Accommodative Response Research Articles

Effect of 0.025% atropine on ocular biometry changes during accommodation.

Low concentration atropine is an effective treatment to slow myopia progression and axial elongation and also reduces accommodation. On-axis ocular dimensions of the eye change during accommodation; hence, this study aimed to quantify the effect of 0.025% atropine eye drops on accommodation-induced changes in ocular biometry. Twenty-eight myopic participants with a mean (SD) age of 17.0 (6.0) years (range: 8.0-25.5 years) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of -2.03 (1.05) D (range: -0.75 to -4.38 D) were enrolled. Baseline ocular biometry measurements of the left eye were captured using an optical biometer (Zeiss IOLMaster 700) for 0, 2, 4 and 6 D accommodation stimuli, presented via a Badal optometer. The accommodation response (AR) was determined using wavefront aberrometry (Imagine Eyes irx3) for the same accommodation stimuli and following cycloplegia using 1% tropicamide. Participants instilled 0.025% atropine eye drops nightly for 1 week in both eyes, and ocular biometry measurements were repeated on the day after the final atropine dose. Anterior chamber depth (ACD) and corrected vitreous chamber depth (cVCD) decreased, and crystalline lens thickness (LT), anterior segment length (ASL), crystalline lens centre position (LCP) and the AR increased significantly during accommodation (all p ≤ 0.009). Accommodation-induced changes in ACD and LT were reduced following 0.025% atropine use (both p ≤ 0.01), with significant pre- and post-atropine differences for the 4 and 6 D stimuli (all pairwise comparisons, p ≤ 0.004). On average, ACD, ASL and LCP increased, while cVCD, corrected axial length (cAL), and the AR decreased following 1 week of 0.025% atropine use (all p ≤ 0.002). The AR and on-axis ocular biometric changes during accommodation were reduced following 1 week of 0.025% atropine use. These findings may have implications for the association between near work and myopia, and atropine's mechanism of action in humans.

Wavefront sensing: A breakthrough for objective evaluation of dynamic accommodation in accommodative dysfunctions.

Wavefront sensing: A breakthrough for objective evaluation of dynamic accommodation in accommodative dysfunctions.

Additional accommodative controls in near heterophoria targets do not improve accommodative responses in young adults.

This study evaluated newly designed tests to measure near heterophoria, comparing them to the Maddox Wing and Howell card, and assessed whether accommodative responses differed between the different heterophoria test targets. Near horizontal heterophoria of 20 visually normal young adults was measured using the Maddox Wing, Howell Card and two versions of a newly designed Huddersfield Heterophoria Test (HHT) card. The HHT cards are based on the Prentice method, either with or without an additional spatially defined grating superimposed on the scale. The addition of a spatially defined grating has been suggested to control accommodation better. A single examiner was used to take measurements on two separate occasions, presenting each test in a random order. Monocular accommodative responses to each heterophoria target were also obtained in a separate session by another examiner. Heterophoria measurements between the four tests were not significantly different, neither clinically nor statistically. Differences in test-retest measurements between test and retest conditions were small and not significantly different. Mean accommodative responses were also not significantly different between the test targets. Differences in target configurations in the Maddox Wing, Howell card or new HHT cards did not influence accommodative responses in a sample of young adults. The newly designed HHT cards (or other variations of the Prentice method) may be used to measure near horizontal heterophoria in a young adult population either with or without additional horizontal lines superimposed on the scale.

Fast and Slow Response of the Accommodation System in Young and Incipient-Presbyope Adults During Sustained Reading Task.

Objectives: To investigate the dynamics of accommodation during and immediately after a sustained reading task on a digital device across various age groups under monocular and binocular conditions. Methods: Seventeen subjects were selected and divided into three age groups: young adults (n = 4, age: 21.3 ± 3.2 years), adults (n = 4, age: 34 ± 3.56 years), and incipient presbyopes (n = 9, age: 45 ± 3.61 years). Dynamic accommodation and disaccommodation were objectively measured using the WAM-5500 open-view autorefractor during 2 min of distance fixation (Maltese cross at 6 m), 5 min of sustained near reading on a teleprompter app at the nearest readable distance, and 2 min of distance vision. Six sequential temporal landmarks were identified. Quantitative metrics for accommodation lag (AL), slope of slow accommodation (SSA), slope of slow disaccommodation (SSD), peak velocity of accommodation (PVA) and peak velocity of disaccommodation (PVD) were obtained as absolute values of spherical equivalent refractive (SER) change. Results: SSA, SSD, and AL were significantly and positively correlated with age (ρ = 0.75, 0.73, 0.51, respectively; p ≤ 0.038). For subjects under 45 years of age SSA and SSD increased quadratically with age, while for those above 45 years, both SSA and SSD decreased linearly. Linear regression of PVA and PVD with age indicated that the disaccommodation mechanism is faster than accommodation (slope = -0.15 and -0.23, respectively). PVA was significantly faster under monocular than binocular conditions (p = 0.124). Conclusions: Incipient presbyopes demonstrate a complex response in both accommodation and disaccommodation. The accommodation system responds quickly, but there is also a slower response that can provide up to an additional 1D of accommodative response during sustained near reading tasks. It is hypothesized that the crystalline lens exhibits hysteresis in returning to its unaccommodated state, due to its viscoelastic properties, which means it takes time to relax.

Accommodation microfluctuation in individuals with mTBI and the potential effect of chromatic filter on this parameter.

Accommodation microfluctuation in individuals with mTBI and the potential effect of chromatic filter on this parameter.

Temporal impacts of diverse concentrations of pilocarpine ophthalmic solution on human accommodation

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Accommodation is crucial for clear near vision and is predominantly affected by presbyopia. The ability to modulate accommodative function with eye drops could offer a pharmacological approach to manage presbyopia. Background To investigate the effects of different concentrations of pilocarpine eye drops on ocular accommodation in young volunteers. Methods In this prospective study, healthy volunteers with mild or moderate myopia with corrected visual acuity of no less than 20/20 were recruited. Participants underwent four visits for baselining and administration of low (0.75%), medium (1.00%), and high (1.25%) concentrations of pilocarpine eye drops respectively. One eye of each participant was chosen and analysed. Ophthalmologic examinations included objective and subjective refraction, corrected distance visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and pupil size. Accommodation was assessed using the WAM-5500 binocular autorefractor. Accommodation facility and the defocus curve were measured. Results Volunteers (n = 24, mean age 23.7 ± 1.5 years) with a mean spherical equivalent of −2.91 ± 1.54 dioptres (D) were recruited. No serious adverse events occurred. All pilocarpine concentrations showed similar pupil constriction without significant intraocular pressure changes (p > 0.05). Pilocarpine induced greater objective refraction changes with higher concentrations (−1.12 ± 1.07D, −1.56 ± 1.38D, −1.68 ± 1.60D for low, medium, and high concentrations, respectively; p < 0.01). Subjective refraction showed a similar dose-response. Accommodative response decreased significantly at the 20 cm stimulus for medium and high concentrations (p < 0.05). Corrected distance visual acuity improved beyond −1.00D to + 0.50D defocus after all three pilocarpines. Accommodative facility improved more by 1.25% than 0.75% (p = 0.04). Conclusions Pilocarpine eye drops are effective in improving ocular accommodation, with higher concentrations leading to greater accommodative changes. Pilocarpine has potential for managing presbyopia.

Improving Complaint Handling: The Rhetorical Turn in Defensive and Accommodative Strategies

This article examines how Aristotelian rhetorical principles— ethos, pathos, and logos—can help manage social media outrage in complaint handling by translating them into defensive and accommodative response strategies commonly used in service recovery. Two online experiments evaluated four strategies for their effects on complainants’ moods: (a) blame-shifting; (b) promising action; (c) apologizing; and (d) a combination of empathy, apology, and promise. The results showed that accommodative strategies were more effective than defensive ones, with the combination of empathy, apology, and promise as the most effective. The findings suggest incorporating rhetorical training in business communication to enhance response efficacy.

Dynamic Accommodation Responses in Subjects Wearing Myopia Control Spectacles Modifying Peripheral Refraction.

Peripheral optics have been suggested to play a role in myopia progression, with accommodation responses also considered a potential contributor. This study aimed to investigate whether modifications in peripheral optics through different spectacle lenses affect accommodation responses. Dynamic accommodation responses were assessed using a double-pass instrument while switching the target from distance (3 m for 3 seconds) to near (0.22 m/4.5 D for adults, 0.18 m/5.5 D for children, 5 seconds) and then back to distance (3 m for 3 seconds). Three groups were studied. Group 1 included 13 adults (age = 28 ± 4.5years). Participants wore one of three myopia control lenses (MiYOSMART [Hoya], Stellest [Essilor], or MyoCare [ZEISS]) randomly, along with their habitual glasses. The testing involved both central clear zones and peripheral side-vision zones, with habitual glasses served as reference. Group 2 underwent same procedure, but in children (age = 9.8 ± 1.7years). Group 3 included 8 adults (age = 27.9 ± 5.3years) wearing standard glasses partially excised with central holes (diameter = 12 mm). The lens refraction included plano, +3 D defocus, -3 D defocus, and -3 D oblique astigmatism. The accommodative lag was less than 0.5 D for all eyes under near stimulation. No significant differences in the amplitude of accommodation responses were observed among the myopia control lenses or the partially excised glasses. No effect on accommodation responses was found in subjects wearing different types of myopia control lenses. This finding indicates that the induced changes in the ocular peripheral optics do not have an impact on accommodation.

Ophthalmological and Orthoptic Findings in Down Syndrome: Is Genotype-Phenotype Correlation Possible?

Introduction: This is a preliminary study to investigate a feasible genotype-phenotype correlation by defining ophthalmological findings in different genotypes of Down syndrome (DS). Methods: The study included 62 eyes of 31 DS patients. Patients were further subgrouped according to cytogenetic forms of DS. A comprehensive ophthalmological examination was performed and, biometric, keratometric, and pachymetric parameters were evaluated. Results: The mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of trisomy 21 was 0.41 ± 0.14 (0.1–0.6) and was 0.6 ± 0.09 (0.5–0.7) for both mosaic and translocation trisomy 21 (p = 0.004). While 6 of the trisomy 21 patients (24%), 2 of the mosaic patients (66.7%), and all of the three translocation type patients had a normal accommodation response, the remaining patients had accommodation lags (p = 0.013). Conclusions: Lens opacities and fundus abnormalities were more common in trisomy 21 (p < 0.001). The angle kappa was larger in trisomy 21 and smallest in the translocation trisomy 21 (p = 0.014). K2 and corneal apex curvature were highest in trisomy 21 (p = 0.05 and p = 0.006, respectively). BCVA and accommodation response were reduced whereas lenticular opacities and fundus abnormalities were more common in trisomy 21. In addition, central cornea was steeper and angle kappa was larger. Further studies with larger cohorts would display differences among subgroups of cytogenetic abnormality.

Retinal image quality with myopia control lenses, in the synthetic accommodative wavefront model

Aims/Purpose: Current myopia control contact lenses (CLs) are based on multifocality designs that affect decrease retinal image quality (RIQ). This study aimed to evaluate the changes in RIQ and accommodative response (AR) with two myopia control CLs.Methods: 100 synthetic eyes were generated using anc accommodative wavefront model to simulate the changes in RIQ with accommodation. The synthetic eyes were “fitted”, using direct wavefront summation, with two myopia control CLs: the MiSight with +2.00D treatment zones and the Mylo with an EDOF design. Peak image quality was calculated for the naked eye and with CLs, in the relaxed state and a target vergence of 40 cm, with an entrance pupil diameter of 4.28 mm. Additionally, the AR that maximizes RIQ was calculated.Results: The mean RIQ [ranged from 0 to 1] for the relaxed eye was 0.42 ± 0.10 without a CLs. It halved to 0.26 ± 0.05 with the Misight and reduced by threefold to 0.15 ± 0.04 with the Mylo. For 40cm the RIQ was 0.34 ± 0.09 without a CL, 0.24 ± 0.07 with the Misight and 0.19 ± 0.03 with the Mylo.For target vergences with demands close the effective add power of the CL, the accommodative RIQ through‐focus produced a second peak prior to the maximum peak, correspondent to the focusing power of the treatment zones1, yielding a RIQ of 0.08 ± 0.03 and 0.12 ± 0.04 for the Misight and Mylo, respectively. The AR without CL was 2.33 ± 0.20 D, 1.75 ± 0.22 D and 1.75 ± 0.22 D with the Misight and the Mylo, respectively.Conclusions: Both myopia control CLs reduced the RIQ in the relaxed and accommodated states. For 40 cm, both CLs induce a secondary peak in the RIQ through‐focus. With Mylo, the secondary peak appeared less than 0.1D from the maximum peak, possibly due to its EDOF design. The AR was reduced with both CLs 0.58 D (lag) compared to the naked eye condition. These results indicate that, both lenses impose significant limitations RIQ and AR.

Retinal image quality with myopia control lenses, in the synthetic accommodative wavefront model

Aims/Purpose: Current myopia control contact lenses (CLs) are based on multifocality designs that affect decrease retinal image quality (RIQ). This study aimed to evaluate the changes in RIQ and accommodative response (AR) with two myopia control CLs.Methods: 100 synthetic eyes were generated using anc accommodative wavefront model to simulate the changes in RIQ with accommodation. The synthetic eyes were “fitted”, using direct wavefront summation, with two myopia control CLs: the MiSight with +2.00D treatment zones and the Mylo with an EDOF design. Peak image quality was calculated for the naked eye and with CLs, in the relaxed state and a target vergence of 40 cm, with an entrance pupil diameter of 4.28 mm. Additionally, the AR that maximizes RIQ was calculated.Results: The mean RIQ [ranged from 0 to 1] for the relaxed eye was 0.42 ± 0.10 without a CLs. It halved to 0.26 ± 0.05 with the Misight and reduced by threefold to 0.15 ± 0.04 with the Mylo. For 40cm the RIQ was 0.34 ± 0.09 without a CL, 0.24 ± 0.07 with the Misight and 0.19 ± 0.03 with the Mylo.For target vergences with demands close the effective add power of the CL, the accommodative RIQ through‐focus produced a second peak prior to the maximum peak, correspondent to the focusing power of the treatment zones1, yielding a RIQ of 0.08 ± 0.03 and 0.12 ± 0.04 for the Misight and Mylo, respectively. The AR without CL was 2.33 ± 0.20 D, 1.75 ± 0.22 D and 1.75 ± 0.22 D with the Misight and the Mylo, respectively.Conclusions: Both myopia control CLs reduced the RIQ in the relaxed and accommodated states. For 40 cm, both CLs induce a secondary peak in the RIQ through‐focus. With Mylo, the secondary peak appeared less than 0.1D from the maximum peak, possibly due to its EDOF design. The AR was reduced with both CLs 0.58 D (lag) compared to the naked eye condition. These results indicate that, both lenses impose significant limitations RIQ and AR.References Faria‐Ribeiro M, Amorim‐de‐Sousa A, González‐Méijome JM. Predicted accommodative response from image quality in young eyes fitted with different dual‐focus designs. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2018;38(3):309‐16.

The effect of aging on the ciliary muscle and its potential relationship with presbyopia: a literature review.

The ciliary muscle is known to play a part in presbyopia, but the mechanism has not received a comprehensive review, which this study aims to achieve. We examined relevant articles published from 1975 through 2022 that explored various properties of the muscle and related tissues in humans and rhesus monkeys. These properties include geometry, elasticity, rigidity, and composition, and were studied using a range of imaging technologies, computer models, and surgical methods. We identified a notable age-related displacement of the ciliary muscle apex that is characterized by anterior and medial shifts, and hypothesized to be primarily attributed to the accrual of connective tissue and tension exerted by the thickening lens. Other factors could also contribute to the movement, particularly the "inward bowing" of the sclera. Another noteworthy observation is that while the ciliary muscle experiences increasing constraint with advancing age due to adjacent anatomical structures, its contractile capacity remains unaltered, alongside the sustained constancy in both the concentration of muscarinic receptors and their binding affinity. Overall, more studies on human ciliary muscle are needed, as it ages differently from that of monkeys' ciliary muscle. These studies should explore other perspectives, including those regarding changes in the physical properties of the tissue and its relationship with other connected tissues. This literature review utilized a systematic methodology to identify and analyze pertinent studies of the presbyopia and ciliary muscles. The approach encompassed a thorough examination of available literature across different academic databases, such as PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Many studies have identified age-related thickening in the ciliary muscle and its potential causes, including the heightened deposition of connective tissues and traction exerted by the thickening lens. Notably, these inquiries culminated in the formulation of a geometric theory positing that the morphology of the ciliary muscle and its spatial relationship with adjacent structures exert pivotal influence over the tension exerted on zonular fibers. The decline in the accommodative response of the muscle is prevalent in advanced age, with reduced mobility likely attributable to the increased stiffness of the Bruch's Membrane-Choroid Complex (BMCC), where the tendons of the ciliary muscle insert, as well as the thickening and stiffening of the lens. Importantly, the ciliary muscle forces do not change with age.

Individual Variations in Vergence and Accommodation Responses Following Virtual Reality Gameplay.

Virtual reality (VR) can challenge the visual system, leading to temporary oculomotor changes, though the degree of change varies among individuals. While the vergence and accommodation system plays a crucial role in VR perception, it remains unclear whether individuals whose visual functions fall outside clinical norms experience larger changes. Thus, our study aimed to investigate whether changes in vergence and accommodation responses following VR gameplay differ between individuals with and without non-strabismic binocular and accommodative disorders. To assess this, both subjective and objective measurements were conducted before and after 20 min of playing Beat Saber. Results revealed significant alterations across both subjective measurements-near point of convergence and near point of accommodation-and objective measurements, including eye refraction, accommodation lag, and accommodative microfluctuations at far. Moreover, individuals with non-strabismic binocular and accommodative disorders exhibited larger accommodative microfluctuations at far compared to the control group. Overall, these findings indicate that considering individual differences in vergence and accommodation responses is important when evaluating the impact of VR on the visual system and can be helpful in the design and use of VR systems, particularly for individuals with binocular and accommodative disorders.

Mechanism of action and selection of endoscopic bariatric therapies for treatment of obesity.

Endoscopic bariatric therapies (EBTs) are minimally invasive and safe procedures with favorable weight loss outcomes in obesity treatment. We aimed to present the weight loss mechanism of action of EBTs and an individualized selection method for patients with obesity. We searched PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases for studies on the topic from databases inception to July 1, 2023, written in English. We focused on EBTs potential mechanism of action to induce weight loss. We also present an expert opinion on a novel selection of EBTs based on their mechanism of action. EBTs can result in weight loss through variable mechanisms of action. They can induce earlier satiation, delay gastric emptying, restrict the accommodative response of the stomach, decrease caloric absorption, and alter the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones. Selecting EBTs may be guided through their mechanism of action by which patients with abnormal satiation may benefit more from tissue apposition devices and aspiration therapy while patients with fast gastric emptying may be better candidates for intragastric devices, endoscopic anastomosis devices, and duodenal mucosal resurfacing. Consequently, the selection of EBTs should be guided by the mechanism of action which is specific to each type of therapy.

Executive Functioning, Family Accommodation, and Treatment Response in Youth with OCD and Comorbid ADHD in a Partial Hospital Program.

Few studies have examined differential treatment response, rates of familial accommodation (FA), and executive functioning (EF) in youth with OCD vs. OCD + ADHD, particularly in a partial hospital program (PHP). The current study includes 138 youth diagnosed with OCD only and 102 youth diagnosed with OCD + ADHD in a PHP setting for a total sample of 240 youth (and their families). Families and clinicians completed several measures assessing child and parent variables of interest. Findings of ANCOVA analyses suggest poorer treatment response and EF in children with comorbid OCD + ADHD compared to their counterparts with OCD only. No significant differences emerged between groups in baseline levels of symptom severity, functional impairment, or FA. Given the high rate of comorbidity between OCD + ADHD, clinicians and researchers should be aware of the need to modify treatment approaches for children with comorbid OCD + ADHD and/or weaker EF performance.

Exploring Changes in Ocular Aberrations for Different Fixation and Accommodation Stimuli

Background: Given the lack of standardization in stimulus types for assessing accommodation, we aimed to evaluate accommodative response (AR) and Zernike coefficients using four different stimuli. Methods: Sixteen healthy subjects aged 22–32 years participated. Four black transilluminated stimuli (Snellen 6/12 “E”, 6/6 “e”, Maltese Cross 6/12 “X”, 6/6 “x”) were used to stimulate accommodation from 0 D to 5 D, in 1 D increments, using the irx3 aberrometer. From the results, AR was calculated with Seidel defocus and the change in Zernike coefficient value between the non-accommodative state and the fully accommodative state (5 D) was determined. Results: Larger pupils were observed with stimulus “E” (p-value &lt; 0.05). The mean AR at the maximum accommodative level (5 D) for the different stimuli was −1.88 ± 1.00 for “E”, −2.60 ± 1.44 for “X”, −2.00 ± 1.32 for “e”, and −2.40 ± 1.27 for “x”. No statistically significant differences were found between AR and Zernike coefficients with the four different accommodative stimuli (p-value &gt; 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Conclusions: The study evaluated accommodative stimulus design and size on AR and Zernike coefficients and found no significant differences. However, stimuli with higher spatial frequencies (“e” and “E”) provided larger ARs compared to the other stimuli.

Comparison of Subjective and Wavefront-Measured Refractions by InnovEyes Platform in Myopic Patients.

To compare the subjective refraction and Innov-Eyes (Alcon Laboratories, Inc) wavefront-measured refraction in patients with myopia and astigmatism before refractive surgery. Consecutive myopic patients planning to receive refractive surgery with ages between 18 and 50 years old were retrospectively enrolled. The subjective and wavefront-measured refraction (InnovEyes platform) were compared, and the influential factors for the measurement difference were analyzed. Of the 500 eyes enrolled, the mean age was 29.3 ± 6.8 years. Mean wavefront-measured refraction was 0.58 ± 0.62 diopters (D) more myopic and 0.10 ± 0.27 D more astigmatic than subjective refraction (P < .001). Wavefront-measured refraction exhibited excellent consistency and significant correlation with subjective refraction. Linear regression demonstrated that age (P = .008) and wavefront-measured sphere standard deviation (P < .001) were positively correlated with spherical measurement difference, and total quality score (P < .001) and accommodative response (binocular cross-cylinder) (P = .011) demonstrated a negative correlation with spherical and cylindrical measurement difference. The patients with low wavefront measurement quality had significantly greater spherical differences than those with high-quality measurement (P < .001). The patients with accommodative lead had greater spherical equivalent differences than other participants (P = .047). Wavefront-measured refraction had excellent consistency with subjective refraction, although it measured more myopia and astigmatism than subjective refraction. The spherical measurement difference was greater in older patients and those with accommodative lead. More stable and higher quality repeated measurements will yield closer results between wavefront-measured and subjective refraction. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(11):e836-e844.].

Accommodative and Vergence Responses to a Moving Stimulus in Concussion.

Concussed adolescents often report visual symptoms, especially for moving targets, but the mechanisms resulting in oculomotor deficits remain unclear. We objectively measured accommodative and vergence responses to a moving target in concussed adolescents and controls. Thirty-two symptomatic concussed participants (mean age, 14.4 ± 2.6years; mean days since concussion, 107days; range, 36-273days) and 32 healthy controls (mean age, 12.7 ± 2.1years) viewed a movie binocularly (closed-loop) and monocularly (vergence open-loop), as well as a Difference of Gaussians (DoG) target binocularly (accommodation open-loop). The movie or DoG target sinusoidally moved toward and away from participants at a 0.1-hertz (Hz) frequency at four separate stimulus amplitudes (1.50 diopters [D], 1.00 D, 0.50 D, 0.25 D) around a 2.50-D midpoint. Accommodation and vergence were continuously measured at 50 Hz using the PowerRef 3. Fourier analysis was used to assess the response amplitudes at the 0.1-Hz frequency. A 2 × 3 analysis of variance with the factors group (concussed, control) and viewing condition (binocular, monocular, DoG) was conducted on response amplitudes. Across groups, accommodative and vergence responses were significantly higher in binocular than monocular conditions (P < 0.001), but not DoG conditions. Compared to controls, concussed participants had significantly reduced monocular accommodative responses (P < 0.012; e.g., at 1.50 D, controls = 1.09 ± 0.47 D and concussed = 0.80 ± 0.36 D, P = 0.011). No group differences were observed for vergence responses in any viewing condition. Accommodative and vergence responses to the moving target were largely driven by disparity cues for both groups, with only minimal improvements in the presence of additional blur cues. Concussed participants showed reduced accommodative responses to a 0.1-Hz stimulus in monocular conditions, indicating mild accommodative deficits in the absence of disparity cues.

Exploring and assessing issue communication – issue communication practices and consequences of issue response strategies for organizational reputation and legitimacy

PurposeAlthough issue management has received ample attention, changes in the media landscape and increased societal scrutiny are currently challenging organizations’ communicative handling of issues. This raises the question of how communication professionals currently perceive and communicatively deal with issues, and what impact issue response strategies have when organizations are addressed regarding their involvement in an issue.Design/methodology/approachWe explore issue communication perceptions and practices by communication professionals in two focus groups. A subsequent experimental study assesses the consequences of issue response strategies for corporate reputation and legitimacy and examines to what extent this relationship can be explained by skepticism while taking issue phase into account.FindingsAlthough most issue communication practices (still) resemble earlier descriptions, the focus groups also indicate the importance of timing and medium of issue communication. The experiment shows that organizations are better off responding to an issue than not responding at all. Organizations should choose for an accommodative or adaptive response to positively impact reputation and legitimacy, and should be aware of the phase of an issue. Remarkably, these empirical differences only apply for a sustainability issue, not for a social issue.Originality/valueThe focus group study illuminates current issue monitoring and communication practices in today’s challenging media and societal landscape. The subsequent experiment enhances our understanding of a sub-field of issue communication: the communicative options of organizations when they are the addressed actor in issues.

Effect of a vergence-accommodation conflict induced during a 30-minute Virtual Reality game on vergence-accommodation parameters and related symptoms

Effect of a vergence-accommodation conflict induced during a 30-minute Virtual Reality game on vergence-accommodation parameters and related symptoms