Pseudofruit Research Articles

Investigation on torsional forces and angles at the nut and pedicel junction (NPJ) revealed varying cashew apple (hypocarp) and nut separation efficiency at different developmental stages in cashew

Cashew is a highly valued tree nut crop that is widely grown for nourishment and industrial applications. The study of fruit and nut separation forces is a necessary for efficiently detaching the nuts from the swollen pedicel or hypocarp referred to as cashew apple (pseudo fruit). In this study, the torsional/twisting forces (TF) required for separating the nuts from the cashew apples (CA) were analyzed at the nut pedicel junction (NPJ) in different cultivars at different fruit developmental stages [BBCH (BiologischeBundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und ChemischeIndustrie) stage code: 711, 713, 715, 717, 719, 811, 813, 815, 817, 819] and days after fall to devise strategies for efficient separation of nuts and CAs. The TF and torsional/twisting angle (TA) were measured using a novel strain gauge-based reaction type torque transducer and a customized fixture. The CA firmness (CAF), and CA cavity depth, length, and width at the NPJ were also measured. Significant variations were observed in the TF and the TA at different fruit developmental stages and days after fall (DAF) in the studied cultivars. The TFs increased from 711 to 813 stages and subsequently declined from 813 to 819 stages and with increasing DAF. Further, the TA increased significantly with the development of fruits from 711 to 819 stages and days after fall. The analysis of the relationship between TF and the physical properties of CA showed that CA firmness and CA cavity depth at the NPJ had significant positive correlations. Further, the analysis of the relationship between the TA and the CA properties showed that CA firmness has significantly negative correlations. The findings of this study are valuable for the development of new cashew cultivars with low TF and TA suitable for mechanical separation and the designing of machinery with versatile end-effectors and twisting mechanisms for efficient separation of nuts from CAs.

Temperature and solar irradiation effects on secondary metabolism during ripening of field-grown everbearing strawberries

The garden strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is cultivated and consumed worldwide because of the pleasant flavor and health-promoting phytochemicals of its false fruits. Monocrop cultivars produce fully ripe strawberries in about one month post-anthesis throughout the spring, while everbearing cultivars undergo additional strawberry production in autumn. In this work, we evaluated the impact of different season-dependent environmental conditions on the ripening program of an everbearing field-gown strawberry variety from autumn 2015 to spring 2016. We combined ad hoc sampling and environmental data collection with LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics to dissect the effects of cumulative temperature and solar irradiation on fruit quality parameters and secondary metabolism during ripening. Different dynamics in specific sub-groups of metabolites were observed in strawberries experiencing distinct amounts of cumulative temperature and solar irradiation during spring and autumn. The integration of statistical analyses on collected data revealed that solar irradiation mainly affected fruit fresh weight and organic acid levels, whereas temperature had a more selective effect on the accumulation of specific flavonols, anthocyanins, and soluble sugar. These findings are of suitable interest to design further approaches for the study of the complex interactions among environmental conditions and ripening in strawberries grown in a real-world scenario.

Identification of spoilage yeasts in cashew apple (Annacardium occidentale L.) using MALDI-TOF MS

Cashew (Annacardium occidentale L.) is a hardy and golden crop of arid regions, and the pseudo fruit, cashew apple is a vital source of sugars and vitamins that is discarded as a waste during cashew nut processing. Cashew apples start fermenting soon after the harvest, and due to the presence of a wide spectrum of polyphenols and tannins, the change of colour of cashew apples leads to an unappealing marketability and storage stability. The present study is aimed to rapid identification of different spoilage yeasts and to identify them using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy. Spoilage yeasts like Candida krusei, C. tropicalis, Pichia norvegensis, Brettannomyces bruxellensis were the spoilage yeasts found to have high confidence score values of 2.00 - 3.00 with high consistency.

Mitigation of cashew apple fruitsastringency.

The cashew apple is a tropical pseudo fruit, with high fiber content, high nutritional value, and therapeutic compositional profile. Consuming cashew apples can help with several health-related problems, such as obesity, stomach ulcers, and gastritis. It has even demonstrated anti-tumor and anti-carcinogenic effects, and its antioxidants can help with wound-healing. Despite such benefits, the cashew apple is frequently considered as waste generated by cashew nut industries, since its commercial applications are restricted by the astringency and poor storability. This astringency is primarily due to the presence of tannins; and a lack of proper, efficient, and economical astringency reduction strategy is accountable for major waste generation. This review compiles pieces of information on the causes of astringency, as well as tannin reduction methods, such as clarification, thermal treatments, microfiltration, and fermentation. These methods aim to either just reduce tannin content or to valorize this by-product in a less-astringent better product. Both routes will eventually help with the better utilization of said organic food waste, which is critical for sustainable development.

Effect of chemical pretreatment on quality attributes of the cashew apple.

Cashew apples, tropical pseudo fruit, are rich in bioactive compounds. It is still underutilized due to its high perishability and its astringent flavor. This study aims to extend its shelf life by chemical dip and dry method at the rural level. Inhibition of fruit-spoiling enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), amylase, and cellulase, was a significant response in this method. Enzyme inhibition was carried out using chemicals: NaCl (1-10mM), CaCl2 (1-10mM), and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (0.1-1mM). The effect of chemical concentration and dipping time was studied using a full factorial method at three levels (-1, 0, and 1). The dipping time ranged from 60 to 180min, and chemical concentrations from 1 to 10mM were studied. Optimal treatment conditions were obtained as follows: NaCl concentration of 9.45mM, dipping time of 160min, and CaCl2 concentration of 7.8mM, dipping time of 160min. NaCl pretreatment showed maximum inhibition of PPO (>80%) and POD (>80%), whereas CaCl2 pretreatment showed maximum inhibition of amylase (60.58%) and cellulase (80.23%). Hence, to avoid postharvest losses, pretreatment with NaCl and CaCl2 was adequate to preserve the texture and color of cashew apples. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Chemical pretreatment can prevent the postharvest losses of cashew apples. Inhibition of PPO, POD, amylase, and cellulase is vital in the shelf-life extension of cashew apples. Sodium chloride dip is a cost-effective method for increasing the storability of cashew apples.

Healthy cashew pseudo fruit, a productive alternative in the northeastern Colombian Amazonian region

ISHS XXXI International Horticultural Congress (IHC2022): International Symposium on Integrative Approaches to Product Quality in Fruits and Vegetables Healthy cashew pseudo fruit, a productive alternative in the northeastern Colombian Amazonian region

Health Importance of Fruits in Humans

Fruits are a gift of nature. Each fruit contains its own benefits. Fruits come in different forms and different varieties and each fruit contain unique health benefits for human. There are different types of fruits according to their development. Different Types of fruits are simple fruit, aggregate fruit, multiple fruit, berries, accessory fruit, and seedless fruit. Fruits are rich in dietary fibers, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, folic acid, pectin, iron, calcium, flavonoids, lycopene, thiamin, magnesium, etc. These elements are important for the proper functioning of the body and play an important role in the prevention of diseases. So, people who eat more fruits or make a habbit to add it in their diet have higher chances of protection from chronic diseases. Fruits are important because they are low in fat, sodium and calories but high in energy. And this energy is important for the proper functioning of body

Rosa machailensis (Rosaceae), a new species from Jammu and Kashmir, India

The new species Rosa machailensis from Paddar subdivision of Jammu &Kashmir is described and illustrated. It is closely allied to Rosa moschata but differs in having acute leaflet, densely glandular margins and long auriculate stipules, broad prickle base, emarginate, mucronate and incised petals, small size of hips (pseudo fruit), thick exine of pollen and broad grooves on exine surface.

Diversity in Acidity between Core and Pulp of Asian Pear Fruit Is Mainly Regulated by the Collaborative Activity of PH8.1 and DIC2 Genes during Fruit Development

The pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) is an important accessory fruit in which the pear core is tarter than the pear pulp. However, the reason for the acidic core and diversity in the taste of the same fruit is not clear. In this study, we observed that the citrate contents were three times higher in the core than in the pulp, while the malate content decreased along with fruit development and was significantly lower in the core than in the pulp at 110 days after flowering. Overall transcript levels for citrate-malate synthesis-related genes increased more in the pear core than the pulp at early fruit development, while degradation-related genes activity was nearly similar or non-significant between the core and pulp during fruit development. The lesser malate accumulation in the pear core compared to the pulp at 110 DAF was possibly due to the reduced activity of tDT2 gene. Regarding citrate accumulation, we identified five important p-type H+-ATPase genes in pear and found that the relative expression level of the PH8.1 gene was four-fold higher in the core than in the pulp during fruit development. Moreover, the expression level of di-carboxylate carrier gene 2 (DIC2) was constantly and significantly higher in the core than in the pulp. In addition, correlation analysis signified that the transcript levels of the two genes PH8.1 and DIC2 positively and significantly correlated with the citrate contents. These results suggested that the increased and collaborative activity of PH8.1 and DIC2 played a key role in the higher citrate accumulation in the core than the pulp, thus, with the help of molecular breeding tools, the citrate contents can be optimized in pear fruit for divers and improved fruit flavoring.

Karakteristik Morfologi Tanaman Buah di Desa Suka Damai Kecamatan Tungkal Jaya Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin

Research on the Morphological characteristics of fruit plants in Suka Damai Village, Tungkal Jaya District, Musi Banyuasin Regency, has been carried out from April 2021 to June 2021, aims to examine the types of horticultural plants through the morphological characteristics of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruit. This study uses a descriptive survey method by exploring the village area as many as 3 RT. Observations were made by looking directly at fruit horticultural plants and then recorded, photographed and then described the morphology. The results obtained 17 species are fruit plants. The species obtained had roots (Radix) with a fibrous root system (Radix adventicia) and a tap (Radix primaria). Stem morphology (Caulis) includes stem types, namely wet stems, grasses and woody. Leaf morphology (Folium) consists of single leaf (Folium simplex) and compound leaf (Folium compositum) with leaf structures including leaf shape (Circumscription) elongated (Oblangus), ovoid (Ovatus), lanceolate (Lanceolatus), sword (Ensiformis), triangle (Triangularis), heart (Cordatus), delta (Deltoideus), ribbon (Ligulatus), jorong (Ovalis). Flower morphology The flower morphology (Flos) is of single flower type (Planta unifloris), and compound flowers (Anthotaxis), which are found in the leaf axils (Flos axillaris) and leaf tips (Flos terminalis). The morphology of fruit (Fructus) was in the types of pseudo fruit (single pseudo, double pseudo, compound pseudo) and true fruit (buni fruit, stone fruit, box fruit, pod). Keywords: horticultural crops, plant morphology

Dehydrated cashew apple in different grinding sizes to sheep

The cashew pseudo fruit can be used to animal feeding in tropical and subtropical countries as Brazil, Ivory Coast and Vietnam. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance of dehydrated cashew apple by-product to sheep. The experiment was carried out with 24 sheep in a completely randomized design with the treatments distributed in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme to test the inclusion (11, 21, 28 and 33% dry matter basis) and the grinding sizes (3 and 19 mm diameter) of dehydrated cashew apple by-product. To grinding sizes there was no effect to intake and digestibility, suggesting the use of dehydrated cashew apple by-product either finely or coarsely milled. The inclusion up to 33% of dehydrated cashew apple by-product inclusion did not affect voluntary intake and nitrogen balance. However, when including above 21%, there was a reduction of ether extract digestibility and more than 28% reduced dry matter and organic matter digestibility.

Sensory Profile and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Clarified and Pasteurized Cashew Apple Juice during Storage

The cashew apple is the false fruit of the cashew tree and is not valued in Côte d'Ivoire and rots at the point of harvest. This study focuses on the valorization of cashew apples into juice. However, its nutritional and organoleptic parameters are affected by temperature and storage time. The objective is therefore to determine the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of cashew apple juice during its production and conservation. The physico-chemical analyses carried out are pH and soluble dry extract. The sensory profile consisted of hedonic and descriptive analyses. The clarified and pasteurised cashew juice was found to be the best with an acceptability rate of 42%. Descriptive characteristics were clarity, colour, aroma and non-astringency. The juice stored at room temperature was more appreciated until the 90th day and then depreciated to the profile of the juice stored at 4°C. Statistical analysis shows that there is no significant difference between the pH and Refractometric Soluble Dry Extract (RSDE) values during storage. Clarified and pasteurised cashew juice retains its properties better at a storage temperature below 27°C.

Karakteristik Tanaman Hias Pekarangan Rumah di Kelurahan Plaju Ulu Kota Palembang

Research on the morphological characteristics of ornamental plant species in the home garden in Plaju Ulu Village, Palembang City, has been carried out from March to June 2021, aiming to determine the morphological characteristics of ornamental plants in Plaju Ulu Village, Palembang City. This study uses a descriptive survey method by exploring the village area as many as 3 RT. Observations were made by looking directly at the ornamental plants found and then recorded, photographed and then described morphologically. The results obtained 2 classes, 21 orders, 24 families, 36 genera and 36 species of ornamental plants. The species obtained had roots (Radix) with a fibrous root system (Radix adventicia) and tap (Radix primaria). The stem has a wet stem structure and woody shrubs and pseudo stems that are modified into rhizomes. Leaves are heart-shaped, shield, oblong, sword, lanceolate, elongated, triangular, ovoid, round and asymmetrical. Flowers have a single flower structure and compound flowers, cobs, bunches, umbrellas, grains, pots and cups. The fruit structure is a single true fruit dry, box fruit, buni fruit, bracket fruit, kendaga fruit and fleshy pseudo fruit. Accessory organs consist of tubers and spines. Keywords : Ornamental plants, Morphological characteristics.

Signal transduction in non-climacteric fruit ripening.

Fleshy fruit ripening involves changes in numerous cellular processes and metabolic pathways, resulting from the coordinated actions of diverse classes of structural and regulatory proteins. These include enzymes, transporters and complex signal transduction systems. Many aspects of the signaling machinery that orchestrates the ripening of climacteric fruits, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), have been elucidated, but less is known about analogous processes in non-climacteric fruits. The latter include strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) and grape (Vitis vinifera), both of which are used as non-climacteric fruit experimental model systems, although they originate from different organs: the grape berry is a true fruit derived from the ovary, while strawberry is an accessory fruit that is derived from the floral receptacle. In this article, we summarize insights into the signal transduction events involved in strawberry and grape berry ripening. We highlight the mechanisms underlying non-climacteric fruit ripening, the multiple primary signals and their integrated action, individual signaling components, pathways and their crosstalk, as well as the associated transcription factors and their signaling output.

Utilization of Waste Cashew Pseudo Fruit (Anacardium occidentale L.) as a Prebiotic Source

a peer-reviewed, open access online international journal which publishes original research papers. The journal welcomes submission from scholars and experts for possible publication from all over the world. The scope of the journal includes: Pharmaceutical research, chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, biological evaluation of crude extracts, ethnomedicine, traditional and complementary medicine, ethnopharmacology, biomedical research, Biotechnology, Evaluation of natural substances of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals, pharmacognosy, bioavailability, clinical, pharmacological, toxicological studies and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals, Isolation and characterization of compounds, structure elucidation, synthesis and experimental biosynthesis of natural Product as well as developments of methods in these areas are welcomed in the journal.

Distribution of Triterpenoids and Steroids in Developing Rugosa Rose (Rosarugosa Thunb.) Accessory Fruit.

Triterpenoids and steroids are considered to be important for the fruit quality and health-promoting properties for the consumers. The aim of the study was the determination of the changes in triterpenoid and steroid biosynthesis and the accumulation in hypanthium and achenes of rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) hip during fruit development and ripening at three different phenological stages (young fruits, fully developed unripe fruits, and matured fruits). Triterpenoids and steroids were also determined in the peel and the pulp of the matured hips. The obtained results indicated that the distribution of the analyzed compounds in different fruit tissues is a selective process. The increased rate of hydroxylation of triterpenoids, the deposition of hydroxylated acids in fruit surface layer, and the continuous biosynthesis of phytosterols in achenes versus its gradual repression in hypanthium accompanied by the accumulation of their biosynthetic intermediates and ketone derivatives seem to be characteristic metabolic features of maturation of rugosa rose accessory fruit. These observations, apart from providing the important data on metabolic modifications occurring in developing fruits, might have a practical application in defining fruit parts, particularly rich in bioactive constituents, to enable the development of novel functional products.

Standardisation of RTS beverage from reconstituted cashew apple-based blended juice powder along with Sugandi

Cashew has commercial value for its nut and peduncle (false fruit), known as cashew apple. Requirements of consumers considering convenience, food safety, health benefits and sensory quality have increased demand for fruit juices, but most consumers don’t get time for the ready to use products. Instant juice powders can meet consumer requirements being cheap to transport and with prolonged shelf life. Then the blended juice was mixed with maltodextrin @15 per cent, i.e., 15 g for 100 mL of blended juice by proper homogenisation. The roots of the sugandi (Swallow root - Decalepsis hamiltonii) were collected, cleaned thoroughly and discarded the central white portion of the roots. Among the blended juice treatment combinations, the highest pH of 3.45 was recorded in B3 (75% cashew apple juice + 25% pineapple juice powder at 150°C inlet temperature with a flow rate of 10 mL min-1). The ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage, along with sugandi stored under refrigerated condition, were free from microbial proliferation till the end of the storage period (60th day of storage), indicating its fitness for consumption with maximum flavour, taste and overall acceptability.

Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Fruits Representing Diverse Apple and Pear Cultivars.

Simple SummaryApples and pears are popular with consumers because of their pleasant taste and high content of bioactive, health-promoting phytochemicals. However, the metabolic profiles of apples and pears are affected by genetic and environmental factors and, therefore, differ even between cultivars of the same species. Biochemical characterization and testing of antioxidant activity are useful tools to identify cultivars with superior organoleptic properties and potential health benefits. We, therefore, used these complementary approaches to analyze the metabolic profiles of six apple and five pear cultivars during two growing seasons, revealing variations in the content of primary and specialized metabolites. We found one ancient Italian apple cultivar rich in polyphenols and one pear cultivar low in sucrose that may be particularly attractive to consumers.The false fruits of apple (Malus domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis) are consumed all over the world, contributing to the dietary intake of health-promoting antioxidant phytochemicals. For example, polyphenols confer many beneficial effects (according to their chemical structure, bioavailability, and absorption efficiency in the gut) and the consumption of polyphenol-rich apple and pear fruits may therefore reduce the risk of some diseases. However, the content of such molecules is highly dependent on the specific fruit cultivar. To examine this metabolic diversity in detail, we used metabolomic analysis (NMR and HPLC-DAD/MS) to profile the metabolome of six apple and five pear cultivars. We also determined the antioxidant capacity of the extracts (FRAP assay) and correlated this with the metabolomic composition and abundance of specific metabolites. We observed the cultivar-specific accumulation of sugars, amino acids, malic acid, and various polyphenols, which was also related to the growing season for some cultivars. We found that the ancient Italian apple Pom Prussian was enriched for chlorogenic acid as well as more characteristic polyphenols (phloretin derivatives), the pear cultivar Abate Fetel was low in sucrose, and both cultivars displayed high in vitro antioxidant activity. These cultivars may, therefore, be particularly attractive to health-conscious consumers.

IMPLEMENTING THE HIERARCHY-ANALYTIC PROCESS WITHIN FOREST FRUITS FROM MUREȘ COUNTY, ROMANIA

Romanian forest ecosystems prove their true value through the complex diversity they offer. Varied relief forms, site conditions, temperate climate and the stand composition and structure elements sustain the apparition of vegetation layers and their population with diverse forest species that accentuate biodiversity. The economy from Romania’s forest area is improved by the increased potential of harvesting a limited number of wood or non-wood products in order to ensure the population’s needs and wellbeing. The activity of trading forest goods is encouraged by the maintenance of a good collaboration with international companies. The purpose of the present research is to analyse the most appreciated forest fruits from Mureș County, România. A total number of eight forest fruits were selected from the non-wood products category and were distributed in the following classes: achene (acorn, hazelnut), false fruits (rosehip), pluri-drupes (raspberry, wild strawberry), pseudo-beny (pulp cones from Juniperus L Genus.), drupes (Prunus Genus) and benyform drupes (black elder). The analytic hierarchy process was used in the evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative criteria. Based on it, eight alternatives were attributed to each analysed fruit using 19 evaluation criteria. The Expert Choice Desktop software was used in order to emphasize the performance efficiency. As such, the most valuable forest fruits from this area proved to be Rosa canina, Rubus idaeus and Fragaria vesca. In regard for the harvesting of non-wood products, managers from the forest sector must take into account analyses that can evaluate the offered economic potential, especially in particular cases.

Coreless apples generated by the suppression of carpel genes and hormone-induced fruit set

Seedless fruits have high consumer appeal and have made seeded varieties obsolete in some crops. In seedless apple varieties, core tissues which normally contain the seed can be unpalatable, reducing the seedless appeal. Apples are accessory fruit with edible flesh derived from hypanthial tissue – a floral tube fused to a compound ovary. Here we show that through suppression of <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like carpel identity genes and hormone induced fruit set, it is possible to generate coreless and therefore seedless apples. Suppression of <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like genes increased petal whorls and fully eliminated carpel development. Treatments with a combination of gibberellin, cytokinin and auxin, rather than single treatments, were required for fruit initiation in these lines. Transcriptomic analysis of <i>agamous</i> RNAi lines suggested conservation of <i>AGAMOUS</i>-dependent gene networks between apple and <i>Arabidopsis</i>. In the absence of all sexual tissues, the developing fruit continues to grow and follow a ripening process similar to that of a regular apple. The coreless phenotype offers a new concept for pipfruit consumers improving convenience and reducing food waste.