Accounting Norms Research Articles

Internal and international accounting norms concerning the biological assets.

The objective of this paper is to present a retrospect of the norms regulating the accountancy of the agricultural exploitations. The purpose of the paper is also to distinguish the syncope existing in the regulations in force and to propose theirs improvement. We have used methods such as: revising of the specialty literature and studying the accounting documents of different agricultural exploitations. Following our research many consequences and accounting and fiscal effects regarding the agricultural exploitations were formulated.

Účetní závěrky a případy vlastnických transakcí a podnikových kombinací

České účetní normy definují řádné, mimořádné a mezitímní účetní závěrky. Pro nepravidelné informační potřeby mají sloužit především mimořádné účetní závěrky a mezitímní účetní závěrky. Praxe potřebuje informace typu účetní závěrky i v dalších situacích, které nejsou uvedeny v normách a použití účetních závěrek v těchto případech je v rozporu se zákonem o účetnictví. Uvedená skutečnost může mít vážné důsledky, pokud se na takovéto "nelegální" účetní závěrky přímo odvolávají smlouvy, znalecké posudky apod. Řešení problému vidíme ve změně pojetí mezitímní účetní závěrky, a to podle vzoru obsaženého v IAS 34 - Mezitímní vykazování, tj. periodické mezitímní účetní závěrky sestavované např. čtvrtletně.

Suggested Accounting Model for Predicting the Non-Performing in the Public Corporation

Most countries in the world are trying to sustain their economies and avoiding the non-performing phenomena. As such many studies in this respect are issued using financial ratios as an input used for performing statistical models which are depending on Discriminant technique to measure the non- performing. Research problem deals with the back-wardens of present accounting thought toward an integrated approach for predicting and measuring the non-performing and change in the corporations. This is considered as research objective as well. The research has determined general hypothesis based upon the above considerations. Evidence is concluded that most corporations and Firms suffered from financial statements trouble across firms and within firm. Moreover, there are no international accounting norms existence in those corporations, such as declaring for non-performing issues and the lack of its measurement and prediction. In addition to the absence of objective evidence for non-performing in Firms. Therefore, the non-performing prediction and measurement should be existed in all Firms. .

The New Face of Banking in Asia

Following the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997, several drawbacks in the banking system in Asia were exposed, which resulted in a consolidation wave and a series of banking sector reforms. To cope with the regulatory reforms and to maintain international standards a series of mergers and acquisitions took place in the region. Such consolidations led to the creation of larger and stronger banks better equipped to address the issues of capitalization, governance, risk management, operational inefficiencies, taxation, accounting and disclosure norms. However, the pace of development was not uniform across the region. This created enormous opportunities for the more mature nations to make inter-regional investments in countries where domestic consolidations and liberalization were slow to take off. Plagued with staggering NPL and inefficient risk management techniques, the Asian banks could not leverage the capital markets. The banks should design focused and specialized market segments and create innovative products and services to meet the ever changing consumer needs.

Accounting and Its Environment in Brazil

This paper analyses the development of the business and the legal and regulatory environment of the Brazilian accounting, including the accounting education, the structure of ownership, the development of the capital market, auditing and the accounting profession. Brazilian accounting was influenced by tax legislation. Nowadays, this influence is more strong by the corporate Law and the regulation from governmental bodies. However, in recent years has undergone significant changes. Nevertheless, important differences between Brazilian accounting standards and international accounting remain, although efforts made by Brazilian bodies to adapt their accounting norms to the international financial reporting standards. Brazilian accounting profession and representative councils are not politically strong enough to influence the government. The Brazilian accounting standards published by the Federal Accountancy Council don’t have legal authority. Shortcomings in the education of accounting in Brazil have brought about the necessity for a proficiency examination and continued professional development under the Federal Accountancy Council.

Russian local governmental reforms: autonomy for accounting development?

This paper focuses on accounting in Russian local governments. When the perestroika period began in the middle of the 1980s, a process of restructuring and reforming the Russian society started. One intention of reforms was to change planned economy to a more market-oriented one. This process of transformation has affected local governments, especially when it concerns the relations between central and local governments. The process of restructuring the Russian society is described from a frame of reference consisting of the political ideas that are often connected to the Russian reforms, i.e. glasnost, democracy, autonomy and independence. These political ideas were formulated and argued for by politicians at the central level of the Federation. In this paper we discuss whether this ideology at the central level has influenced Russian local governmental accounting norms. Based on information from Leningrad oblast' (county) the paper also includes a description and discussion of changes in accounting in action. The paper ends with a discussion on changes in accounting in Russian local governments focusing on the question whether the central reform ideology has influenced local action and accounting. The discussion illustrates that given big changes in central ideology and local action, Russian local governmental accounting has not changed fast. Slow changes in the accounting norm system, a difficult local financial situation and difficulties in unlearning the old accounting procedures create barriers to utilize local autonomy in respect to accounting system development.

México bajo el TLCAN: Información contable en una economía cambiante

México ha implementado con éxito las políticas para comenzar el comercio exterior, estabilizar el peso, controlar la inflación, desregular a las empresas privadas, reducir las empresas del estado, eliminar burocracia y abrir más inversión extranjera. Este proceso comenzó antes de que el TLCAN fuera considerado; sin embargo, el TLCAN ayudó a hacer estos cambios económicos permanentes. Ante un ambiente de negocios más propicio, es pertinente investigar y entender la información financiera informada por las empresas mexicanas. Este trabajo analiza elementos del modelo contable utilizado en esa economía y los compara con las características de la práctica de contabilidad de su contraparte en Estados Unidos. En su conjunto, la práctica contable mexicana ha alcanzado un buen nivel de competencia. En su búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas y las cuestiones no incluidas en sus normas de contabilidad, la Comisión de Principios de Contabilidad de México ha prestado mucha atención a los US GAAP y los principios adelantados por el Comité de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad. Una nueva ley del mercado de valores ha añadido mecanismos, para garantizar una sana operación del mercado de valores y para aumentar la transparencia de las transacciones y las revelaciones financieras de las empresas cuyos valores cotizan en la bolsa. Todo esto refleja la nueva economía abierta y los mecanismos de libre mercado adoptados por el gobierno mexicano.