced N application, in order to confirm the hypothesis that melatonin regulates carbon and N accumulation and transport, and coordinates source-sink relationships to increase production and improve quality. MethodsThis study examined the effects of two seed dressing treatments (with or without 0.5μM MT) and three N fertilizer levels (90, 135, and 180kg/ha) using a randomized complete block design with split plots and three biological replications over 2021 and 2022. The evaluation focused on photosynthetic physiology, enzyme activities related to carbon and N metabolism, accumulation and transport of dry matter and N, yield, and quality, while exploring the relationships among these variables. ResultsMelatonin-treated plants had more stable carbon and N metabolism than the untreated ones. This stability was linked to improved photosynthesis, sucrose production, and N assimilation, especially at the reduced N levels (90 and 135kg/ha). Across three N levels and two years of field tests, MT increased peanut dry matter by 23.49% from 455.63g/m2 to 562.66g/m2, enhanced the accumulation and mobilization of dry matter and N to grains by increasing peanut grain mass by 22.41-29.07% at different N levels. This process appears to subsequently elevate the effective pod rate, leading to an average increase in pod yield, fat and protein content by 12.63%, 7.95%, and 10.33%, respectively, over a two-year period and across three N application levels. ConclusionsPlants subjected to melatonin treatment exhibited a coordinated source-sink relationship, which is manifested in high photosynthetic capacity and a high proportion of assimilates transported to pods, thus promoting effective proportions and pod fullness to improve peanut yield and quality under reduced N application. SignificanceOur research provided insights into the response mechanism of melatonin on peanut carbon and N metabolism across various N treatments, contributing to a deeper understanding of how melatonin enhances crop yield and quality.

Characterising geomaterial shakedown and related deformation accumulation from cyclic triaxial tests

Permanent deformation accumulation in soils and unbound granular materials under repetitive loading leads to surface rutting in roads and deterioration of track geometry in railways, eventually requiring costly and disruptive maintenance. Cyclic or repeated load triaxial tests are a convenient test method to characterise the permanent deformation behaviour of different soils under high numbers of load repetitions and a large volume of data is available. Existing empirical functions either take no account of shakedown, leading to an over-prediction of deformations at a high number of load cycles, or those that do take account of shakedown contain a high number of regression parameters that make them difficult to use. A simple empirical function with only one input parameter is proposed to characterise the accumulation of permanent axial strain in cyclic triaxial tests on a wide range of geomaterials undergoing shakedown deformations. It is shown to give predictions of a similar accuracy to existing functions at low numbers of load cycles and increased accuracy at high numbers of load cycles. It is shown to be applicable to soils ranging from a high plasticity clay to a rail ballast, across a range of stress states, stress history and strain levels provided that ratcheting deformations do not occur. The single input parameter has a physical meaning and is related to the permanent deformation required to reach the shakedown condition. Since the proposed function predicts the slowing rate of deformation accumulation towards shakedown not covered by the commonly-used existing functions, it could lead to more economical designs of applications involving high numbers of load repetitions. Its broad application to both coarse granular materials and fine-grained soils should streamline the design of applications involving layers of both these material types without the need to change empirical function.

From waste to sustainable production: Experimental design and optimization of sustainable concrete using response surface methodology and life cycle assessment

This study focuses on a holistic approach to investigate the engineering properties (microstructural, mechanical, environmental, and economic) of sustainable concretes produced using recycled aggregate and supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Compressive strength tests was conducted on 24 sustainable concrete series for the mechanical properties. Statistical analyses were performed using the response surface methodology, and mathematical models were developed considering the strength values obtained. Developed model-based optimization solutions were applied to determine the mix proportions of the optimization series containing lower cement dosage and SCM with the same hardened concrete properties as the reference concrete series. Considering these mix proportions, life cycle assessments were performed and environmental and economic properties were compared. A comparison of Ref-6 and Opt-6 series reveals that the global warming potential (GWP), energy consumption (EC), and waste generation (WG) values are 422.4-330.9 kg CO2 eq, 1294-1044 MJ, and 1294-1222 kg, respectively. This situation resulted in a reduction of 21.7% in GWP values, 19.3% in EC values, and 5.6% in WG values. Similarly, the economic comparison of these series indicates that the total cost values are 81.9-75.7 €, respectively, resulting in 7.7% reduction. Finally, Scanning Electron Microscopy analyses were conducted to examine the microstructural properties. The use of fly ash at 10% improved the microstructure properties and increased the C-S-H gel formation. It is thought that the process of transition from these waste materials to sustainable production is of critical importance, especially in places that are heavily damaged after devastating earthquakes and where large amounts of waste materials are generated.

Prediction model for elastic modulus of recycled concrete based on properties of recycled coarse aggregate and cementitious materials

The supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are commonly used in recycled coarse aggregate (RA) concrete to improve the performance of RA concrete or reduce the amount of cement used. However, the diverse sources and compositions of RA and SCMs pose a challenge for predicting the elastic modulus of concrete containing both RA and SCMs. In this study, the main influencing factors on the elastic modulus of recycled concrete were analyzed, and the statistical significance of the influencing factors on the elastic modulus was quantitatively analyzed using factor analysis techniques, either individually or in interaction. The results of the factor analysis reveled that the content of recycled coarse aggregates and the reactivity index of the cementitious materials have the most significant impact on the elastic modulus, followed by the water absorption of recycled coarse aggregates and the ratio of aggregates to cementitious materials (A/C). Furthermore, the interaction between A/C ratio and the content of recycled coarse aggregates, as well as the interaction between the water absorption and the content of recycled coarse aggregates, were also found to be significant influencing factors on the elastic modulus. A unified prediction model for elastic modulus was proposed by considering the hydraulic and pozzolanic activities of OPC and SCMs, performance and content of recycled coarse aggregate simultaneously, based on a statistical analysis of the experimental database. The statistical fitting results indicted that the elastic modulus can be accurately predicted using proposed model, thus promoting the application of recycled aggregate and green binder in structures.

Novel vibratory compaction quality indices developed from particle migration and distribution characteristics for unbound aggregate materials

Unbound aggregate materials (UAM) with large air voids are increasingly used to construct pavement base and subbase layers as part of the initiative to create sponge cities and improve drainage performance. However, the motion of particles and the spatial distribution of kinetic energy during the particle rearrangement process induced by vibratory loading remain unclear. This study presents the results of laboratory vibratory plate compaction tests conducted on UAM specimens under various combinations of vibratory parameters and different levels of Gravel to Sand ratio (G/S). SmartRock (SR) sensors were placed within the specimens to monitor particle motion in real-time while kinematic energy and its spatial distribution were analyzed from the acceleration time-history signals collected by the SR sensors. Based on high-precision industrial X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and 3D reconstruction technology, this study analyzed the motion and migration rules of the UAM particles. A new compaction index was proposed based on particle motion and kinematic energy to evaluate the compaction quality of the specimens.The findings of this study reveal that vibratory compaction can be divided into two distinct stages. During the first stage, coarse particles primarily move vertically while energy dissipation occurs mainly through compression of air voids but does not form a dense skeleton structure. In the second stage, coarse particles translate horizontally while rotating vertically, resulting in a tendency of the particles to lie flat with their long axes oriented horizontally. During this stage, most of the energy is used to fill air voids, leading to the formation of a densely packed skeleton structure. Kinematic energy indices and particle movement in the middle of the specimen can be used to evaluate the compaction stage and quality. Additionally, the lateral particle motion in the specimen transitions from continuous ascent to gradual descent to almost no kinematic energy, indicating a relatively dense state of compaction. Reducing the void ratio and increasing the contact area between particles in these size ranges of 4.75-9.5mm and 2.36-4.75mm can significantly increase the compaction density and improve the stability and deformation resistance of the subgrade bed.The results of this study provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of vibratory compaction and can be used to optimize compaction methods and improve pavement performance.

Utilization of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate Material in Concrete

Concrete is the most used building material in the world. As a sustainable approach in this project explores the potential benefits of incorporating steel slag sand in concrete mixtures. The objective is to study the mineralogical properties of cement, steel slag to study the strength parameter like compressive strength at 7, 14, 28 days for all mix proportions. This project investigates the utilization of the replacement of fine aggregate with steel slag sand in concrete mixes. The study evaluates the impact of these components on the mechanical properties of concrete through compression tests conducted over varying time intervals. Results indicate that as the proportion of steel slag sand increase, there is a corresponding enhancement in compressive strengths of the concrete mixes. Mix 5, containing the highest proportions of these components with 50% M- Sand and Steel slag sand, consistently demonstrates superior mechanical properties compared to other mixes, showcasing an impressive increase in compressive strengths. This highlights the effectiveness of finer particle sizes and improved packing density.

DNA Damage, Transposable Element Expression and Their Associated Factors in Aging

Aging is a spontaneous and permanent physiological process that leads to declines in tissue and cell functions, along with an increased risk of developing various age-related diseases. The primary driving force associated with aging is the accumulation of damaged genetic material in the cell, such as DNA. DNA damage can be caused by endogenous and exogenous factors, which leads to genome instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, and proteostatic disturb. Another driving force associated with aging is the disruption of cellular metabolism. This disruption is closely linked to alterations in the role of metabolic pathways, including insulin/IGF-1 and mTOR, which regulate crucial cellular processes like cell growth, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. The activation of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway highly promotes cell growth and proliferation, while also inhibits autophagy and increasing ROS production. This ultimately leads to accelerated aging. Another crucial signaling pathway is the mTOR signaling pathway. It is responsible for detecting nutrient availability and controlling cell growth and metabolism. The dysregulation of mTOR function can lead to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by the aggregation of protein. Activation of transposable elements is the other driving force of aging, caused by changes in DNA methylation and the loss of heterochromatin. As a result, this leads to DNA damage, genomic instability, and inflammation. The aim of this review is to elucidate the consequence of DNA damage and other associated factors drive aging.

Postoperative follow-up compliance and survival analysis in pseudomyxoma peritonei patients treated with CRS and HIPEC: a six-year retrospective study

BackgroundPMP is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by the accumulation of mucinous material in the peritoneal cavity. The combination of CRS and HIPEC is the standard treatment, known to improve survival outcomes. However, follow-up adherence is critical for early detection of recurrence and extending survival. This study is the first to specifically investigate postoperative follow-up adherence in PMP patients treated with CRS and HIPEC.AimsTo explore the socio-demographic and clinical determinants of follow-up adherence and its impact on survival in PMP patients treated with CRS and HIPEC.MethodsThis single-center, six-year retrospective study included 111 PMP patients who underwent CRS and HIPEC. Patients were categorized into compliant (control) and non-compliant (study) groups. Follow-up was initiated by the physician, with patients returning for regular visits as recommended. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate survival outcomes, while univariate analysis identified factors influencing follow-up adherence.ResultsAmong 111 patients, 32 died by August 2024, with 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of 88%, 66%, and 53%, respectively. High PCI scores (P < 0.001) and poorer histopathological types (P = 0.002) were significant predictors of reduced survival. Non-compliance with follow-up showed a trend toward decreased survival (P = 0.07). Significant risk factors for non-compliance included lower ASA scores (P = 0.020), middle- and low-income levels (P = 0.034), and parental survival status (P = 0.003). Middle- and low-income patients also experienced longer delays in seeking medical advice and had fewer cases detected through routine health screenings (P = 0.019).ConclusionsFollow-up compliance has a potential impact on survival outcomes in PMP patients treated with CRS and HIPEC. Socio-demographic factors significantly influence adherence, highlighting the need for tailored interventions to enhance patient management.

Mitochondrial and Microtubule Defects in Exfoliation Glaucoma.

Exfoliation Syndrome (XFS) is an age-related systemic condition characterized by large aggregated fibrillar material deposition in the anterior eye tissues. This aggregate formation and deposition on the aqueous humor outflow pathway are significant risk factors for developing Exfoliation Glaucoma (XFG), a secondary open-angle glaucoma. XFG is a complex, multifactorial late-onset disease that shares common features of neurodegenerative diseases, such as altered cellular processes with increased protein aggregation, impaired protein degradation, and oxidative and cellular stress. XFG patients display decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial DNA deletions. Here, using Tenon Capsule Fibroblasts (TFs) from Normal (No Glaucoma) and XFG patients, we found that XFG TFs have impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. These defects are associated with mitochondrial abnormalities as XFG TFs exhibit smaller mitochondria that contain dysmorphic cristae, with an increase in mitochondrial localization to lysosomes and slowed mitophagy flux. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the XFG TFs was associated with an increase in the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton, decreased acetylated tubulin, and increased HDAC6 activity. Treatment of XFG TFs with a mitophagy inducer, Urolithin A, and a mitochondrial biogenesis inducer, NAD + precursor, Nicotinamide Ribose, improved mitochondrial bioenergetics and reduced ROS accumulation. Our results demonstrate abnormal mitochondria in XFG TFs and suggest that mitophagy inducers may represent a potential class of therapeutics for reversing mitochondrial dysfunction in XFG patients.

A code-based method for carbon emission prediction of 3D printing: A case study on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing and comparison with conventional approach

This study presents a method for predicting carbon emissions from 3D printing based on the G-code and compares the emissions between FDM and injection molding (IM) processes. Traditional manufacturing methods for (polylactic acid) PLA plastic products involve IM, which require extensive equipment and metal molds to be manufactured first. This process involves repetitive heating and machining, low material utilization, high energy consumption, and high pollution. 3D printing using a gradual accumulation of materials to manufacture parts has transformed traditional manufacturing methods. However, concerns regarding the environmental impact of 3D printing have been raised in previous studies. To achieve sustainability in 3D printing, it is important to make effective adjustments by predicting the carbon emissions before printing. In this study, we propose a method for predicting carbon emissions from 3D printing by integrating processing characteristics with G-code instructions. The deviation of the model was confirmed to be between 3.86% and 5.82% through a case study of FDM 3D printing. The optimal process parameters were determined from carbon emissions predictions, resulting in carbon emissions reductions of up to 43.77%. Carbon emissions were evaluated using both the traditional IM method and FDM 3D printing for manufacturing PLA plastic products. The results showed that the carbon emissions from FDM were significantly lower than those from traditional IM in small batches or customized production. In the traditional IM method, mold manufacturing produces high carbon emissions, accounting for more than 99% of the entire process. The findings of this study offer valuable guidance to manufacturers in selecting appropriate manufacturing methods and formulating production strategies. By predicting carbon emissions in the FDM process and adjusting the parameters based on product quality requirements, significant reductions in carbon emissions can be achieved during the production of small batches or customized PLA plastic products. The carbon emission prediction method proposed in this study presents a more sustainable solution for 3D printing technology, which is crucial for advancing sustainable production and environmental protection in this field.

Evolution of the Yigong river channel on the Eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: insights from hydrodynamic geological hazards shaping topography

Geological action is one of the main forces in the formation of topography, especially in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Collapse, landslide, mud-rock flow and other geological actions are the main factors affecting the evolution of river valley landforms. However, existing inference methods primarily rely on theoretical calculations and multi-temporal remote sensing image interpretation, lacking direct analysis and validation through geological exploration techniques. In response, this study employed geological engineering and geotechnical exploration techniques to investigate the impact of debris flows, landslides, and collapses on the evolution of topography and geomorphology in a 5.0 km section of the Yigong Zangbo Basin. Through drilling and geophysical exploration, 6 geological profiles were constructed, identifying the distribution range and development characteristics of the geological phenomena within this section of the river valley, revealing the distribution positions of both the new and old river channels, and inferring the evolution of the river bedrock based on the original topography. The study found that when geological phenomena occur, substantial material is transported into the river channel, altering its original shape and influencing the river’s erosion process. Additionally, the occurrence of geological phenomena is closely correlated with the evolution of river valley morphology. When the river valley is wide, material accumulation on one side causes the river to flow along a lower position on the opposite side, primarily resulting in the river’s bending on the plane. In contrast, in narrow river valleys, material accumulation on the sides can fill the entire river channel, leading to a rise in the riverbed. These research findings provide a critical theoretical basis for understanding river valley morphological evolution and informing basin engineering construction.

Whole lung and sequential bronchoscopic lavage for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a diffuse lung disease that results from the accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material in the alveoli due to abnormal surfactant homeostasis. Since its introduction in the 1960s, whole lung lavage (WLL) has been the primary treatment for PAP. This review focuses on WLL, including its technique modifications, and sequential bronchoscopic lavage. Autoimmune PAP, which accounts for the majority of cases, occurs when antigranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) autoantibodies lead to the deficiency of bioavailable GM-CSF. At present, there are no international guidelines or consensus statements for PAP treatment. Traditionally, therapeutic decisions are made based on the severity and type of PAP. Despite emerging data on GM-CSF-based therapies, WLL remains a central component in the therapeutic strategy for PAP. Although the technique of WLL has evolved over time, there is still no universally adopted, standardized protocol. However, key periprocedural aspects - such as preprocedural planning, patient evaluation, anesthetic technique, lavage protocol, and postprocedural care - remain essential to ensuring the safety and success of WLL.

Progress of ABA function in endosperm cellularization and storage product accumulation.

Seed development is a complex process and co-regulated by genetic and environmental factors, which significantly affects the seed vigor, yield and quality of crops, especially in cereal crops. Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates various biological processes in seed development, including endosperm and embryo development, accumulation of storage materials, achievement of desiccation tolerance and dormancy. Compared to the functional investigation of ABA in germination and stress response, the role of ABA in early seed development and storage product accumulation has not been collectively elucidated. Here, ABA origin in seed was concluded: both maternal source and de novo synthesis of ABA in seed play an important role in seed development. This review also provided an overview of the current knowledge on ABA in early seed development, mainly in endosperm cellularization. ABA promotes endosperm cellularization in Arabidopsis, but this notion has not been spread into cereal crops. Besides, the increasing importance of ABA in seed reserve accumulation was also emphatically described. In the last section, the key problems and challenges (e.g., where dose ABA come from at each stage of seed development? whether same regulators in response to ABA in Arabidopsis apply equally to cereal crops) were addressed.

An experimental study of the effect maximum coarse aggregate size and material orientation on concrete compressive strength

An experimental study of the effect maximum coarse aggregate size and material orientation on concrete compressive strength

Impact of geopolymer aggregate on the mechanical properties and durability characteristics of concrete

This study examined the use of geopolymer aggregate (GPA), produced from slag and an alkaline solution, as a substitute for coarse aggregate in conventional concrete. The research aimed to evaluate how different proportions of GPA (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacement) affect the durability and mechanical properties of concrete. A series of tests were conducted, including slump, compressive strength, flexural strength, chloride resistance, sulfate resistance, sorptivity, and water absorption. The results demonstrated significant improvements in concrete properties with the inclusion of GPA. The compressive strength of GPA concrete ranged from 31 to 38 MPa, showing a 10%–15% increase over that of standard concrete. Flexural strength improved by 6% at 7 days and 7.5% at 28 days compared to control mixes. Water absorption was reduced by 42.58%, and sorptivity decreased by 47.9% compared to ordinary aggregate concrete. GPA concrete also excelled in acid resistance, with a weight loss of 28.6% and a lower reduction in strength compared to traditional acidic aggregates. In sulfate resistance tests, GPA concrete showed a 31% reduction in both weight and strength loss. These results highlight the advantages of using GPA as an alternative to conventional coarse aggregates. GPA not only enhances the mechanical and durability properties of concrete but also presents a more sustainable option, contributing to reduced environmental impacts associated with traditional aggregate materials.