Access To Education Research Articles

The Concept Of Property Management In The Qur'an And Its Implications In Social Life (Thematic Study According To Al-Azhar Tafsir)

Social inequalities, such as poverty, limited education access, and wealth disparity, often stem from unjust wealth management. Islam, through the Qur'an, offers comprehensive guidelines on acquiring, consuming, purifying, distributing, and protecting wealth to benefit society. While Islamic finance has been widely studied, research linking wealth management to social implications remains limited. This study analyzes wealth management concepts in the Qur'an based on Tafsir Al-Azhar by Hamka and examines their impact on social welfare. Using a qualitative, literature-based approach with thematic tafsir, the study explores relevant Qur'anic verses in a modern socio-economic context. Findings reveal five key aspects of wealth management: halal acquisition emphasizing justice and spiritual balance, moderate consumption avoiding excess and miserliness, purification through zakat to reduce inequality, distribution via charity and waqf to foster social solidarity, and wealth protection through financial planning and inheritance for future security. The study confirms that applying Islamic wealth management principles can help reduce social inequality, improve welfare, and promote economic justice. It contributes to Islamic economic theory while offering practice al guidance fo individuals and policymakers to manage wealth fairly and sustainably.

Sensory Disorders and Neuropsychological Functioning in Saudi Arabia: A Correlational and Regression Analysis Study Using the National Disability Survey.

Objectives: This study investigates the prevalence, determinants, and educational implications of sensory disorders in Saudi Arabia. We hypothesize that sociodemographic factors (e.g., gender, marital status), genetic consanguinity, and regional disparities significantly influence sensory health outcomes, including vision, hearing, balance, and social participation, with consequences for learning environments and educational access. Participants: The primary data were analyzed data from 33,575 households across all administrative regions of Saudi Arabia. The sample includes Saudi nationals residing within the Kingdom and those temporarily abroad (e.g., for treatment, study, or tourism) who are considered household members. Households were selected via a stratified random sampling framework, drawing 25 households from each of 1300 statistical areas (out of 3600 total), ensuring nationwide representation aligned with the 2010 Population and Housing Census. Study Method: An observational analysis of secondary data from the nationally representative survey was conducted. Variables included vision, hearing, mobility, personal care, and communication disorders. Statistical methods encompassed chi-square tests for associations and Cramer's V effect sizes, with regional, gender, and consanguinity-based sub-analyses. Findings: Males exhibited higher mild vision impairments (1.6% vs. 1.0% females; p < 0.001), while females had greater severe hearing disorders (2.3% vs. 1.8%; p < 0.001). Consanguineous groups showed autosomal recessive patterns (e.g., 91,512 mobility issues in first-degree relatives; Cramer's V = 0.12). Regional disparities emerged, with rural Najran reporting elevated balance/motion deficits (3.1% vs. national 1.9%; p < 0.01). Never-married individuals faced extreme communication barriers (18.4% vs. 8.7% married; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Sensory disorders in Saudi Arabia are shaped by genetic, environmental, and sociocultural factors, with implications for educational access and inclusive learning environments. Gender-sensitive interventions, genetic counseling, and expanded sensory disability metrics are critical for equitable educational policies. Regional programs targeting trauma prevention, chronic disease management, and sensory-friendly accommodations in schools are recommended to address multisensory disorder burdens and enhance educational outcomes.

Investigating the Impact of Primary Education on Birth Control Practices in Bangladesh: A Primary Study

Introduction: Bangladesh faces significant challenges due to overpopulation, impacting essential resources such as healthcare, employment, and education. This study investigates the role of primary education in influencing contraceptive adoption and examines the socio-economic and educational factors affecting birth control practices in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in four districts (Sylhet, Habiganj, Sunamganj, and Moulvibazar). These areas were selected to provide a diverse representation of both urban and rural populations. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select 160 service recipients. A validated questionnaire was administered face-to-face by trained data collectors. Statistical methods included Chi-square tests, logistic regression modeling, and sensitivity analysis to control for confounding variables. Results: Higher education levels were significantly associated with increased contraceptive use (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.58-3.47, p &lt; 0.01). Multivariate analysis confirmed that income, religion, and geographic location were significant predictors of contraceptive adoption. Specifically, 41% of service recipients had secondary education, and 56% earned between 4000-5000 Taka per month. Discussion: This study underscores the importance of primary education in contraceptive adoption and identifies key socio-economic determinants affecting family planning choices. Despite methodological limitations, such as sample size constraints, the findings suggest a need for targeted interventions to enhance educational access and contraceptive awareness, particularly among lower-income groups. Conclusion: Expanding primary education is a critical strategy for population control in Bangladesh. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and public health professionals, emphasizing the necessity of data-driven interventions and expanded educational programs to enhance birth control awareness and adoption.

Assessing the Impact of Customary Ownership of Trees and Socioeconomic Factors on the Participatory Forest Management in Jharkhand, India.

Customary ownership over trees on forested public lands is a traditional practice that grants individuals or groups rights and duties to access, use, and manage trees. This unique ownership model, where the Indian Government owns the forested land, but trees on that land are customarily owned by the households or community, plays a critical role in community participation in Participatory Forest Management (PFM). No study has yet quantitatively analyzed the relationship between customary ownership over trees and participation in PFM activities. Therefore, this study fills this gap by analyzing the relationship between households' participation in PFM, the number of trees under customary ownership on forested public lands, and socioeconomic variables in Jharkhand, India. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participatory rural appraisal. Factor analysis and multivariate linear regression were employed to analyze this relationship. We found that households' customary ownership over a higher number of trees enabled them to earn a higher income and motivated them to relocate for better education and healthcare access, resulting in reduced PFM participation. Households with larger forest landholdings participated more regularly in PFM activities, motivated to legalize ownership of their long-used forestlands. Displaced households experienced reduced PFM participation. Higher caste and wealth groups were associated with greater PFM participation due to better resource access and stronger decision-making power. The study findings inform policymakers to improve inclusive participation in PFM activities and provide a pathway for achieving India's environmental commitments by reducing socioeconomic disparities, improving tribal livelihoods, and promoting sustainable management of forestry resources.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM/C) in Garissa and Isiolo, Kenya: Impacts on Education and Livelihoods in the Context of Cultural Norms and Food Insecurity

This article explores the complex challenges of combating Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in the counties of Garissa and Isiolo (Kenya) amidst environmental stressors, particularly drought and food insecurity. FGM persists as a deeply entrenched form of violence against women and girls (VAWG), profoundly rooted in social and traditional beliefs. This practice is often justified by cultural norms but leads to severe physical, psychological, and social harm, perpetuating cycles of gender inequality. Framing FGM as VAWG prioritises its recognition as a violation of human rights and underscores the need for comprehensive, culturally sensitive, and rights-based interventions. In addition, this study investigates how these challenges intersect and complicate efforts to address FGM, focusing on two counties in Kenya known for their adherence to this practice. The research methodology employs a longitudinal panel study design, drawing on in-depth narrative interviews with community narrators. A follow-up data collection was planned after six months to monitor changes over time. Furthermore, this research examines the impact of environmental stressors, such as drought and food insecurity, on educational access, resource availability, and community responses to interventions aimed at eradicating FGM. Findings reveal a complex interplay between cultural norms, economic hardships, and the perpetuation of FGM. Drought and food insecurity exacerbate vulnerabilities within communities, diverting attention and resources away from efforts to challenge ingrained practices like FGM. The article underscores the need for holistic approaches that integrate anti-FGM initiatives into broader resilience-building strategies. It emphasises community engagement, culturally sensitive education, and economic empowerment as pivotal elements in addressing FGM within the context of environmental stressors. Recommendations include mobile education units, community-based empowerment programs, and partnerships with local leaders to foster sustainable change. This case study contributes valuable insights into the challenges of combatting FGM in the face of environmental stressors, shedding light on the intricacies that hinder progress. It advocates for a comprehensive, context-specific approach that recognises and navigates the intersecting challenges posed by cultural norms and environmental crises in the fight against FGM.

Association of Lifestyle and Dietary Factors of Young Children with Diarrhea in Pakistan: An Evidence from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018

Background: Globally childhood diarrhea accounts for 1.7 billion cases every year according to World Health Organization (WHO) 2024 report. According to the Federal Directorate of Immunization, the incidence of diarrhea is around 24% in Pakistan according to the stats provided by WHO. In Pakistan, childhood mortality and morbidity rates are also high due to multiple reasons. Among them, lifestyle and dietary factors play a vital role. Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between lifestyle and dietary factors and the prevalence of childhood diarrhea in Pakistan. Methodology: Data from the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-2018 was taken to check the association between the above-mentioned independent (lifestyle and dietary factors) and dependent variables (diarrhea). Data was analyzed using SPSS and univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis was done using descriptive statistics, chi-square statistics, and binary logistic regression. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were checked for normal distribution using histograms, with normally distributed variables reported as means and standard deviations. Skewed data was presented using medians and interquartile ranges. Chi-square statistics were used to test associations between dietary and lifestyle factors and the outcome variable (diarrhea). Binary logistic regression was performed to identify associations between multiple independent variables (dietary and lifestyle factors) and childhood diarrhea. Results: More than half of the mothers (56%) had no formal schooling. Very few participants (2.1%) had health insurance coverage. Regarding child food diversity, about 10% of babies consumed formula, 3.8% consumed yogurt, and 22.3% consumed eggs, with other food items being less frequently consumed. Significant predictors of childhood diarrhea included maternal (p=0.013) and paternal education (p=0.029), breastfeeding duration (p&lt;0.001), health facility visit in the last 12 months (0.023), decision maker of child healthcare (0.019) and early introduction of non-breastmilk foods (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Key factors influencing childhood diarrhea include maternal education, breastfeeding practices, and healthcare access, suggesting targeted interventions that could reduce childhood morbidity.

Cooperative Extension in Indigenous Communities: Characteristics of Successful Educators

Land Grant Institutions (LGIs) and Cooperative Extension were founded to bring educational access to the states they serve. In contrast to this mission and the ubiquitous nature of Extension services in US counties, Extension offices can only be found in a small number of indigenous communities. Despite these inequities, there are Extension educators collaborating with indigenous communities to provide agricultural and community development programming. To understand the characteristics of successful collaborations, this project investigated educators in the Western Region of Extension to learn about their lived experiences. This investigation was done through a transformative convergent mixed methods study utilizing a survey and interviews. Participants revealed characteristics that make educators successful which include being involved in their communities, building long-term and trusting relationships, developing academic and contextual understanding of the communities they serve, being willing to learn, and developing allyship. Recommendations include how Extension can better support educators and the tensions between Extension’s and educator’s definitions of “success” in their work. Only by understanding and supporting collaborations between educators and indigenous communities can Extension hope to encourage these collaborations and fulfill their mission of equity and inclusion.

Risk, Responsibility, and Prevention in Injury Management: Implications of Concussion (mis)education on Youth Athlete Knowledge Uptake

Concerns over the short- and long-term health implications of concussions has led to a surge in concussion education materials, resources, and modalities to educate youth athletes as a first line of defense in injury prevention. In this paper, we argue that this over-emphasis on concussion education–and a reliance on static, sensationalized, and culturally disconnected messaging–fails to consider the sociocultural implications of concussion education and the subsequent uptake and impact of this information by/on youth athletes. To do so, we present research involving semi-structured interviews with youth athletes in Ontario, Canada ( N = 28; aged 13-18-years-old) focused on understanding experiences with concussion knowledge and education. Through our analysis, we highlight three important domains related to athletes’ experiences with concussion education concerning (1) sufficient education, (2) scare tactics in education efforts, and (3) equity, access, and responsibility. By problematizing education as an effective mode of injury prevention, we draw attention to a gap within current sport-related concussion literature concerning knowledge uptake, education, and behaviour with the social and cultural realities of concussion experiences.

Implementation of Online Learning Using Google Sites at PKBM Barokah LTF2SM Talang Tegal

Non-formal education serves as an essential alternative for individuals who cannot access formal education due to age, economic, or time constraints. PKBM Barokah LTF2SM Talang Tegal not only offers educational programs but is also committed to empowering the community through training and outreach activities. This study employs a qualitative method to conduct an in-depth analysis of the implementation of online learning using Google Sites at this PKBM. The implementation begins with the creation of a website containing learning materials aligned with the curriculum in place. Google Sites offers the advantage of integration with other applications such as Google Drive, Google Docs, and YouTube, facilitating the storage and distribution of materials. However, the primary challenge lies in the dependency on a stable internet connection. Learners’ perspectives reveal diverse experiences and evaluations of this platform. Google Sites provides ease in presenting interactive and engaging content while enhancing educational accessibility. Through this platform, learning materials can be accessed anytime and anywhere with an internet connection. This research aims to contribute to the development of more inclusive and effective online learning methods

Teachers understanding of inclusive education and challenges in implementation in the English education system in Cameroon

This study examines teachers understanding of inclusive education in the English education subsystem in Cameroon and the challenges they experience in its implementation. Based on interviews with some selected teachers, the findings reveal a strong focus on students with disabilities as well as the view of inclusive education as the removal of cultural barriers that pervade access and participation in education. The results also indicate policy inadequacies, school organisational insufficiencies, teacher incompetence and societal barriers to be some of the challenges these teachers encounter when implementing inclusive education.

Evaluation of Budget Expenditure (Mandatory) of Education Sector in Mahakam Ulu Regency

The limited budget of the education sector sourced from the regional budget, because only around 15% of the Mandatory Spending in the education sector is given by the Mahakam Ulu Regency government from the regional budget. Therefore, an evaluation analysis of the mandatory budget expenditure (mandatory) of the education sector in Mahakam Ulu Regency was carried out using the Joyce and Pattison Model. The post-positivism was used by collecting qualitative data through interviews and literature studies. The results of the study indicate that the mandatory output of the education sector in Mahakam Ulu Regency reflects the results of local government policies and programs, especially in remote areas. With optimal budget allocation, the main programs include the management of preschool, elementary school, junior high school, and the distribution of educators. Performance targets include the construction of four teacher/principal rooms each year with a budget of IDR 1.2 billion, as well as the development of infrastructure to create a modern learning environment; Mandatory education outcomes in Mahakam Ulu Regency show significant progress. There is an increase in access and quality of education with 38 elementary schools, 17 junior high schools, and 71 early childhood education centers in 50 villages. The school participation rate for ages 5-6 years reached 80.47% and for ages 7-15 years 99.35%, with a target of 100% in 2024. Net participation rate also increased in early childhood education, elementary schools, and junior high schools, while students' literacy and numeracy skills continued to improve. Expected length of schooling is stable at 12.5-12.6 years, and average length of schooling increased to 7.89 years in 2022, reflecting progress in access to education up to junior high school; The education budget performance indicators in Mahakam Ulu Regency show good achievements, especially in gross participation rate and net participation rate for early childhood education, elementary schools/Islamic elementary schools, and junior high schools/Islamic junior high schools. However, school participation rate-18 years and Equivalency are still constrained by data collection. The absorption of the Education Office budget is more than 70%, but administrative services, such as basic education data and salary disbursement, are less effective, reducing public satisfaction. Improvements in the administrative system are needed to improve services and public trust.

Lower Use of and Potential Barriers to Using Patient Portals Among Limited English Proficient Latino and Chinese American Adults: A Health Techquity Concern.

Patient portals are increasingly becoming the primary channel for communicating health information, raising concerns about the potential worsening of health care access disparities among limited English proficient (LEP) patients. The authors studied the use of a health plan patient portal and potential barriers to use by comparing LEP Latino and Chinese Health Plan members to those with English language preference (non-LEP). The authors used health record data for 480,833 Latino (31.8% LEP) and 137,904 Chinese (31.6% LEP) adult Kaiser Permanente Northern California members 25-85 years of age to study portal use during 2019. Clinic-collected survey data for 489 Latino and 1037 Chinese LEP patients was compared with data for 849 Latino and 426 Chinese non-LEP Kaiser Permanente Northern California 2020 Member Health Survey respondents to identify factors potentially inhibiting portal use. The authors used chi-square tests to assess differences in portal use and potential influencing factors across ethnic, language, and age subgroups. During 2019, LEP Latino and Chinese adults were less likely than non-LEP adults to have a portal account and, among those with a portal account, to have sent secure messages and viewed laboratory results online. Portal use was lower among LEP Latino than LEP Chinese adults. Patient surveys identified lower educational attainment, health literacy, and access to and use of digital tools among LEP vs non-LEP Latino and Chinese adults. Patient portal use is lower among LEP than non-LEP Latino and Chinese patients. Health care systems should take action to decrease barriers to use, but they also should consider patient communication preferences.

Impact of Educational Policies and Reforms on Human Capital Development in Rwanda

Rwanda, a landlocked country in East Africa, has undergone remarkable transformation in the decades following the 1994 genocide against Tutsi. The investment made in the technology and education system is a means of fostering the development of human capital. Thus, recognizing the role of education in the achievement of human capital development, the country has undertaken significant education reforms and policy initiatives in recent years to improve the quality and accessibility of education across the country. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the extent to which educational policies and reforms contributed to human capital development. Conducted in 30 districts, the study employed a cross-sectional survey research design under an explanatory quantitative research approach to collect data from 310 teacher respondents. The data collected were analyzed using bivariate correlation and regression analyzes. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship (p&lt;0.05) between current educational policies and reforms on the development of human capital in Rwanda. Additionally, the linear regression model indicated that the implementation of the competency-based curriculum (CBC) (β= 0.207, p &lt; 0.5), designed content in the CBC (β= 0.364, p &lt; 0.05), the infrastructure and resources (β= 0.151, p &lt; 0.05), and the provided teaching and learning materials (β= 0.113, p &lt; 0.05) contributed significantly to human capital development in Rwanda. They contributed 35.6 % (Adjusted, R2 = 0.356, p &lt; .05) of the variance. Recommendations include regular teacher training programs on innovative teaching approaches, ICT integration in teaching and learning, inclusive education, gender-responsive pedagogy, as well as planning activities that involve student engagement directly, such as diverse competitions in their respective subjects, and field visits. Received: 2 July 2024 | Revised: 19 November 2024 | Accepted: 14 January 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support this work are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Author Contribution Statement Aimable Sibomana: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis. Louis Havugiyaremye: Conceptualization, writing - orginal draft. Emmanuel Bizimana: Formal analysis, Validation, Writing - review &amp; editing. Pancras Ndokoye: Investigation, Resources, Project administration.

Immigrant-serving leaders’ perspectives on bridging home and school in crisis situations

This article analyzes findings from a qualitative interview-based study that explored the perspectives of leaders of four immigrant-serving non-profit organizations in the United States on facilitating educational access for immigrant and refugee families with school-aged children and youth over the 2020–2021 school year, during which, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, public school instruction took place online, or in a hybrid format. These organizations primarily serve low-income, newcomer Mexican, Guatemalan, Congolese, and Southeast Asian families whose children represent the highest proportion of multilingual learners of English (MLEs) in schools in the regions where this research took place. Interviews with organization leaders and staff are analyzed using emotional capital framings that center affect as a resource for action. Findings highlight the emotional labor, adaptability, and innovation that undergird each organization’s efforts to facilitate remote learning, address mental health concerns related to school, and provide families with basic needs. By centering leaders’ emotional responses to every-day and emergency situations, this research offers nuanced understandings of how mutually beneficial partnerships between community organizations and schools can be nurtured and sustained to support immigrant children and their families. We conclude by offering implications for future research, and education policy and practice.

Predicting Health-Related Quality of Life Using Social Determinants of Health: A Machine Learning Approach with the All of Us Cohort.

This study applied machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict health-related quality of life (HRQOL) using comprehensive social determinants of health (SDOH) features. Data from the All of Us dataset, comprising participants with complete HRQOL and SDOH records, were analyzed. The primary outcome was HRQOL, which encompassed physical and mental health components, while SDOH features included social, educational, economic, environmental, and healthcare access factors. Three ML algorithms, namely logistic regression, XGBoost, and Random Forest, were tested. The models achieved accuracy ranges of 0.73-0.77 for HRQOL, 0.70-0.71 for physical health, and 0.72-0.77 for mental health, with corresponding area under the curve ranges of 0.81-0.84, 0.74-0.76, and 0.83-0.85, respectively. Emotional stability, activity management, spiritual beliefs, and comorbidity were identified as key predictors. These findings underscore the critical role of SDOH in predicting HRQOL and suggests future research to focus on applying such models to diverse patient populations and specific clinical conditions.

Building Community Ties: The Community Media's Contribution to Adivasi Social Cohesion

This study examines the role of community media in promoting social cohesion and empowerment among Adivasi communities in India. Utilizing a descriptive qualitative approach rooted in perception phenomenology, the research incorporates Social Identity Theory and Empowerment Theory to explore how community media enhances cultural identity, agency, and socioeconomic development within these communities. Through in-depth interviews and participant observations, the study captures insights into the experiences of Adivasi individuals related to education, economic growth, and women's empowerment, all facilitated by community radio, television, and digital platforms. The findings indicate that community media plays a vital role in preserving Adivasi culture and identity, expanding educational access, and fostering socioeconomic progress, particularly for women. Community radio has proven to be an essential tool for sharing legal, health, and agricultural information, while local television and digital media platforms have empowered Adivasi individuals to engage in advocacy and civic participation. This study emphasizes the crucial role of community media in helping Adivasi communities safeguard their cultural heritage, enhance their well-being, and actively engage in socio-political issues, highlighting its potential as a means for social justice and community resilience.

Swallowing and Oral-Sensorimotor Characteristics ina Sample of Young Hospitalised Children With SevereAcute Malnutrition.

To describe swallowing and oral-sensorimotor characteristics in a sample of young hospitalised children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). The Schedule of Oral-motor Assessment was used to compare oral-sensorimotor skills of 45 hospitalised patientswith SAM (M = 15.98 months; SD = 8.03), to pairwise-matched controls (M = 15.96 months; SD = 8.08). Participants were matched for age, gender, TB, HIV-status, socio-economic status including maternal education, paternal employment, housing and transport access. Caregivers reported demographic information, feeding practices and behaviours during feeding. In comparison to controls (n = 6; 13.3%), participants with SAM (n = 25; 55.6%) presented with significantly more oral-sensorimotor difficulties (p < 0.001), across all consistencies except liquids from the trainer cup and bottle. Difficulties included jaw opening and stabilisation, tongue and lip control for chewing, bolus formation and transport, sustained bite and uncoordinated swallowing. Delayed sitting development significantly correlated with uncoordinated swallowing and head extension on puree and cup drinking, and multiple swallows on puree and semi-solids. Force-feeding and slow swallow initiation in semi-solids significantly correlated. Disruptive feeding behaviours and higher levels of food refusal at the beginning of meals were reported. Clinical signs of aspiration were identified. Oral-sensorimotor dysfunction and possible aspiration were observed in 55.6% of participants with SAM. Safe swallowing function for overall health and nutritional recovery is emphasised. Under-identification of oral-sensorimotor difficulties, lack of referral to speech-language therapists and disruption to continuity of care warrants further research.

Effects of fundamentals of culture on teacher-student relationship: A quantitative correlation study

Public school districts in the United States have become increasingly aware of the problem of access and equity in education as they adjust to changes in demographics and cultural backgrounds of the student population. This quantitative correlation study examined how teacher-student relationships could be strengthened if we knew what impacted the cultural background of middle school teachers. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed the relationship between teacher-student relationship and predictor variables related to cultural background of teachers. The analysis explored teacher-student relationship as measured by self-reporting of 81 middle school teachers and resulted in a significant relationship among predictor variables and teacher-student relationship. The study revealed challenges of ensuring an equitable teaching environment in middle schools and contributed to understanding the impact of cultural background of teachers on teacher-student relationship.

Constitutional Guarantees for Linguistic Minorities in India

Linguistic and religious minorities in India represent distinct groups whose rights and identities are often shaped by dominant cultural and societal norms. Linguistic minorities face challenges related to language usage, educational access, and social integration, while religious minorities experience issues such as discrimination, violence, and underrepresentation in political and administrative spheres. Despite constitutional guarantees, both groups often struggle to assert and protect their rights in practice. This paper critically examines the legal frameworks protecting linguistic and religious minorities in India, focusing on key case laws that highlight the constitutional provisions designed to safeguard their rights. It explores the implications of these legal protections and assesses the effectiveness of judicial interventions in ensuring equal rights for minorities. The study delves into the broader social and political challenges faced by minorities, examining how discrimination, communal tensions, and inadequate representation impact their access to justice and equal opportunities. Finally, the paper offers recommendations for improving the protection of minority rights in India, suggesting reforms to enhance the inclusivity and fairness of the legal and political system for linguistic and religious minorities.

Child Labour and Human Rights: A Socio-Legal Study of Policy Gaps and Challenges in India

Despite the legal setup, child labour is one of the serious socio-legal problems and a severe violation of human rights in India for millions of children. It shows that this significant problem exists here, although well-established laws prohibited child labour several decades ago. This research investigates the socio-economic factors, mainly poverty, education access denial, social norms, and labour laws' non-compliance in developing child labour among the vulnerable populace. It analyzes the existing mechanisms of law through critical examination in the light of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016, the Right to Education Act, 2009, and other international conventions ratified by India. Through a case study from different states, this research exposes the loopholes in enforcement and policy implementation regarding sectors like agriculture, mining, garment industry, and domestic labour. Findings indicate that the weaknesses in law enforcement, corruption, bureaucracy, and lack of interagency coordination exacerbate this issue, thereby leaving many children open to exploitation. A multi-pronged approach strengthening legal enforcement, enhancing rehabilitation programs, integrating technology to monitor child labour, and increasing public awareness would serve as a necessary condition for sustainable eradication. This study emphasizes that because of the non-governmental organizations, the Indian government, and international agencies working together, child rights have to be taken seriously.