Accumulation Area Research Articles

Effect of zinc and iron management with different level of nitrogen on growth and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under aerobic condition

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2019 at Bhujabala, Rayagada (Odisha) and at the farmer's field, Lephripara, Sundargarh (Odisha) during kharif 2020, to study the effect of zinc and iron management on yield and yield attributes of aerobic rice with different level nitrogen fertilizer management. Experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block-Design, treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen management viz. N1-80 kg N ha-1, N2- 60 kg N ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 and N3- 40 kg N ha-1 + 10 t FYM ha-1 and six micronutrient management, viz., M1 - Control, M2 - 0.5% zinc sulphate as foliar, M3 - 0.5% ferrous sulphate as foliar, M4 - 0.3% zinc sulphate as seed priming, M5 - 0.3% ferrous sulphate as seed priming, and M6 - 0.5% zinc sulphate as foliar + 0.5% ferrous sulphate as foliar. Results revealed that the application of 80 kg N ha-1, and 60 kg N ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 recorded maximum growth parameters like plant height, number of tillers m-2, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index; higher yield attributes like number panicle m-2, number of filled grains panicles-1, fertility percentage and test weight. Combined application of 60 kg N ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 recorded the maximum grain and straw yields. Results also showed that foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulphate as foliar + 0.5% ferrous sulphate as foliar exhibited higher growth parameters, yield attributes, grain and straw yield during the two years of experiment.

Tree-ring perspective on past and future mass balance of the glaciers in Tien Shan (Central Asia): An example from the accumulation area of Tuyuksu Glacier, Kazakhstan

The Tien Shan glaciers, known as “Central Asia's Water Tower,” have a direct influence on water resource management in downstream parched areas. The limited time periods of currently available observational climate datasets hamper an accurate examination of glacial changes in Central Asia in terms of long-term climate change implications. In this work, we analysed this change by combining tree-ring-based reconstructions of the accumulation area of the Tuyuksu Glacier during the last 382 years with models of the future mass balance of this glacier until the year 2100 CE. The results show that mountain precipitation is an important force driving the cycles of the cryosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere in arid Central Asia. This driving force has broad coherence in spatiotemporal variation, with periodic cycles and decadal shifts caused by the North Atlantic Oscillation and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. The multi-model mean in CMIP6 suggests a downward trend in glacier mass balance until 2100, but this trend will be moderated by increased precipitation. The findings of the study could help to explain how the glacial mass balance has evolved in the Tien Shan Mountains of Central Asia throughout time and its relationship to biosphere and hydrosphere.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Fertility Management on Growth Parameters of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

An experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh) during Kharif season 2021 -22 in order to study the effect of crop establishment methods under fertility management on growth parameters of rice. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatment consisted of four crop establishment methods i.e., (M1) Transplanting rice (Conventional) (M2) Direct seeded rice by line sowing (Conventional) (M3) Drum seeded method under puddled condition (M4) System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method kept in main plots .However, four nitrogen levels viz, (N1) 100% RDF (150: 60:40 kg N:P:K ha -1), (N2) 75% RDF +25% RDN through FYM, (N3) 75 % RDF + 25% RDN through Vermi-compost, (N4) 50 % RDF + 25 % RDN through V.C. + 25% RDN through FYM allotted the in sub plots. This way there was made 16treatment combinations. As per the results the values of growth parameters viz. plant height (cm), number of tillers m-2, dry matter accumulation (m-2) and leaf area index of rice were increased significantly with system of rice intensification (SRI) method followed by transplanting method. However, in fertility management the application of 100% RDF (150: 60:40 N: P: K kg ha -1)) recorded the maximum plant height, dry matter accumulation, no of tillers, leaf area index, CGR, RGR, NAR, AGR and LAR, which was at par with the application of 75 % RDF + 25% RDN through Vermi- compost and significantly superior over rest of the treatments.

Management Control and Covert Exploitation Issues in Food Delivery Platforms

The platform economy is an important part of the Chinese economy. Female food delivery riders play a crucial role in the platform economy, creating significant labor contributions and value for society, injecting diversity and vitality into the platform economy. However, female food delivery riders face issues such as insufficient legal rights and welfare protection, management control, and implicit exploitation. From the perspective of Marxist political economy, this paper analyzes female food delivery riders in the areas of capital accumulation, capital circulation, and social reproduction, and calls for the establishment of more fair and transparent platform rules and systems, so that female food delivery riders can obtain their deserved rights and respect in the platform economy.

RADIOECOLOGY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR MOUNTINE AREAS OF THE TISZA RIVER BASIN (TRANSCARPATHIA, UKRAINE)

Regularities of distribution, migration and accumulation of natural gamma-active nuclides 40K, series of uranium 238U (214Pb, 214Bi) and thorium 232Th (212Pb, 212Bi, 228Ac, 208Tl), as well as technogenic 137Cs in the bottom sediments of the Tisza region in Transcarpathia (Ukraine) have been established. It is shown that the content of these radionuclides in the bottom sediments is relatively stable along the entire length of the Tisza river and is proportional to the level of its siltation, which largely depends on the morphology of the river. It was found that the total specific activity of natural gamma-active radionuclides (excluding 40K) in bottom sediments ranges from 110…139.7 Bq/kg. Areas of accumulation of gamma-active nuclides in the bottom sediments of the studied river have been identified, and the probable causes of this phenomenon have been substantiated. The averaged data of the content of specific activity of radionuclides in the bottom sediments of the Tisza river were used for mapping and forecasting of migration processes, as well as for identification of the studied sections of the river taking into account the geochemical features of the region.

Trend and Phasing of Carbonate Accumulation in the History of the Earth

In the geological history of the Earth, there has been a significant change in the composition and areas of carbonate accumulation, which reflects the general evolution of the formation of carbonate deposits, paleogeographic and geochemical settings, and different stages of this evolution. At the Archean–Proterozoic boundary, acidic conditions in water reservoirs changed to moderately acidic, which resulted in the appearance of iron carbonates. The second milestone is the Siderian–Rhyacian boundary, when intensive assimilation of CO2 led to the development of alkaline conditions in water reservoirs and the accumulation of Mg carbonates. Carbonate accumulation itself occurred in the inland water reservoirs. The third milestone is the Vendian–Cambrian boundary, when skeletal fauna appeared, and carbonate accumulation became largely biogenic. Along with the basins of the continental block, there appeared new oceanic areas of carbonate accumulation, where the skeletons of nekton organisms became a significant supplier of material. The fourth milestone—the Paleozoic–Mesozoic—was the beginning of the accumulation of the proper oceanic deep-water carbonate sediments. The fifth milestone is associated with the Cretaceous period, when oceanic carbonate accumulation sharply increased due to accumulation of planktonic organisms.

Chloride effect on sulfate attack in hydrated Portland-limestone cement assessed by 29Si NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis

Structural alterations in the C-S-H phase of hydrated Portland-limestone cements, caused by magnesium sulfate attack, were quantitatively assessed using 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy, considering the presence of sodium chloride in the corrosive medium and the limestone content in cement. Quantitative information about crystalline deterioration products (ettringite, thaumasite, gypsum, brucite) was retrieved from thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscopy combined with elemental analysis indicated their accumulation areas. Formation of cross-linked silicate chains and reduction of bridging/pairing SiO4 tetrahedra in C-S-H was noted. The presence of chlorides decreased cross-linking of SiO4 tetrahedra and reduced gypsum formation and Ca depletion from the matrix. Precipitation of brucite at the edge of the specimens possibly inhibited the promotion of the attack process. Chlorides penetrated deeper into the matrix compared to sulfates. Increasing limestone content in cement led to a higher mean chain length of cross-linked chains and AlO4/SiO4 ratio in the sulfate-bearing environment. The extent of C-S-H degradation in the cement pastes with the highest limestone content was independent of the exposure conditions. Cement with approx. 12% limestone content can be considered of equal performance to ordinary Portland cement in severe sulfate–chloride solutions.

Biocompatibility, Surface Morphology, and Bacterial Load of Dental Implant Abutments following Decontamination Protocols: An In-Vitro Study.

The long-term success of dental implant rehabilitation depends significantly on proper peri-implant soft tissue integration. Therefore, decontamination of abutments prior to their connection to the implant is beneficial to enhance soft tissue attachment and to aid in maintaining marginal bone around the implant. Consequently, different implant abutment decontamination protocols were evaluated regarding biocompatibility, surface morphology, and bacterial load. The protocols evaluated were autoclave sterilization, ultrasonic washing, steam cleaning, chlorhexidine chemical decontamination, and sodium hypochlorite chemical decontamination. The control groups included: (1) implant abutments prepared and polished in a dental lab without decontamination and (2) unprepared implant abutments obtained directly from the company. Surface analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biocompatibility was evaluated using XTT cell viability and proliferation assays. Biofilm biomass and viable counts (CFU/mL) (n = 5 for each test) were used for surface bacterial load evaluation. Surface analysis revealed areas of debris and accumulation of materials, such as iron, cobalt, chromium, and other metals, in all abutments prepared by the lab and with all decontamination protocols. Steam cleaning was the most efficient method for reducing contamination. Chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite left residual materials on the abutments. XTT results showed that the chlorhexidine group (M = 0.7005, SD = 0.2995) had the lowest values (p < 0.001) (autoclave: M = 3.6354, SD = 0.1510; ultrasonic: M = 3.4077, SD = 0.3730; steam: M = 3.2903, SD = 0.2172; NaOCl: M = 3.5377, SD = 0.0927; prep non-decont.: M = 3.4815, SD = 0.2326; factory: M = 3.6173, SD = 0.0392). Bacterial growth (CFU/mL) was high in the abutments treated with steam cleaning and ultrasonic bath: 2.93 × 109, SD = 1.68 × 1012 and 1.83 × 109, SD = 3.95 × 1010, respectively. Abutments treated with chlorhexidine showed higher toxicity to cells, while all other samples showed similar effects to the control. In conclusion, steam cleaning seemed to be the most efficient method for reducing debris and metallic contamination. Bacterial load can be reduced using autoclaving, chlorhexidine, and NaOCl.

Gastropods on Marine Debris at Mangrove Ecosystem

The mangrove ecosystem is one of the accumulation areas for various marine debris including plastic and also the habitat for gastropods. This condition allows direct contact between gastropods and debris which can be an entranceway for contamination in biota. This study aimed to know the species of gastropods in the marine debris in the Bulaksetra mangrove ecosystem in Pangandaran. The method used was stratified random sampling with a transect line of 100 m. Gastropods and debris in the 1 m x 1 m square in the 10 m x 10 m plot were collected, identified, counted, and determined in composition. There were 22 types of marine debris in the Bulaksetra mangrove ecosystem which were dominated by plastic. 16 species of gastropods were found in the area around the debris and 15 species were found attached to the debris. Gastropods can be found on the top, middle, or bottom surfaces of plastic waste. Faunus ater and Terebralia palustris dominate in the surrounding area and the debris. Treefauna gastropods utilize stuck debris to move from one part to another part of the tree. Plastic waste has become part of the mangrove habitat and there are interactions with gastropods that use it as a living medium.

Analysis of Spatiotemporal Evolution Patterns and Driving Forces of Reservoirs on the Northern Slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang

Revealing the temporal and spatial evolution pattern of reservoirs and their driving mechanisms is of great significance for promoting the coordinated development of the national economy and natural ecology. In this study, the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains (NSTM) in Xinjiang was selected as the study area. Based on remote sensing data from 1990 to 2020, the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of reservoirs on the NSTM in the past 30 years were analyzed using the grid cells method and the nuclear density analysis method, and the mechanisms by which natural geographical conditions and socio-economic development influence the temporal and spatial evolution of reservoirs in the NSTM were analyzed using GeoDetector. The results indicate the following: (1) In terms of temporal change, the area of reservoirs in the NSTM showed an overall expansion trend from 1990 to 2020, with a growth rate of 42.77%, and the number of reservoirs increased from 123 to 238 during the same period, with a growth rate of 93.50%. (2) In terms of spatial change, the distribution of reservoir accumulation areas on the NSTM gradually developed horizontally from the middle section with rapid economic development to the western and eastern sections. (3) The GeoDetector results showed that the main driving factors affecting the spatial differentiation of reservoir area in the NSTM from 1990 to 2020 were the average elevation (0.201), cultivated land area (0.112), and GDP (0.070), while the main driving factors combinations were the average elevation and cultivated land area (0.374), the average elevation and GDP (0.325), and the average elevation and average population (0.319). The research results can provide a theoretical basis and a decision-making reference for water conservancy project planning and water resources management in the NSTM.

Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis or Kikuchi–Fujimoto Disease: Clinical Experiences in North Africa

Introduction: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease or Kikuchi disease (KD) or histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis is an uncommon disease more frequent in Asia. It is diagnosed with lymph node histopathological findings.&#x0D; Objective: To perform a systematic review of Kikuchi’s disease (KD) cases and describe clinical manifestations and associated etiology in the Tunisian population.&#x0D; Methods: We conducted a multicentric descriptive study collecting patients with histologically proven KD. Clinical data, laboratory results, histopathologic examination, associated pathologies, and patient evolution were included.&#x0D; Results: The search included 9 patients. They were 7 women and 2 males with a median age of 45 years old [24-72]. Common clinical manifestations were fever (n=8) and arthralgia (n=7). Lymph nodes mainly were bilateral (n=8), multiple (n=9), and in the cervical region (n=8) and axillary area (n=6). Laboratory results showed inflammatory syndrome and elevated lactate dehydrogenase. Areas of necrosis, karyorrhectic debris, and accumulation of histiocytes were specific histologic findings noted for all patients. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus was associated with KD in 2 patients and with Sjögren disease in one of them. Other associated pathologies were Lymphohistiocytic activation syndrome, lymphocytic meningitis, sepsis from a urinary tract infection, and idiopathic interstitial lung disease. Corticosteroids were prescribed in 4 cases. The other 5 cases had spontaneous regression of symptoms. The outcomes were favorable with recovery in 3 cases. Five patients developed Hodgkin lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndrome, and lupus nephropathy after KD diagnosis.&#x0D; Conclusions: KD is exceptional in North Africa. The study noted the same clinical and histological findings in the literature. SLE was the most associated pathology. No ethnic variability was detected.

Study on the evolution characteristics of coal spontaneous combustion and gas coupling disaster region in goaf

In order to study the evolution of multiple fields and the risk degree of combined disasters in the process of coal spontaneous combustion under the gas-containing environment in the goaf, a simulation platform for the thermal test of the thermal dynamic disaster in the goaf was built, and the gas–solid coupling heat transfer of multi-component gas model for coal spontaneous combustion was constructed. Through similar simulation experiments and numerical simulation, it is clear that the gas accumulation law during the coal spontaneous combustion process in the goaf. The ventilation process causes the gas to be driven along the air leakage channel to the deep part of the air-return side of the goaf, and finally a high gas concentration area is formed. Meanwhile, the change of gas density inside and outside the high-temperature area causes a small area of gas accumulation that migrates with the coal spontaneous combustion. According to the results of experiments and simulations, a risk assessment model of coal spontaneous combustion and gas combined disaster based on the dimensionless dynamic explosion limit of multi-gas was constructed. It is found that due to the massive consumption of oxygen by coal spontaneous combustion, the hazardous area of gas explosion has been continuously reduced, but the risk has been continuously increased. The risk of combined disasters is close to 1 in the corners of the working face and the back of the working face.

Detection of potential hydrocarbon accumulations at Qaret El-Soda area, Western Desert, Egypt, based on airborne geophysical survey data

Airborne spectral gamma-ray survey data were processed using Th-normalization technique for oil and gas exploration in the Qaret El-Soda area, Western Desert of Egypt. This technique was applied to suppress the effects of surface lithology, which are the main factors influencing the variation of radioelement content in rocks. Normalization of K and U by thorium yielded residual potassium and residual uranium estimates. Possible occurrences of new hydrocarbon microseepages were determined by mapping low values of residual potassium and high values of residual uranium relative to potassium, which are indicated as DRAD values, which were obtained by subtracting residual potassium from residual uranium values (eUresid – Kresid). Lower residual values of K, which were associated with higher DRAD anomaly values, highlight areas of prospective hydrocarbon accumulations. The obtained results from quantitative analysis and interpretation of aeromagnetic data show sufficiently thick sediments, probably suitable for the accumulation of hydrocarbons. This means that the study area may possess a potential for hydrocarbon exploration if supported by other detailed geophysical and geochemical exploration techniques.

Verbal memory formation across PET-based Braak stages of tau accumulation in Alzheimer's disease.

A classical early sign of typical Alzheimer's disease is memory decline, which has been linked to the aggregation of tau in the medial temporal lobe. Verbal delayed free recall and recognition tests have consistently probed useful to detect early memory decline, and there is substantial debate on how performance, particularly in recognition tests, is differentially affected through health and disease in older adults. Using in vivo PET-Braak staging, we investigated delayed recall and recognition memory dysfunction across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum. Our cross-sectional study included 144 cognitively unimpaired elderly, 39 amyloid-β+ individuals with mild cognitive impairment and 29 amyloid-β+ Alzheimer's disease patients from the Translational Biomarkers in Aging and Dementia cohort, who underwent [18F]MK6240 tau and [18F]AZD4694 amyloid PET imaging, structural MRI and memory assessments. We applied non-parametric comparisons, correlation analyses, regression models and voxel-wise analyses. In comparison with PET-Braak Stage 0, we found that reduced, but not clinically significant, delayed recall starts at PET-Braak Stage II (adjusted P < 0.0015), and that recognition (adjusted P = 0.011) displayed a significant decline starting at PET-Braak Stage IV. While performance in both delayed recall and recognition related to tau in nearly the same cortical areas, further analyses showed that delayed recall rendered stronger associations in areas of early tau accumulation, whereas recognition displayed stronger correlations in mostly posterior neocortical regions. Our results support the notion that delayed recall and recognition deficits are predominantly associated with tau load in allocortical and neocortical areas, respectively. Overall, delayed recall seems to be more dependent on the integrity of anterior medial temporal lobe structures, while recognition appears to be more affected by tau accumulation in cortices beyond medial temporal regions.

Surface dispersion of coastal discharges in North America towards the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

This research addresses the surface dispersion of coastal discharges in North America that end up at the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The evolution of the discharged concentration is calculated through statistical simulations using transition matrices and dispersion ellipses, both based on historical records of surface drifter trajectories. The discharge points are adjacent to urban areas distributed along the coast. The preferential routes, times of arrival, and relative contributions of each site to the accumulation area are quantified. A new statistical delimitation of the position, area and orientation of the garbage patch is proposed. Additional experiments suggest that the tracer retention during the summer is influenced by the low-level atmospheric anticyclone in the Northeastern Pacific, which enhances the Ekman drift and hence favours debris convergence. This effect is reduced when the anticyclone weakens in winter, thus decreasing the debris retention and promoting its westward dispersal by the trade winds.

Surface area change detection of snow/ice cover over Zemu Glacier of Sikkim Himalaya

This study assessed the snow/ice surface area changes over the Zemu Glacier in the Eastern Himalayas. Zemu is considered to be the largest glacier in the Eastern Himalayas located in the Sikkim State of India. Change detection in the snow/ice surface areal extent of the Zemu Glacier was delineated from the year 1945 using US Army Map Service-Topographical Sheets and Landsat imageries available from 1987 to 2020. The results obtained solely focus on surface-change delineation using remote sensing satellite data and GIS software. Landsat imagery of the years 1987, 1997, 2009, 2018, and 2020 was used for snow and ice pixel extraction. Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), Snow Cover Index (S3), and new band ratio index were used to extract the pure snow and ice pixels, fresh snow, and debris-covered snow/ice area and pixels mixed with shadow to demarcate the surface area changes. Manual delineation was required and undertaken for better results. A slope raster image was generated from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) data to delineate the slope and hill shade. The results illustrate that the snow/ice surface covering the glacier had an area of 113.5km2 in the year 1945 which was reduced to 78.31km2 in the year 2020 indicating a total snow/ice surface area loss of 31% in 75years. A loss of 11.45% was observed from 1945 to 1987 in the areal extent, while from 1987 to 2009, a decadal loss of approximately 7% was observed. The surface area loss of 8.46% from 2009 to 2018 led to infer the maximum loss of snow and ice over the glacier body at a rate of 0.94% per year. Between the years 2018 and 2020, the glacier lost 1.08% of its surface area. The Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR) considering the accumulation and ablation areas of the glacier indicated a gradual decline of the accumulation zone in the recent years. Global Land Ice Measurement from Space (GLIMS) program data with RGI version 6.0 was used as a reference to demarcate the areal extent of Zemu Glacier. The study gained above 80% of overall accuracy by generating a confusion matrix in ArcMap. The analysis of this seasonal snow/ice cover showed that there has been a drastic decline in the surface snow/ice cover area over the Zemu Glacier over the years 1987 to 2020 and NDSI; S3 analysis provided improved results to delineate snow/ice cover area over such steep terrain topography of Sikkim Himalaya.

Sources, pathways, and abatement strategies of macroplastic pollution: an interdisciplinary approach for the southern North Sea

The issue of marine plastic pollution has been extensively studied by various scientific disciplines in recent decades due to its global threat. However, owing to its complexity, it requires an interdisciplinary approach to develop effective management strategies. The multidisciplinary scientific approach presented here focuses on understanding the sources and pathways of macroplastic litter and developing abatement strategies in the southern North Sea region. Over 2.5 years, more than 63,400 biodegradable wooden drifters were deployed with the help of citizen science to study the sources, pathways, and accumulation areas of floating marine litter. Rivers act as sinks of most of the floating marine litter released within their waterways. Short-term field experiments were also conducted to analyse the hydrodynamic and atmospheric processes that govern the transport of floating litter particles at the sea surface. Numerical models were used to examine the transport of virtual litter particles in the entire North Sea and in coastal regions. It was found that there are no permanent accumulation areas in the North Sea, and the Skagerrak and fronts can increase the residence times of floating marine litter and favour sinking. Field surveys revealed that the majority of litter objects originate from fisheries and consumer waste. To develop effective abatement strategies, the key stakeholder landscape was analysed on a regional level. The interdisciplinary approach developed in this study highlights the importance of synergizing scientific resources from multiple disciplines for a better understanding of marine plastic pollution and the development of effective management strategies.

Financial development, institutional quality and renewable energy consumption. A panel data approach

Global warming creates significant problems, and it is expected to cause changing climate patterns worldwide. Although climate change has posed new challenges to all economic actors, increasing the need, among others, for investments and stronger institutions, there is still little or inconclusive evidence in the literature on how these changes in financial systems will influence the level of renewable energy consumption. Using a sample composed of 27 EU member states over the 2000–2020 period, we examine the dynamics of the relationship between financial development, institutional quality, and renewable energy consumption. The methodological approach includes both quantitative techniques and qualitative sequential methodology, such as factor analysis, fixed-effects panel regression analysis, and empiric analysis. Our results reveal that increased financial development has a significantly positive impact on renewable energy consumption. Additionally, given that few studies focus on the quality of institutions and governance and their implication for investment procedures in the area of green projects and capital accumulation, we extend our analysis by examining the implication of institutional quality and we find that institutional quality positively influences energy consumption and consolidates its effectiveness in reducing carbon emissions.

Monitoring and Forecasting Green Tide in the Yellow Sea Using Satellite Imagery

This paper proposes a semi-automatic green tide extraction method based on the NDVI to extract Yellow Sea green tides from 2008 to 2022 using remote sensing (RS) images from multiple satellites: GF-1, Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS, HJ-1A/B, HY-1C, and MODIS. The results of the accuracy assessment based on three indicators: Precision, Recall, and F1-score, showed that our extraction method can be applied to the images of most satellites and different environments. We traced the source of the Yellow Sea green tide to Jiangsu Subei shoal and the southeastern Yellow Sea and earliest advanced the tracing time to early April. The Gompertz and Logistic growth curve models were selected to predict and monitor the extent and duration of the Yellow Sea green tide, and uncertainty for the predicted growth curve was estimated. The prediction for 2022 was that its start and dissipation dates were expected to be June 1 and August 15, respectively, and the accumulative cover area was expected to be approximately 1190.90–1191.21 km2.

On the effectiveness of tributyltin ban part II: Temporal and spatial trends of organotin pollution in intense sediment accumulation areas and dumping sites of the Baltic Sea

Based on the knowledge gained from our previous study, our aim is to observe the current levels of butyltin (BTs) pollution, changes during different seasons, and the factors that affect these trends in the areas of highest concern. These areas include semi-enclosed bays in the Port that were previously affected by large tributyltin (TBT) inputs, as well as the dumping sites of dredged sediment in the Baltic Sea. Compared to previous studies, there has been a significant decrease in the levels of BTs in the Klaipeda Port. However, the sediment in the semi-enclosed bays still contained BTs, ranging from less than 0.5 ng Sn g−1 dw to as high as 728.5 ng Sn g−1 dw. Some BTs were also detected in the currently exploited dumping sites of the Baltic Sea. Moreover, butyltin degradation index (BDI) revealed occasional fresh TBT input or slow degradation both in the Port and in the Sea. Some trends in butyltin concentrations were indicative of the impact of climate change in Lithuania, which are consistent with global trends. We also found that variations in BTs concentrations were closely related to dredging and cleaning activities taking place in the Klaipeda Port. Correlation, principal component, and cluster analysis revealed close relationship between TBT and its degradation products, as well as between TBT and Zn, Pb, Cu. Ship cleaning/maintenance activities were identified as the main source of pollution in the study area. Despite the gradually decreasing BTs concentration in the Klaipeda Port, the problem is not yet completely solved.