Access Mechanism Research Articles

Research on FinTech Promoting Financial Innovation and Growth in Emerging Markets

With the rapid development of science and technology, financial technology has become an important force driving global financial innovation and growth. Especially in emerging markets, the application of FinTech enhances financial services' efficiency, promotes financial inclusion, and injects new vitality into economic growth. This article explores the concept and components of fintech and describes its role in emerging markets. The article begins by unpacking the definition and functional scope of FinTech and provides a compendium of its information categorization. It then delves into the specific steps of FinTech in blockchain implementation, encompassing the construction of knowledge architectures and technological processes, highlighting the mechanisms of information mining, integration, and access. Taking the case of developing countries in particular, the article reviews the positive contribution of the practical application of blockchain in conjunction with fintech to financial innovation in these countries in terms of expanding financial penetration, enhancing the effectiveness and security of transactions, and stimulating new service models. In addition, the challenges faced by these countries in implementing fintech strategies are also analyzed. Overall, the analysis in this paper provides insights into how FinTech can support financial development and economic growth in emerging markets.

A review of wireless body area networks

<span>The widespread adoption of wireless body area network (WBAN) in healthcare presents opportunities to meet the increasing demand for medical services. WBAN enables continuous real-time (RT) monitoring through biomedical sensor nodes positioned in or around a patient's body, collecting vital physiological data. In addition, WBAN imposes stringent criteria for energy efficiency and reliability throughout data collection and transmission. This review paper places significant emphasis on the fundamental concept and essential characteristics of WBAN technology. First, the WBAN features, including architecture, sensor nodes types and network topology is presented. Then, the study explores a wide variety of communication standards and multiple access (MA) mechanism deployed in this technology. Moreover, it discusses open research and challenging issues such as heterogeneous traffic, quality of services (QoS), energy consumption, reliability, interference management, and human body movements effect. Finally, the paper is concluded, and future directions are identified in this evolving field of human health monitoring technology.</span>

"НАРКОМИНДЕЛ СТАВИТ БОРЬБУ ЗА РЕВОЛЮЦИЮ ВЫШЕ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИХ ИНТЕРЕСОВ НЫНЕШНИХ И БУДУЩИХ АРХИВНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ…" (НАРКОМ НКИД Г.В. ЧИЧЕРИН И СОВЕТСКИЕ АРХИВЫ)

The article carries out research on the individual stories reflecting the interdepartmental contradictions between the NKID (represented by its head G.V. Chicherin) and the Central Archives (headed by M.N. Pokrovsky) on the issue of using the archival documents of the imperial diplomatic institutions. Based on the previously unpublished Central Archives materials of the years 1926–1927 stored in the special depository of the Russian Civil Aviation, Chicherin’s general position on the use of the documentary heritage of the Imperial Foreign Ministry is revealed; the paper also describes the essence of the contradictions concerning the procedure for the collecting, systematizing and using the documents. There is a detailed study of Chicherin’s attempts to build business relations with the representatives of the Soviet archival department and of Pokrovsky’s opposition to that. The arguments of both sides in defense of their own position are discussed separately. Particular attention is paid to the “revolutionary” ideological component of Chicherin’s argumentation, to the assumption that the archives are a tool for Soviet Russia to realize its own global historic mission. A conclusion is drawn about the nature of the established cultural practices of the new bureaucracy.The study of the emerging access mechanisms of various government departments to the process of extracting historical facts broadens our understanding of the Soviet experience of the political-ideological “conveyor” and leads the authors to the conclusion that the resource approach to archival, documentary heritage is a typical element of the political culture of the Soviet period, and it has effectively migrated to the modern era.

СПЕЦИФИКА ПРОИЗВОДСТВА И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ БОЛЬШИХ ДАННЫХ В ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМ УПРАВЛЕНИИ

Differences in the practice of Big Data (BD) usage between the private and public sectors are causing a problem of public administration access to advanced BD technologies and methods used in business. The high potential of BD is in demand by public organizations while private businesses hold these technologies and methods. The study of barriers to the dissemination of a practice of BD usage in public administration allows identification of possibilities and directions for BD production and use by public organizations. Russian and foreign cases of production and incorporation of BD in public administration for their analysis were selected from scientific and business sources. The barriers limiting work with BD in public administration are identified: a legal regulation of BD implementation, the structure and functioning of the IT infrastructure of public administration, requirements for the quality of data as content, and the scope and scale of socio-political development problems in public administration. Analysis of BD application in public administration has shown the ways of BD production, such as signal reception and date entry, as well as the necessity of using the IT infrastructure of business. Ways of implementing BD vary due to their multitasking in the public and private sectors. Since BD accumulated by public organizations is in demand by private businesses, providing a data access mechanism can be an approach to enhancing the digital economy at the local and state levels. The study demonstrates the high importance of finding the ways to develop and disseminate BD for public authorities.

Exploring the Frontier of Password Cracking: Methods, Effectiveness, and Defense Strategies

The manner of attacker's behavior cannot be underestimated; hackers use simple traditional attacks such as brute-force and dictionary attacks as well as sophisticated algorithms including: Markov models, probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFG), and generative adversarial networks (GANs). These are one of among the most advanced approaches which utilize artificial intelligence and machine learning to identify the patterns in passwords, guess them and crack them. Markov models calculate transitions from one character state to another, so they estimate password guesses as a probability which is sampled from the distribution. PCFGs further advance the concept by making use of context-specific inputs for producing the passwords, and as a result it is possible to come up with the candidates who are balanced and have the contextually valid characters. Years ago, the CPA attack was considered the ultimate approach for password cracking. Today, GANs have taken their place, implementing adversarial networks that use them as generators to generate valid password examples. It is evident from the research that abusing users' habits and context during password cracking has been proved that it can lead to a tremendous speed gain of the cracking process. The crackers exploit here patterns in the behavior and environmental features and tailor the cracking strategies. Besides that, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are considered to be good options in password modeling as well, where the ongoing researches are devoted to the structures of neural network so that the guessing powers of networks can improve. These new approaches have demonstrated an improvement of at least 10-15% over the outdated ones, thus they are credible in forming the password cracking paradigm shift. Thus, for defeating such sophisticated threats, companies should take into account such robust passphrase policies, teach the user about safety of passwords and implementation of rigid access mechanisms. Educating people on cyber threats basics and development of the reasonable cybersecurity culture are the factors that provide the impact reduction of attacks based on users’ behavior and contextual information.

Data Security Encryption Analysis Based on Blockchain Trusted Big Data Artificial Intelligence

Abstract The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology brings convenience to people but also brings data security problems. The data security problem can be solved effectively by blockchain due to its non-tampering and decentralization features. The purpose of traceability and auditable verification is achieved by adding user identity information and access policy to the blockchain in this paper. A blockchain-based data security access mechanism for cross-organizations is proposed and an attribute-based access control model is constructed. The feasibility and efficiency of this data protection scheme are evaluated by deploying an experimental environment and comparing it to reference schemes. The scheme proposed in this paper consumes less Gas for contract deployment than in other studies, and the Gas consumption grows slowly with more nodes, i.e., the cost grows slowly. The scheme in this paper consumes 7.00 seconds and 3.05 seconds less time than the reference network approach as well as the BAC approach in executing 300 transactions, respectively. The proposed scheme in this paper has shorter attribute secret key generation time and encryption/decryption time than the reference scheme. For example, when the number of attributes is 50, the scheme in this paper reduces the time of secret key generation by 144ms, 64ms, and 348ms compared to the scheme 1, 2, and 3. This paper breaks the performance bottleneck of blockchain and provides a new scheme for the security of user’s data and encryption.

Effects Investigation of MAC and PHY Layer Parameters on the Performance of IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA

The recently released IEEE 802.15.6 standard specifies several physical (PHY) layer and medium access control (MAC) layer protocols for variety of medical and non-medical applications of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). The most suitable way for enhancing network performance is to be the choice of different MAC and PHY parameters based on quality of service (QoS) requirements of different applications. The impact of different MAC and PHY parameters on the network performance and the tradeoff relationship between the parameters are essential to overcome the limitations of exiting carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme of IEEE 802.15.6 standard. To address this issue, we develop a Markov chain-based analytical model of IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA for all user priorities (UPs) and apply this general model to different network scenarios to investigate the effects of the packet arrival rate, channel condition, payload size, access phase length, access mechanism and number of nodes on the performance parameters viz. reliability, normalized throughput, energy consumption and average access delay. Moreover, we conclude the effectiveness of different access phases, access mechanisms and user priorities of intra-WBAN.

The PB1 and the ZZ domain of the autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1 regulate the interaction of p62/SQSTM1 with the autophagosome protein LC3B.

Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process that allows degradation of large macromolecules. p62/SQSTM1 is a key adaptor protein that interacts both with material to be degraded and with LC3 at the autophagosome, enabling degradation of cargos such as protein aggregates, lipid droplets and damaged organelles by selective autophagy. Dysregulation of autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases. In this study, we investigated if the interaction of p62/SQSTM1 with LC3B could be regulated. We purified full-length p62/SQSTM1 and established an in vitro assay that measures the interaction with LC3B. We used the assay to determine the role of the different domains of p62/SQSTM1 in the interaction with LC3B. We identified a mechanism of regulation of p62/SQSTM1 where the ZZ and the PB1 domains regulate the exposure of the LIR-sequence to enable or inhibit the interaction with LC3B. A mutation to mimic the phosphorylation of a site on the ZZ domain leads to increased interaction with LC3B. Also, a small compound that binds to the ZZ domain enhances interaction with LC3B. Dysregulation of these mechanisms in p62/SQSTM1 could have implications for diseases where autophagy is affected. In conclusion, our study highlights the regulated nature of p62/SQSTM1 and its ability to modulate the interaction with LC3B through a LIR-sequence Accessibility Mechanism (LAM). Furthermore, our findings suggest the potential for pharmacological modulation of the exposure of LIR, paving the way for future therapeutic strategies.

ASSOCIATION OF EVERYDAY LIFE INFORMATION ACQUISITION METHODS AND DEPRESSION AMONG US OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Everyday life information acquisition refers to the incidental ways people obtain information through daily activities such as reading, watching television, or communicating with friends rather than through intentional or purposive information seeking behaviors. It has been identified as a fundamental way to obtain informational resources and is a potential means to promote social connections and engagement among older adults. Research has shown that social engagement and connections are protective factors of depression for older adults. However, little research has explored how information seeking behaviors effect risks of depression among older adults. To fill this gap in the literature and provide insights into the mechanism of information access impacts the mental health of older adults, this study examines the relationships between different ways for obtaining daily information (reading, using computer, and watching television) and depression among older adults in United States. The data retrieved from 2018’s Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We multiple linear regression analyses on HRS data including adults age 50 years and older (n=3,179). After adjusting for age, gender, race, marital status, education, and chronic diseases, all three different ways to obtaining daily information (reading, using computer, and watching television) were negatively associated with depression (β=-0.19, p< 0.001; β=-0.15, p=0.002; β=-0.15, p< 0.001, respectively). Findings suggest that the association between everyday life information acquisition and depression among older adults varies depending on the specific information acquisition methods used. These findings highlight the importance of implementing targeted interventions to promote effective information access and enhance social inclusion among older adults.

Facilitating access to primary care for people living in socio-economically vulnerable circumstances in Belgium through community health workers: towards a conceptual model

IntroductionInspired by examples in low- and middle-income countries, 50 community health workers (CHWs) were introduced in Belgium to improve access to primary care for people living in socio-economically vulnerable circumstances. This article aims to explore the ways in which CHWs support people living in socio-economically vulnerable circumstances in their access to primary care.MethodsThe qualitative research focuses on the first year of implementation of this pioneer nationwide CHW programme in Belgium. To respond to the research aim, thirteen semi-structured in-depth interviews were held with people living in socio-economically vulnerable circumstances. In addition, a photovoice study was conducted with fifteen CHWs comprising four phases: (1) photovoice training; (2) participatory observation with each CHW individually; (3) an individual semi-structured in-depth interview; and (4) three focus group discussions. The transcripts and the observation notes were analysed in accordance with the abductive analysis procedures described by Timmermans and Tavory.ResultsThe qualitative results show that the CHWs’ outreaching way of working allows them to reach people living at the crossroads of different vulnerabilities that are intertwined and reinforce each other. They experience complex care needs, while at the same time they face several barriers that interrupt the continuum of access to primary care – as conceptualised in the theoretical access-to-care framework of (Levesque et al. Int J Equity Health. 12:18, 2013). Building on the theoretical access-to-care framework described by (Levesque et al. Int J Equity Health. 12:18, 2013), the conceptual model outlines first the underlying mechanisms of CHW-facilitated access to primary care: (I) outreaching and pro-active way of working; (II) building trust; (III) providing unbiased support and guidance in a culturally sensitive manner; and (IV) tailoring the CHWs’ approach to the unique interplay of barriers at the individual and health system level along the access-to-care continuum as experienced by the individual. Further disentangling how CHWs provide support to the barriers in access to care across the continuum and at each step is outlined further in the process characteristics of this conceptual model. Furthermore, the qualitative results show that the way in which CHWs support people is also impacted by the broader health system, such as long waiting times and unwelcoming healthcare professionals after referral from a CHW.DiscussionThe conceptual model of CHW-facilitated access to primary care developed in this article explores the way in which CHWs support people living in socio-economically vulnerable circumstances in their access to primary care in Belgium. Through their outreaching method, they play a valuable bridging role between the Belgian healthcare system and people living in socio-economically vulnerable circumstances.

Adaptation to land scarcity among small-scale farming households in South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Rural farming households in Sub-Saharan Africa, facing limited land access, engage in land purchase, rental, and other land access practices. However, the highly unregulated land markets expose these farmers to wide-ranging vulnerabilities. In this study, we investigated the land access mechanisms and the related constraints among the small-scale farmers in the densely populated Eastern part of The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We randomly selected 240 consenting farmers for inclusion in the study and collected data using semi-structured interviews to obtain data on land access characteristics. Then, the data was subjected to descriptive statistics to obtain measures of central tendency and dispersion on the responses and correlation statistics to understand the patterns and relations of factors affecting the land access and strategies used to cope with the limited land situation in the South Kivu province of DRC. Our results showed an insecure land tenure system among smallholder farmers. Most of the farmers in the study purchased and leased land to cope with poor land access and, in so doing, faced high price-related limitations that were unsustainable to these farmers; they also faced highly restrictive leasehold contracts. Given the limited access to financial resources and support, improving regulations of land markets and resource support interventions could promote land access among these smallholder farmers. We conclude that the challenges of land access and the current methods farmers use to obtain additional land among the smallholder farming households in the south Kivu province of DRC are precarious and unsustainable and continue to pose a food insecurity and poverty risk among these farmers. We recommend developing and implementing measures to support resource access by these farmers, such as finance, farmer-focused cooperative societies, and better land policy reforms and tenure systems to improve access to land among these farmers and farmers facing similar scenarios in other parts of sub-Saharan Africa.

FinTech and sustainable financing for low carbon energy transitions: A biodiversity and natural resource perspective in BRICS economies

BRICS countries grapple with formidable challenges, declining biodiversity, and energy crises. This study examines the transformative potential of financial technology and sustainable financing in driving low-carbon energy transitions. It aims to achieve two objectives: first, to investigate the effectiveness of FinTech and sustainable financing in driving low-carbon energy transitions; and second, to probe the relationship between these mechanisms and the imperatives of biodiversity and sustainable natural resource utilization in the context of BRICS economies. Through the application of advanced econometric techniques such as fully modified OLS (FMOLS), dynamic OLS (DOLS), fixed effect-OLS (FE-OLS), and Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR), this study investigates the impact of FinTech, sustainable financing, and biodiversity and natural resource utilization on low-carbon energy transitions. Our empirical findings underscore a robust, long-term co-integrating relationship among low-carbon energy advancement, financial technology, financial development, biodiversity preservation, and natural resource utilization. Notably, both FinTech innovations and accessible sustainable financing mechanisms positively influence the adoption of low-carbon energy practices. Moreover, economies rich in biodiversity and with higher income levels exhibit a strong inclination toward low-carbon energy sources. However, overreliance on natural resource extraction hampers the sustained adoption of low-carbon energy practices. This study recommends strategies that leverage FinTech and sustainable financing, while emphasizing the importance of safeguarding natural resources and promoting environmental management. These measures effectively address the energy crisis and foster policies and practices for low-carbon energy transitions.

Unraveling residential burglary trends in urban Mexico: The role of target accessibility, time and regional contexts

This study aims to examine how contextual factors influence the risk of burglary victimization, specifically investigating whether time and regional effects shape these relationships. By analyzing data from the Mexican system of cities between January 2018 and June 2022 while controlling for population characteristics, we detected significant decreases in burglary risk among urban dwellers living in apartments and using restricted access mechanisms, although these effects are limited to certain regions. On the other hand, occupants of detached houses and those without restricted access mechanisms did not experience a reduction in burglary risk. These findings validate existing criminological theories emphasizing the importance of contextual factors. Moreover, our study underscores the necessity of further exploring why the downward decrease in burglary rates across cities came to a halt after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Time as a “Built-In Headwind”: The Disparate Impact of Portfolio Cross-assessment on Black TYC students

This study of a departmental portfolio cross-assessment practice sheds light on factors that appear to influence assessment outcomes for Black students and helps to tease out some of the reasons why this assessment ecosystem has a disparate impact on these students. The findings, drawn from student outcomes data and student survey data,  suggest that it isn’t only, or even primarily, Black students’ linguistic variety that lead to higher failure rates. The writing qualities most commonly flagged on Black students’ failing portfolios are likely related to the very different material conditions in which they write their papers. These conditions challenge the framing of “time” and “labor” as neutral, non-racially-inflected resources to which all students have equal access and which are not often conceptualized as part of the construct of writing ability. As TYCs across the country reform their placement mechanisms for greater access and equity and place more and more students of color into their credit-bearing FYC 1 courses, we have an ethical obligation to watch for disparate impact created by our pre-existing assessment ecosystems.

Digital Copyright Management Mechanism Based on Dynamic Encryption for Multiplatform Browsers

In recent years, the internet and smart devices have developed rapidly. Many people no longer rely on newspapers, magazines, or television to receive news. They can see the latest news using computers or mobile phones. According to a study by the Taiwan Internet Information Center, nearly 90% of Taiwanese people have used the internet. Many online streaming services have emerged, and people can easily watch movies and TV programs through computers or mobile phones. Hence, some websites use digital copyright management mechanisms to protect videos from being directly downloaded. However, 30% of websites use AES-128 encryption to protect their content. If the key access mechanism is not well protected, the encryption methodology may be useless. Therefore, this paper proposes a cross-platform digital copyright management mechanism for adaptive streaming. With this mechanism, users do not need to download additional applications, as the mechanism implements Web-Assembly language through the browser.

On Minimizing the Age of Information in NOMA-Based Vehicular Networks Using Markov Decision Process

Network sustainability relies on many important parameters where the timely dissemination of information has a prime role to improve network operations and henceforth the network sustainability. Age of Information is a critical metric in many applications of future networks including smart transportation systems as these networks require fresh updates from the various network entities for the successful delivery of their services. This paper considers smart vehicles in a vehicle-to-infrastructure network where each vehicle has a stream of data for transmission to the roadside unit (RSU). The information from vehicles is collected when they enter the communication range of an RSU and stay within the coverage area of that RSU for a particular time. During this time, the RSU attempts to receive information from each vehicle as timely as possible. This paper proposes a hybrid access mechanism consisting of both orthogonal and non-orthogonal multiple access that schedules the transmission of packets from vehicles to the RSU where each vehicle has a finite length queue. The transmission of the packets is modeled using a Markov decision process, where a specific cost function is optimized to collect maximum information from the vehicles in a minimum amount of time.

What Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Are Available under the Plant Treaty and Where Is This Information?

Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) are the building blocks upon which global food and nutrition security depend and are key to plant breeding for more resistant crops, but how available are they? To understand what PGRFA are available under the mechanisms created by the International Plant Treaty’s access and benefit-sharing, we conducted a comparative analysis of the five largest sources of pooled global data concerning PGRFA, including data conserved by and available to users under the Plant Treaty’s access and benefit-sharing (ABS) mechanism. These data sources were the registry of notification letters maintained by the Plant Treaty Secretariat and four international PGRFA databases: Genesys, European Search Catalogue for Plant Genetic Resources (EURISCO), World Information and Early Warning System on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (WIEWS) and Global Information System on PGRFA (GLIS). Our analysis revealed that a comprehensive and consistent overview of the PGRFA available under the Plant Treaty’s ABS conditions is not available. The GLIS is the most logical longer-term candidate to promote the provision of up-to-date and comprehensive snapshots of what PGRFA the Plant Treaty framework make available, primarily because it provides a mechanism (digital objective identifiers) to link together information from a range of information sources, including Genesys, WIEWS and EUEISCO and other online publications, and data sets concerning PGRFA in the multilateral system. Successful adoption of the GLIS could be promoted by creating novel incentives endorsed by the Governing Body to encourage Contracting Parties, Article 15 organizations, and individuals to share information about the materials they are making available under the Plant Treaty, in addition to the capacity-building for some GLIS users that is also necessary. These incentives could be included among the package of measures currently being considered by the Plant Treaty’s Working Group to Enhance the Functioning of the Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-Sharing.

Experimental End-To-End Delay Analysis of LTE Cat-M With High-Rate Synchrophasor Communications

Micro-Phasor Measurement Units (μ-PMUs) are devices that permit monitoring voltage and current in the distribution grid with high accuracy, thus enabling a wide range of smart grid applications, such as state estimation, protection and control. These devices need to transmit the synchronous measurements of voltage and current, also known as synchrophasors, to the power utility control center at a high rate. The use of wireless networks, such as LTE, to transmit synchrophasor data is becoming increasingly popular. However, synchrophasors are included in small frames and it would be more efficient to use low-power cellular solutions, such as LTE cat-M. In this work, we present experimental research on the deployment of a μ-PMU with the ability to connect over a commercial LTE cat-M network. The deployed μ-PMU is built with off-the-shelf hardware, such as Arduino microcontrollers, and is used to transmit data—compliant with the IEEE C37.118.2 standard—at a variable rate from 1 frame/s to 80 frames/s. A detailed network performance analysis is carried out to show the suitability of LTE cat-M to support μ-PMU communications. Experimental results on performance indicators, such as delay and jitter, are reported. The effect of the LTE cat-M access mechanism on the time distribution of frame arrivals is also thoroughly analyzed.

Rationalizing Taiwan’s climate action based on oceans: ineffective governance, aspiring international participation, unrealized universal values, and a new window of blue carbon ecosystem measure

Characterized by unique practices of self-imposed voluntary commitment, the formulation of Taiwan’s climate action has been informed by the logic of appropriateness, which is norm-guided without regard to consequences. However, ineffective governance exhibited in the gap between governance incapability and overcommitted contribution, aspiring international participation, and realization of universal values hindered by a developmentalism mindset altogether reify that Taiwan’s climate action has turned out to be an unrealistic ideal. It requires due consideration of socially constructed roles and matching obligations (the appropriateness concern) on the one hand, and promulgation of actions made upon rational choice along with well-defined interests (calculation of consequences) on the other hand, to deliver Taiwan’s voluntary commitments while living up the name and substance of an earth citizen. Taiwan’s effort at developing the blue carbon ecosystem (BCE) measure may open a new window of opportunity, whereby a paradigm shift in transforming the appropriateness logic to the appropriateness-consequence compound is discernible. The key lies in integrating the developmentalist drive for growth and the rising environmentalist demand while engaging, substantially and extensively, members of those affected communities with more accessible and sustainable financing mechanisms.

Can International Freshwater Trade Contribute to the SDG 6

Freshwater is fundamental for all aspects of human well-being and sustainable development. The supply of freshwater resource largely depends on the natural water cycle, leading to extremely unequal distribution over the world. This uneven distribution and increasing freshwater demand results in spatial and temporal physical freshwater shortage. By discussing the limitations of desalination techniques and the shortcomings of existing pathways for freshwater transfer including water transfer projects, bottled water market, and virtual water trade, we suggest that international freshwater trade as an additional pathway is necessary. The analysis of the cost structure of freshwater production and transportation and the hypothetical examples between potential exporting and importing countries show the feasibility of international freshwater trade. The establishment of a global freshwater market is confronted with six challenges, namely, natural sustainability, ecological safety, opinions of stakeholders, market access mechanism, pricing mechanism, and infrastructure system. We conclude that a global freshwater market is expected to make contributions to achieving SDG 6 by mitigating spatial and temporal freshwater scarcity and by resolving transboundary freshwater conflicts and managing local freshwater consumptions.