Equity Accounting Research Articles

The Influence of Debt to Equity Ratio and Return on Equity on Company Value in Food and Beverage Subsector Manufacturing Companies Listed on the BEI in 2020-2022

The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between Y, debt-to-equity ratio, and return on equity for food and beverage manufacturing companies listed on the BEI in 2020 and 2022. Panel data regression analysis is the research tool of choice for this associative descriptive study. This study's population consists of 2020–2022 financial reports from BEI-listed food and beverage subsector manufacturing enterprises. Nonprobability sampling with a purposive sampling approach was used to collect the samples. Various statistical methods were employed to assess the impact of the study, including panel data regression analysis, t test and F test hypothesis testing, and Pearson product moment correlation and coefficient of determination analyses. There is a very strong correlation between return on equity (ROE) and Y (0.824) and a sufficient correlation (0.535) between debt to equity ratio and Y (0.535), according to the results of the analysis. The results of the determination analysis reveal that the debt-to-equity ratio and return on equity account for 99.2% of the variance in firm value, with the remaining 0.8% explained by factors that were not part of the study

Methods to Quantify the Importance of Parameters for Model Updating and Distributional Adaptation.

Decision models are time-consuming to develop; therefore, adapting previously developed models for new purposes may be advantageous. We provide methods to prioritize efforts to 1) update parameter values in existing models and 2) adapt existing models for distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA). Methods exist to assess the influence of different input parameters on the results of a decision models, including value of information (VOI) and 1-way sensitivity analysis (OWSA). We apply 1) VOI to prioritize searches for additional information to update parameter values and 2) OWSA to prioritize searches for parameters that may vary by socioeconomic characteristics. We highlight the assumptions required and propose metrics that quantify the extent to which parameters in a model have been updated or adapted. We provide R code to quickly carry out the analysis given inputs from a probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) and demonstrate our methods using an oncology case study. In our case study, updating 2 of 21 probabilistic model parameters addressed 71.5% of the total VOI and updating 3 addressed approximately 100% of the uncertainty. Our proposed approach suggests that these are the 3 parameters that should be prioritized. For model adaptation for DCEA, 46.3% of the total OWSA variation came from a single parameter, while the top 10 input parameters were found to account for more than 95% of the total variation, suggesting efforts should be aimed toward these. These methods offer a systematic approach to guide research efforts in updating models with new data or adapting models to undertake DCEA. The case study demonstrated only very small gains from updating more than 3 parameters or adapting more than 10 parameters. It can require considerable analyst time to search for evidence to update a model or to adapt a model to take account of equity concerns.In this article, we provide a quantitative method to prioritze parameters to 1) update existing models to reflect potential new evidence and 2) adapt existing models to estimate distributional outcomes.We define metrics that quantify the extent to which the parameters in a model have been updated or adapted.We provide R code that can quickly rank parameter importance and calculate quality metrics using only the results of a standard probabilistic sensitivity analysis.

Accountability for carbon emissions and health equity

Accountability for carbon emissions and health equity

‘Never-ending beginnings’: a qualitative literature review of Māori temporal ontologies

ABSTRACT Our experiences of temporality are defined and shaped by our experiential reality. For Māori, our experiences of time have been marginalised by hegemonic western-centric temporal understandings that are privileged and embedded into structures and institutions. Modelling is a commonly-used tool for estimating the benefits of interventions to inform decision-making. In addition to taking little account of health equity, western-centric modelling methods generally omit Indigenous time concepts. This paper presents findings from a qualitative literature review of Māori temporal ontologies and considers implications for modelling within the context of addressing hauora Māori aspirations. Of the total of 5,677 potential records identified, 78 texts were included in the knowledge synthesis. We identified six overlapping themes: Tohu; Hurihanga; Te Taiao; Whakapapa; Pūtahi; and, Mana Motuhake. In contrast with colonial time (understood as flowing uniformly in one direction throughout the universe), Māori temporal concepts were interconnected, interdependent and complex, with multi-layered and multi-faceted dimensions. If modelling approaches are to have utility for hauora Māori, we need to be open to interrogating and critiquing how colonial time shapes statistical assumptions and assigns value to a broader range of epidemiological methods commonplace in health and disability research, including the reification of colonial time in modelling methods.Glossary of Māori words: āmua: hereafter; āmuri: hereafter; anamata: hereafter; ātea: be clear, free from obstruction; hau ora: healthy, well; hurihanga: changing, turning, cycle; kaitiaki: guardian; kaupapa Māori: Māori agenda, Māori principles, Māori ideology; a philosophical doctrine, incorporating the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values of Māori society; koru: spiral motif; onamata: ancient times; mana: spiritual power; mana motuhake: authority and capacity to be autonomous; Māori: name for Indigenous peoples of New Zealand; mua: former; muri: after; pākehā: foreign; Papatūānuku: Earth Mother; pūtahi: meeting place, intersection; takiwā: period of time, space; te ao Māori: the Māori world; te reo Māori: the Māori language; te taiao: the natural world, environment; tohu: sign, symbol; tūpuna: ancestors; wā: period of time, interval; wānanga: to meet, discuss, deliberate, consider; whakairo: carving; whakapapa: ancestry, familial relationships; whaikōrero: oratory; whakataukī: to utter a proverb; whānau: to be born, extended family, family group

Gender composition and wage gaps in the Canadian health policy research workforce in comparative perspective

BackgroundGendered challenges have been shown to persist among health practitioners in countries at all levels of development. Less is known about non-clinical professionals, that is, those who do not deliver services directly but are essential to health systems performance, such as health policy researchers. This national observational study examined gender occupational segregation and wage gaps in the Canadian health policy research workforce using a cross-domain comparative labour market analysis approach.MethodsSourcing data from the 2016 population census, we applied linear regression and Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition techniques to assess wage differentials by sex, traditional human capital measures (e.g., age, education, place of work), and social identity variables intersecting with gender (household head, childcare, migrant status) among health policy researchers aged 25–54. We compared the gender composition and wage gap with seven non-health policy and programme domains, as mapped under the national occupational classification by similarity in the types of work performed.ResultsThe health policy research workforce (N = 19 955) was characterized by gender segregation: 74% women, compared with 58% women among non-health policy research occupations (N = 102 555). Women health policy researchers earned on average 4.8% (95% CI 1.5‒8.0%) less than men after adjusting for other professional and personal variables. This gap was wider than among education policy researchers with similar gender composition (75% women; adjusted wage gap of 2.6%). Wages among health policy researchers were 21.1% (95% CI 19.4‒22.8%) lower than their counterparts in the male-dominated economics policy domain, all else being equal. Overall, women’s earnings averaged 3.2% lower than men’s due to factors that remained unexplained by policy domain or other measured predictors.ConclusionsThis investigation found that the gender inequalities already widely seen among clinical practitioners are replicated among health policy researchers, potentially hindering the competitiveness of the health sector for attracting and retaining talent. Our findings suggest intersectoral actions are necessary to tackle wage gaps and devaluation of female-dominated health professions. Accountability for gender equity in health must extend to the professionals tasked with conducting equity-informative health policy research.

Ultimate producer responsibility for e‐waste management–A proposal for just transition in the circular economy based on the case of used European electronic equipment exported to Nigeria

AbstractUsed European electric and electronic equipment (UEEE) has multiple use cycles in various countries, including Nigeria. Although the EU‐Nigeria e‐waste trade is illegal under EU and Nigerian law, previous research shows that some imported equipment is only fit for disposal. Imported UEEE has a short lifespan. Such European e‐waste exports imported to Nigeria have sustainability and circularity implications for both places and raise questions about justice and equity. Using a transdisciplinary approach, we identify existing practices and challenges in Nigeria and co‐create actionable solutions towards a sustainable, circular and fairness‐driven UEEE and e‐waste value chain. We find current extended producer responsibility (EPR) does not focus on the entire global value chain, is linear, and lacks transparency, accountability, and consideration for spatial equity. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose ultimate producer responsibility (UPR). UPR aids sustainability and circularity transition while paying attention to justice and equity. The research adds global and social dimensions to the European circular economy (CE), otherwise primarily focused on national material cycles.

Health Equity Is No Spectator Sport: The Radical Rooting of a Post-Pandemic Bioethics.

The relationship between equality and equity has been theorized and described in many ways. Recently, this relationship has been popularly illustrated via a meme depicting three people watching a baseball game while standing on boxes. The meme's analogy, that achieving health equity is the ability to view a spectator sport, is a neoliberal account of health. The analogy defines equality at the expense of equity, characterizes health as individualistic, describes health equity as a static outcome, and implies that the bioethical questions for achieving health equity are about the distribution and redistribution of resources. As the SARS CoV-2 pandemic vividly reminded us, health equity is no spectator sport. Health equity is the intentional removal of obstacles to health and the enabling of human flourishing to assure that everyone has fair and just opportunities for health. That relational and radical account of health equity requires different analogies. This article reimagines and re-illustrates the relationship between equality and equity using an organic analogy of three plants. The analogy calls for bioethics to nurture communal relationships and engage community leaders in pursuit of communal flourishing.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ЗВІТУ ПРО ВЛАСНИЙ КАПІТАЛ В АКТУАРНИЙ ЗВІТ ПРО ЗМІНИ У ВЛАСНОМУ КАПІТАЛІ

In the wartime, domestic businesses find themselves in a rather difficult financial situation, which has a detrimental effect on the efficiency of their business processes key indicators, both at the micro level and at the level of the national economy as a whole. The agricultural sector needs special support, as it is the guarantor of the country's food security. The foundation for the formation of high-quality information basis on the state and changes in the financial resources available at the enterprise is the methodological support of equity accounting. All this together has a significant impact on the adoption of effective and relevant management levels and changes in the economic value of the company in an active capital market. Due to such trends, domestic business needs to attract additional investment, while the information support for increasing investment attractiveness is an effective system of accounting and reporting, which at the current stage of the accounting doctrine development has moved to the actuarial stage. It is the innovative actuarial accounting paradigm that plays an important role in the system of the traditional accounting system, as it is designed to create a favorable ground for attracting foreign investment and increasing capital. In the process of research, general scientific theoretical cognitive methods were used: systems analysis - to clarify the main categories of research; abstract-logical method - to make theoretical generalizations and conclusions about the current level of equity disclosure in the reporting pursuant to the National Accounting Regulations (Standards) - NAR(S) and International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS); tabular method - to visualize the methodology of transformation of financial statements into actuarial, as well as compiling an actuarial report on changes in equity (form No.4-a). The article attempts to substantiate the methodology of transforming the traditional financial reporting form - the Equity Statement (standard form No.4) into the Actuarial Report on Changes in Equity (Form No.4-a). The author, on the example of an agricultural enterprise, reveals the main aspects of the methodology of transforming financial statements into actuarial, as well as features of national and international standards for the generalization of accounting information about equity. Prospects for further research include: implementation of theoretical and practical justification of the need to transform all forms of financial reporting into an actuarial act on domestic agricultural enterprises, as the main mechanism for accelerating the process of attracting additional financial resources to the agricultural sector of the economy; directing efforts to further active implementation of the cost-oriented management system at small and micro-agricultural entities; substantiation of the peculiarities of key areas of actuarial accounting in the context of the assessment of agricultural market participants as integrated property complexes (CMC) at the current (discounted) value and risk analysis.

Strategies For Enhancing Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Medical School Admissions–A Canadian Medical School's Journey

BackgroundMedical schools aim to select and train future physicians representative of and able to serve their diverse population needs. Enhancing equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in admissions processes includes identifying and mitigating barriers for those underrepresented in medicine (URM).Summary of InnovationsIn 2017, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (Western University, Ontario, Canada) critically reviewed its general Admissions pathways for the Doctor of Medicine (MD) program. Till that time, interview invitations were primarily based on academic metrics rather than a holistic review as for its Indigenous MD Admissions pathway. To help diversify the Canadian physician workforce, Schulich Medicine utilized a multipronged approach with five key changes implemented over 2 years into the general MD Admissions pathways: 1. A voluntary applicant diversity survey (race, socioeconomic status, and community size) to examine potential barriers within the Admissions process; 2. Diversification of the admissions committee and evaluator pool with the inclusion of an Equity Representative on the admissions committee; 3. A biosketch for applicants' life experiences; 4. Implicit bias awareness training for Committee members, file reviewers and interviewers; and 5. A specific pathway for applicants with financial, sociocultural, and medical barriers (termed ACCESS pathway). Diversity data before (Class of 2022) vs. after (Class of 2024) these initiatives and of the applicant pool vs. admitted class were examined.ConclusionFor the Class of 2024, the percentage of admitted racialized students (55.2%), those with socioeconomic challenges (32.3%), and those from remote/rural/small town communities (18.6%) reflected applicant pool demographics (52.8, 29.9, and 17.2%, respectively). Additionally, 5.3% (vs. 5.6% applicant pool) of admitted students had applied through ACCESS. These data suggest that barriers within the admissions process for these URM populations were potentially mitigated by these initiatives. The initiatives broadly improved representation of racialized students, LGBTQ2S+, and those with disability with statistically significant increases in representation of those with socioeconomic challenges (32.3 vs. 19.3%, p = 0.04), and those with language diversity (42.1 vs. 35.0%, p = 0.04). Thus, these changes within the general MD admissions pathways will help diversify the future Canadian physician workforce and inform future initiatives to address health equity and social accountability within Canada.

Earning citizen confidence through a comprehensive approach to responsible and trustworthy AI stewardship and governance

Confidence in artificial intelligence (AI) is necessary, given its growing integration in every aspect of life and livelihood. Citizens are sharing both good and unpleasant experiences that have fuelled opinions of AI as an emerging, advantageous capability while also expressing an abundance of concerns that we must address. Clean energy scientific discoveries, the supply of autonomous vehicles that perform with zero carbon emissions, the rapid discovery of chemicals and/or anomalies that generate medicinal value, or the integration of AI in human resource processes for accelerated efficiencies are examples of AI use cases that can save lives and do so at the speed of urgency. The concerns and challenges are to ensure that models, algorithms, data and humans — the whole AI — are secure, responsible and ethical. In addition, there must be accountability for safety and civil equity and inclusion across the entire AI life cycle. With these factors in action, risks are managed and AI is trustworthy. This paper considers existing policy directives that are relevant for managing risks across the AI life cycle and provides further perspectives and practices to advance implementation.

The use and usefulness of equity accounting

AbstractIn this study we examine the use and usefulness (value relevance) of equity accounting. Descriptive evidence shows there is a higher frequency of disclosure about the investment in associates than the share of profits. There is also more diversity in presentation and disclosure than reported by the International Accounting Standards Board. The characteristics of firms differ for those that report ancillary disclosures such as assets and liabilities of the associate. Firm characteristics also differ on whether associate income is reported before earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). Last, we document that equity accounting is value relevant, but not when alternative accounting options (e.g., fair value or proportionate accounting) are available.

Organization of equity accounting process technology

Introduction. The lack of a clear organization of equity accounting in enterprises with foreign investment causes problems in the formation of accounting and analytical support for management decisions not only by management but also by foreign investors, which reduces the inflow of investment into the company and the exit of investors.The purpose of the study is to clarify the content of the organization of accounting of equity in enterprises with foreign investment and study the specifics of the organization of the technology of the accounting process of equity at the stages of primary, current and final accounting.Research methods. In the process of research on the organization of the accounting process of equity were used general and special methods of cognition. General scientific methods - system approach, induction and deduction, analysis, synthesis and generalization - are used in processing information to clarify the content of the organization of accounting for equity in enterprises with foreign investment. Special methods of cognition are used to study the specifics of the organization of the technology of the accounting process of equity at the stages of primary, current and final accounting.Results of the research. According to the results of the analysis of literature sources, the content of the organization of accounting of own capital at the enterprises with foreign investments is specified.The provisions of the organization of accounting by clarifying the content of the stages of organization of accounting technology for equity in enterprises with foreign investment: primary, current and final accounting, as well as by specifying the lists of accounting information on equity (primary documents, accounting records, financial statements) , which are used in the accounting practice of enterprises with foreign investment, which necessitated the study of improving the documentation of records in accounting for equity transactions of enterprises with foreign investment.The organization of accounting of own capital at the enterprises with foreign investments on the basis of substantiation of influence of provisions of contract, constituent documents and accounting policy on the order of the organization of document circulation and formation of organizational nomenclatures of accounting is improved.The need for the formation of accounting nomenclatures for the organization of the accounting process as a whole, and the need to determine the accounting policy form of accounting and the procedure for registration of accounting information on equity in the registers of analytical and synthetic accounting.The list of provisions of the contract agreement which is defined proceeding from needs of its participants is resulted, and the aspects of legal maintenance of joint activity at drawing up of the contract agreement are defined.Perspectives. These results create prospects for the adaptation of modern enterprises with foreign investment to the needs of international capital markets, and with the help of specific organizational accounting regulations - accounting policy, which covers a set of principles, methods and procedures - the rules of equity accounting.

Arbitrariness Review (With Special Reference to the Social Cost of Carbon)

In its ideal form, arbitrariness review is an instrument for promoting “deliberative democracy” – a system that combines reason-giving with political accountability. Under arbitrariness review in its current form, courts tend to embrace the “hard look doctrine,” which has a procedural component, requiring agencies to offer detailed justifications, and also a substantive component, in which courts assess the reasonableness of the agencies’ choices on the merits. These are serious constraints on the executive branch, and they also reduce the risk of large-scale instability in government, in which scientific and economic judgments are overridden by political considerations. With respect to regulatory policy, it is not enough to say that “elections have consequences.” For climate change in particular, the “social cost of carbon,” or more broadly the “social cost of carbon,” is sometimes described as “the most important number you’ve never heard of.” A key reason is that within the executive branch, the stringency of regulation of greenhouse gases emissions often depends on that number. Another reason is that the social cost of carbon can and should play a role in determining the content of other kinds of initiatives, such as a carbon tax. In the United States, the relevant numbers were challenged in court under the administrations of Barack Obama (where they were upheld) and Donald Trump (where they were struck down). The litigation raises fundamental questions about the role of science, economics, and politics in judicial review of agency action, and about the relationship between courts and the administrative state. With respect to the social cost of carbon: (1) A decision to use the domestic number, as opposed to the global number, would be difficult to defend against an arbitrariness challenge; a decision to use the global number, as opposed to the domestic number, would be straightforward to defend against an arbitrariness challenge. (2) A decision to use a low discount rate, such as two percent, would be straightforward to defend against an arbitrariness challenge; a decision to use a high discount rate, such as seven percent, would be exceedingly difficult to defend against an arbitrariness challenge. (3) A decision to “back out” a social cost of carbon, from some specific target, would be challenging to defend against an arbitrariness challenge. (4) A wide range of decisions – involving, for example, climate sensitivity and the damage function -- raise difficult questions in science and economics; they should be straightforward to defend against an arbitrariness challenge, but only if they follow from a reasoned justification. (5) Approaches that take account of equity – including “prioritarianism” – should be defensible against an arbitrariness challenge, as should be a refusal to adopt such approaches, but here again, a reasoned justification is required. A general lesson, with broader implications, is that judicial review of the social cost of carbon should (and likely will) involve a procedural hard look, not a substantive hard look. A procedural hard look is important to defend against failures of both deliberation and democracy; a substantive hard look would strain judicial capacities.

Integrative STEM education for undergraduate neuroscience: Design and implementation

As an integrative discipline, neuroscience can serve as a vehicle for the development of integrative thinking skills and broad-based scientific proficiency in undergraduate students. Undergraduate neuroscience curricula incorporate fundamental concepts from multiple disciplines. Deepening the explicit exploration of these connections in a neuroscience core curriculum has the potential to support more meaningful and successful undergraduate STEM learning for neuroscience students. Curriculum and faculty development activities related to an integrative core curriculum can provide opportunities for faculty across disciplines and departments to advance common goals of inclusive excellence in STEM. These efforts facilitate analysis of the institutional STEM curriculum from the student perspective, and assist in creating an internal locus of accountability for diversity, equity, and inclusion within the institution. Faculty at the College of the Holy Cross have undertaken the collaborative design and implementation of an integrative core curriculum for neuroscience that embraces principles of inclusive pedagogy, emphasizes the connections between neuroscience and other disciplines, and guides students to develop broad proficiency in fundamental STEM concepts and skills.

On the cusp of a new world order? a dialogue between Confucianism and Dewey and pragmatism

ABSTRACT At the end of 2013, China introduced what it calls the ‘One Belt, One Road Initiative’ (BRI) (yidaiyiluchangyi 一带一路战倡议). From a Chinese perspective, this initiative is nothing less than a strategy to replace the existing world order in all of its parts with a vision of ‘intra-national relations’ that emerges out of traditional Chinese thinking reaching back as early as the Yijing 易经or Book of Changes. The self-conscious rhetoric of BRI is ‘equity’ (gongying 共赢) and ‘diversity’ interpreted through the language of a ‘shared future for the human community’ (renleimingyun gongtongti人类命运共同体). China can be challenged to live up to its own rhetoric. John Dewey makes a helpful distinction between the ‘idea’ and the political ‘forms’ of democracy, where his ‘idea’ of democracy is his own account of equity and shared diversity. Again, there is a direct link between Dewey’s ‘idea’ of democracy and his ‘internationalism.’ Can we use Dewey’s ‘idea’ of democracy to formulate the ‘idea’ of BRI as a Confucian version of ‘internationalism?’

The Arithmetic of Climate Change

In its ideal form, arbitrariness review is an instrument for promoting “deliberative democracy” – a system that combines reason-giving with political accountability. Under arbitrariness review in its current form, courts tend to embrace the “hard look doctrine,” which has a procedural component, requiring agencies to offer detailed justifications, and also a substantive component, in which courts assess the reasonableness of the agencies’ choices on the merits. These are serious constraints on the executive branch, and they also reduce the risk of large-scale instability in government, in which scientific and economic judgments are overridden by political considerations. With respect to regulatory policy, it is not enough to say that “elections have consequences.” For climate change in particular, the “social cost of carbon,” or more broadly the “social cost of greenhouse gases,” is sometimes described as “the most important number you’ve never heard of.” A key reason is that within the executive branch, the stringency of regulation of greenhouse gases emissions often depends on that number. Another reason is that the social cost of carbon can and should play a role in determining the content of other kinds of initiatives, such as a carbon tax. In the United States, the relevant numbers were challenged in court under the administrations of Barack Obama (where they were upheld) and Donald Trump (where they were struck down). The litigation raises fundamental questions about the role of science, economics, and politics in judicial review of agency action, and about the relationship between courts and the administrative state. With respect to the social cost of carbon: (1) A decision to use the global number, as opposed to the domestic number, would be straightforward to defend against an arbitrariness challenge; a decision to use the domestic number, as opposed to the global number, would be difficult to defend against an arbitrariness challenge. (2) A decision to use a low discount rate, such as two percent, would be straightforward to defend against an arbitrariness challenge; a decision to use a high discount rate, such as seven percent, would be exceedingly difficult to defend against an arbitrariness challenge. (3) A wide range of decisions – involving, for example, climate sensitivity and the damage function -- raise difficult questions in science and economics; they should be straightforward to defend against an arbitrariness challenge, but only if they follow from a reasoned justification. (4) Approaches that take account of equity – including “prioritarianism” – should be defensible against an arbitrariness challenge, as should be a refusal to adopt such approaches, but here again, a reasoned justification is required. (5) A decision to “back out” a social cost of carbon, from some specific target, would be challenging to defend against an arbitrariness challenge. A general lesson, with broader implications, is that judicial review of the social cost of carbon should (and likely will) involve a procedural hard look, not a substantive hard look. A procedural hard look is important to defend against failures of both deliberation and democracy; a substantive hard look would strain judicial capacities.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ОБЛІКОВО-ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ УПРАВЛІННЯ ВЛАСНИМ КАПІТАЛОМ

The article covered the interpretation of the concept of «equity» in the various legal and regulatory instruments and scientists and the need to take into account the economic, accounting, and rights-based approaches to the interpretation of equity. The impact of equity accounting information on management decisions was also considered. The components of the company's equity according to the Statement of financial condition are considered. The stages of formation of accounting and analytical support of enterprise capital management are highlighted. The problems of planning, maintenance, use of accounting for certain components of equity are considered. Based on the study of the role, importance, and functions of equity identified its main characteristics for the enterprise: the basis for the beginning and implementation of activities; market value base; source of risk investment financing, coverage of temporary damages, the welfare of the founders (participants); performance measure, the degree of independence and influence of owners on the company; the measure of liability and protect creditors from losses. The results of the research in the part of the improvement of accounting provision of users with the information about formation and change of own capital are highlighted. It is established that efficiency of equity management and methodology of its accounting is determined by the composition and structure of management objects, which depend on: the form of ownership of a business entity, legal form of organization, method of formation (establishment) of an enterprise, size of an enterprise, list of operations on changes in equity, software and technical means of data processing, etc. It is established that the process of equity accounting consists of many blocks, which should be specified and detailed depending on a set of operations with the equity capital. The informativeness of financial statements, in particular the balance sheet, the statement of financial results, the statement of shareholders' equity, and notes on the volume, structure, and reason for changes in shareholders' equity as a whole and its components are disclosed.

Civil society promoting government accountability for health equity in the Caribbean: The Healthy Caribbean Coalition.

ABSTRACTAchieving health equity and addressing the social determinants of health are critical to attaining the health and health-related targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals. Frameworks for health, including the Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas 2018 – 2030, emphasize reduction of health inequities and “leaving no one behind” in national sustainable development. Health equity includes advancing universal health and the primary health care approach, with equitable access for all people to timely, quality, comprehensive, people- and community-centered services that do not cause impoverishment. Equally important, and a hallmark of good governance, is accountability for such advances. Governments have primary responsibility for reducing health inequities and must be held accountable for their policies and performance. Civil society has been recognized as a key partner in advancing sustainable and equitable national development. Effective accountability mechanisms should include civic engagement.The Healthy Caribbean Coalition (HCC), the only Caribbean regional alliance of civil society organizations working to prevent and control noncommunicable diseases—a major health priority fueled by inequities—has played a significant role in holding governments accountable for advancing health equity. This case study examines factors contributing to the success of the HCC, highlighting work under its five strategic pillars—accountability, advocacy, capacity development, communication, and sustainability—as well as challenges, lessons learned, and considerations for greater effectiveness.

On Trusts, Angels, Morality and Fusion: Reply to My Critics

I am deeply grateful to the four commentators for engaging with my work in a deep and creative manner; tempting such outstanding scholars setting their inquisitive minds unto my work x is the best I could possibly ask for. Their thoughts set me unto new paths that correspond with the present book but move beyond it. There is no way I can do justice in this short piece to all the excellent points they raise in their critique. I therefore chose to write about four themes that recur in two or more of the papers: the place of the trust in my account of Equity, the extent to which equity sides with (moral) angles, whether the morality invoked by Equity is thick or thin, and the question to what extent Equity as it emerges from the book can be the subject of future fusion projects.

Reforming accounting to support the shift towards a sustainable financial system

PurposeConsidering the growing importance of finance in shaping corporate and human activities, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Inquiry into the Design of a Sustainable Financial System that aims to align the financial system with sustainable development, with a focus on environmental aspects. Following the inquiry call for better disclosure approaches of material information on the “sustainability impacts” of the financial system as one of the areas of improvement to move toward a sustainable financial system, the author argues for a reform of the accounting model to better reflect the compliance of businesses with “quality of growth” imperatives.Design/methodology/approachThe paper rests on the entity theory of Littleton (1934).FindingsThe new accounting model requires creating a new equity capital account for the entity that is separate from the shareholders equity account. Valuation as well as other related issues on the functioning of this account is briefly explored in the paper. The reform also requires entrusting the responsibility of answering questions related to valuation, capital maintenance and income distribution to the board of directors that should be composed of representatives of the different capitals which have accrued, temporarily or indefinitely, to the business firm.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper calls researchers to explore the theoretical avenues proposed in the paper to develop the model in practice.Practical implicationsThe implementation of this reform requires a regulatory reform and the redesign of the economic coordination mechanisms which could be challenging in practice.Social implicationsThe accounting model proposed in the paper contributes to a new quality of growth, which is a growth based on well-being and inclusiveness.Originality/valueThe paper draws on the UNEP framework, which has not been investigated in other research studies.