Acceleration Of Orthodontic Tooth Movement Research Articles

The Effect of Local Pharmacological Agents in Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Systematic Review.

AIM:Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement has gained a massive interest to decrease the total treatment time. Local pharmacological agents might be used for that purpose as a practical, effective and inexpensive alternative. A systematic review was achieved to evaluate the evidence in that topic.METHODS:A search was conducted on electronic databases including PubMed, Lilacs, Web of Science (Thompson Reuters), EMBASE (OvidSP), and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Wiley) in addition to hand searching of relevant journals till June 2018. Only studies written in English were utilised. Publications were selected, assessed systematically and graded by two observers according to Bondemark grading system.RESULTS:Only two human studies were found investigating the effect of Relaxin and Prostaglandins in the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. No obvious side effects were reported. Relaxin showed no increase in the rate of tooth movement while prostaglandin showed a marked increase in the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.CONCLUSION:There is below moderate evidence showing no effect of relaxin on orthodontic tooth movement, while inconclusive evidence was found regarding Prostaglandin in the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement. More prospective well-conducted clinical trials are needed to reach a proper conclusion regarding the local pharmacological agents which can be safely used to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.

Accelerated orthodontic treatment using corticotomies: what are the minimally invasive alternatives?

The duration of orthodontic treatment in adults remains a barrier for some patients. Some surgical techniques have been developed in order to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. The technique of corticotomies is effective in decreasing the orthodontic treatment time but remains invasive, leading to significant postoperative consequences. Minimally invasive techniques without muco-periosteal flap elevation have been developed: corticision, micro-osteoperforations, piezopuncture and piezocision. The piezocision procedure seems to be the best compromise to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement while respecting a specific surgical and orthodontic protocol. The piezocision surgery allows the addition of biomaterials in cases of dehiscence and/or fenestration on the alveolar bone associated with moderate to severe overcrowding. According to current publications, minimally invasive corticotomy techniques can be viewed as a new therapeutic tool in the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement.

Effects of Different Parameters of Diode Laser on Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement and Its Effect on Relapse: An Experimental Animal Study.

AIM:Recent studies have demonstrated that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. However, there is still controversy about the optimum parameters that can cause acceleration. The present study was designed to examine two different doses of LLLT in the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement and their effect on relapse.METHODS:An orthodontic appliance was designed to induce tooth movement on lower incisors of rabbits. The in-al-as diode laser was used to radiate different groups of rabbits according to a specific protocol. The amount of tooth movement was measured for 21 days, and then the orthodontic appliance was removed, and the relapse was measured till day 28.RESULTS:The amount of tooth movement was significantly greater in the group with irradiation of low dose in comparison with the high dose group and the control group. The relapse was greatest in the group of low dose irradiation and least in the control group.CONCLUSION:The findings suggest that LLLT with a low dose accelerate the orthodontic tooth movement while LLLT with a high dose was not able to have the same effect. LLLT had a reverse effect on relapse tendency; an increase in the relapse tendency was seen with low dose irradiation.

Effectiveness of using a Vibrating Device in Accelerating Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective:The aim of current systematic review was to evaluate the efficiency of the vibrating devices in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement.Methods:A systemic unrestricted search was done in three electronic databases up to July 2018. A manual search was also performed. Eligibility criteria included Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), quasi randomized clinical trials and prospective controlled trials (CCTs) comparing the rate of the tooth movement with and without vibrating devices. The study characteristics and data extraction of the vibrating device group and control group were performed by two reviewers independently.Results:Seven articles were eligible to be included in the qualitative analysis. Three of them were included in meta analysis. One hundred and five patients received vibrating device to accelerate orthodontic treatment while forty-nine patients received shame device and seventy-eight patients were control group.Conclusion:There was no significant difference between vibrating devices group and control group. There is no evidence that vibrating appliances are effective in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement.

The effect of compressive force combined with mechanical vibration on human alveolar bone osteoblasts

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effects of compressive force combined with mechanical vibration on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that promote osteoclastogenesis and related to orthodontic tooth movement acceleration in human alveolar bone osteoblasts in vitro. MethodsOsteoblasts were subjected to compressive force (C), mechanical vibration (V), compressive force combined with mechanical vibration (CV), or no force as a control for 12, 24 and 48 h. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA and protein expression were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. ResultsIn C and CV groups, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher and OPG mRNA and protein expression were significantly lower than control and V groups. However, the expressions were not different between C and CV groups. RANKL mRNA and protein expression were not different between any groups. While, OPG mRNA and protein expression in V group were significantly higher than control group. ConclusionsVibration neither enhanced nor inhibited the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, RANKL and OPG in compressed human alveolar bone osteoblasts.

Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement: An Overview

The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to enhance patients’ life quality by improving their dentofacial functions and aesthetics. Minimal histological damage and pain, rapid tooth movement, short treatment duration, and stability of results are the major criteria for successful treatment. In recent years, the demand for orthodontic treatment has been increasing gradually. Prolonged duration of orthodontic treatment affects the psychological motivation of the patients and leads to several undesirable situations, such as caries, gingival recession, and root resorption. Thus, in recent years, related research has investigated the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement. However, despite the various laboratory and clinical interventions designed to achieve faster tooth movement, uncertainties and unanswered questions about these techniques persist and warrant further investigation. Several surgical techniques as well as physical and chemical applications have been reported by previous studies to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement, most of which have been conducted on animals, with debatable applicability on humans. However, as tooth movement is a multifactorial phenomenon, further research is needed in the future. In this review, we describe the orthodontic tooth movement acceleration methods reported thus far.

Other interesting effects of alveolar corticotomies in orthodontics apart from the acceleration of tooth movement

The acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement due to alveolar corticotomies has been well documented in the literature. It is defined by a phenomenon of transient osteopenia named “the regional acceleratory phenomenon” by Frost. This biological mechanism has been described in studies on both humans and animals. However, other interesting effects in orthodontics are associated with alveolar corticotomies: higher amplitude of tooth movements, a decrease of the root resorptions and an increase of stability after orthodontic treatment.

Effects of Low Level Laser Therapy on Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Systematic Review

The objective of this systematic review is to extract and study evidences available toassess the effectiveness of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on acceleration of Orthodontic tooth movement. The data sources used were electronic data bases including EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. References from collectedarticles were hand searched. Search was not bound with any time limits. Randomized control and clinical trials were also included. Search terms included were orthodontic movement speed/accelerated tooth movement/ LLLT/ Cold-soft diode laser/ Ga-Al-As laser/ low intensity laser/ light therapy/ phototherapy/ photobiostimulation. Only those studies which falls in the moderate to high category on assessment with Cericato et al. method for bias assessment were included. Double extractors did the data collection and at the time of controversies a blinded expert were approached for final decision. Nine studies seemed to be eligible for this study. An energy input of 4.2-8J sq.cm, wavelength of 780-904 nm applied for 80-100 sec/tooth within a time period of 4-6 days per month was found to be effective in demonstrating accelerated orthodontic tooth movement. Some scientific evidence for low level laser therapy causing accelerated orthodontic tooth movement was demonstrated. Those high evidence studies which came up with laser having no benefits on tooth movement explained their pit falls in the discussion, giving reason why they failed to observe any benefit in tooth movement.

Effect of micro-osteoperforations on the rate of canine retraction: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial

INTRODUCTION: The prolonged orthodontic treatment time is considered a major concern both for patients and clinicians.Corticotomy has been proposed as a method for acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement and was found successful. However, its popularity decreased because of its invasiveness. Micro-osteoperforations have been proposed for acceleration with minimal invasiveness. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to clinically evaluate the effect of micro-osteoperforations on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement as evaluated by its effect on the rate of canine retraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial, with a sample size of 10 adult patients (mean age 17.5±2.5 years) requiring the therapeutic extraction of maxillary first premolars’ followed by canine retraction. Micro-osteoperforations were randomly assigned to one side of the maxillary arch at the canine-premolar region, and the contra-lateral side served as control. Anchorage reinforcement was performed usingmini-screws, and canine retraction was performed using nickel-titanium closed coil springs, delivering a force of 150 grams on each side. The rate of canine retraction was measured throughout the study period from dental models obtained at the follow-up visits every 3 weeks. RESULTS: The average daily rate of canine retraction was significantly higher on the experimental side compared to that on the control side by approximately 2 times during the first 9 weeks of the study. CONCLUSION: Micro-osteoperforations have been found clinically successful in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement and shortening the treatment duration. However, acceleration of tooth movement has been found significant during the first 9 weeks, which represent the period of regional acceleratory phenomenon.

The effectiveness of vibrational stimulus to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review

BackgroundIn recent years, it has been a hot research topic to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) through vibration. This review was therefore aimed to systematically evaluate the available evidences on the efficacy of vibrational stimulus to accelerate OTM.MethodsRandomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of vibration on OTM acceleration were searched through electronic and manual search. Two review authors independently conducted the study inclusion, quality assessment and data extraction. The quality of synthesized evidence was assessed according to GRADE system.ResultsEight clinical trials were included in this systematic review. Four studies found that vibration did not enhance the rate of OTM during alignment phase. Two studies revealed that the use of vibratory stimulation accelerated canine retraction. No deleterious effects including pain perceptions and root resorptions were reported.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this review, weak evidence indicates that vibrational stimulus is effective for accelerating canine retraction but not for alignment. The effects of vibration on pain intensity and root resorption during orthodontic treatment are inconclusive. Future high-quality clinical trials are needed before warranting recommendations to clinical application.

Efficiency of low-level laser therapy for orthodontic tooth movement: a review

Orthodontic treatment can last between 2 and 3 years. These long treatment times can significantly decrease patient cooperation and yield adverse effects. This review aimed to evaluate the clinical effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement. We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and EMBASE and included only studies evaluating the effect of LLLT on orthodontic human tooth movement, according to inclusion criteria. We included thirteen studies (three controlled clinical trials [CCTs], five randomized clinical trials [RCTs], and five systematic reviews or meta-analyses). Six of the eight clinical trials showed a statistically significant effect on orthodontic tooth movement toward a low-level laser application. Comparison between studies is difficult because of parameter variability (anchorage, orthodontic appliances, wavelength, and other laser parameters); however, LLLT may be an interesting method to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. The highest-level studies show that LLLT can accelerate orthodontic movements, but other research must be pursued. This review of the literature seems to suggest concentrating future research regarding the relationship between LLLT and orthodontic tooth movement on wavelengths in infrared radiation approximately 780–810 nm, with a fluence of approximately 5 J/cm2.

Laser therapy and biochemical markers in the acceleration of orthodontic dental movement: a review of the literature

The purpose of this review is to identifyknown and controversial relevant aspects of the role of laser application and biochemical markersduring accelerating orthodontic tooth movement. Biochemical markers that mediate acceleration oforthodontic tooth movement were identified in this review, and also was found that this accelerationof dental movement is possible due to the bone functional properties and its ability to deposition(mediated by osteoblasts) and bone resorption (mediated by osteoclasts). For each of these processesexist biochemical markers that can be measured in serum or urine. Bone formation markers arecollagen and non-collagenous proteins while pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline are resorptionmarkers. There are numerous mechanisms to accelerate tooth movement described in the literature;surgical as corticotomy, insights intramedullary piezocision and surgery first, pharmacological asprostaglandins and D vitamin, and physical as pulsatile stimuli and laser therapy. The purpose ofall of them is to accelerate the process and to have shorter orthodontic treatment. The lasertherapy has been reported as a safe and effective alternative to accelerate tooth movement and theireffects on cell populations involved in bone metabolism and pain have been evaluated in animalstudies and in humans, showing good results to reduce the total orthodontic treatment time andhaving less pain sensation after placement of the arches used in the different stages oftreatment.We concluded that nowadays there is no randomized controlled clinical trials published toevaluate the application of these biochemical markers in the process of acceleration of bonemetabolism during orthodontic treatment with the application of low intensity laser (GaAlAs)considered as an effective tool to increase the speed of tooth movement and to reduce pain afteractivation of orthodontic arches. Key words: Tooth movement, Biochemical markers, Low intensitylaser.
 Key words: Tooth movement, Biochemical markers, Low intensity laser.

Collaboration between periodontics and orthodontics: interest of alveolar corticotomies and piezocision. Review of literature

Orthodontics in adults must adapt to certain particularities especially related to the decrease or absence of growth and the prevalence of periodontal damage in this population. This review of the literature aims to assess the effects of alveolar corticotomies on accelerating or facilitating tooth movements in different types of orthodontic movements, to compare results obtained by classical technique with those obtained by piezocision and analyze their impact on periodontal tissues in the long term. Research was performed with Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases, beginning in January 2000. Every study, selected through its title and abstract, was then evaluated through its full content. A total of 65 studies were included. All studies showed that corticotomies temporarily facilitate accelerated orthodontic tooth movement, with minimal complications. No periodontal lesion, loss of pulpal vitality or severe root resorption were reported. Only a few studies have examined control groups treated with conventional orthodontics. Corticotomy allows temporary acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement. Piezocision is less invasive and performed in certain indications; it also lightens the postoperative complications. However, the fact that using alveolar corticotomies significantly decreases the treatment time remains uncertain, due to the lack of significant data. Further prospective randomized clinical studies are necessary to analyze more precisely the decrease in the overall treatment time, improved periodontal support and stability of orthodontic treatment results in the long term following the alveolar corticotomies.

Effectiveness of adjunctive interventions for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review of systematic reviews.

This study was aimed to summarise published systematic reviews (SRs) that assess the effects of adjunctive interventions on the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Electronic and manual searches were performed up to August 2016. Systematic reviews investigating the impact of adjunctive techniques on the promotion of OTM were included. The methodological quality of the included reviews was evaluated using the A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) scale. The quality of evidence for each intervention was assessed using GRADE. The Jadad decision algorithm was used to select a study to provide body evidence from discordant reviews on the same intervention. A total of 11 SRs were included in this study. AMSTAR scores ranged from 4 to 10 of 11. The quality of evidence ranged from very low to low. The short-term (1-3 months) effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT, 5 and 8 J cm-2 ) and corticotomy were supported by low-quality evidence. The evidence regarding the efficacy of photobiomodulation, pulsed electromagnetic field, interseptal bone reduction, two vibrational devices (Tooth Masseuse and Orthoaccel) and electrical current was of very low quality. Relaxin injections and extracorporeal shock waves were reported to have no impact on OTM according to low- and very low-quality evidence, respectively. Based on currently available information, we conclude that low-quality evidence indicates that LLLT (5 and 8 J cm-2 ) and corticotomy are effective to promote OTM in the short term. Future high-quality trials are required to determine the optimal protocols, as well as the long-term effects of LLLT and corticotomy, before warranting recommendations for orthodontics clinics.

Inconclusive evidence for the effectiveness of nonconventional methods in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement

Systematic review conclusionA moderate level of evidence exists regarding low-intensity laser therapy and a low level of evidence exists regarding corticotomy regarding effectiveness in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement. As for interseptal bone reduction, photobiomodulation, or pulsed electromagnetic fields, the evidence level is limited.Critical summary assessmentLow-intensity laser therapy and corticotomy may be effective for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement, although their real clinical effect is questionable.Evidence quality ratingLimited. A moderate level of evidence exists regarding low-intensity laser therapy and a low level of evidence exists regarding corticotomy regarding effectiveness in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement. As for interseptal bone reduction, photobiomodulation, or pulsed electromagnetic fields, the evidence level is limited.

The development of submucosal injection of platelet rich plasma for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement and preserving pressure side alveolar bone

Although the surgical-assisted accelerated orthodontic tooth movement has been proved to be the most effective one currently, its disadvantages are it is a bone surgery, and it causes loss of alveolar bone that undermines the periodontal support of the target teeth. The submucosal injection of platelet rich plasma (PRP) is a technique developed for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement by simulating the effects of bone insult without surgery and loss of alveolar bone. We have revealed clinically that submucosal injection of PRP accelerated the mandibular or maxillary alignment 1.7 folds faster in average, and the acceleration was dose-dependent when the PRP fold (platelet count in PRP/platelet count in blood) was en masse anterior retraction decreased 71–77% of alveolar bone loss, and this was dose-dependent. The pressure side of en masse anterior retraction had no alveolar bone loss when the PRP fold was higher than 11.0. In conclusion, the optimal PRP fold for the best performance in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement and preservation of the pressure side alveolar bone is 11.0–12.5.

The effects of dried root aqueous extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its major ingredient in acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement in rat.

Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) is a popular and classic herb in traditional Chineses medicines. The objective is to confirm the effects of aqueous extract of S. miltiorrhiza (ESM) and its main ingredient on the promotion of orthodontic tooth movement and healing of periodontal ligament in rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n= 150) were divided into five groups: model control group (0.5 ml/kg phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injection), ESM group (0.75 g/kg/day of crude drugs) and Danshensu subgroups (250, 500, 750 mg/kg/day of body weight). All rats were administered intramuscularly into the buccal vestibular mucosa of first molar of left maxillary. The indicators such as the moving distance of orthodontic tooth, nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression and osteoclasts were tested. The expressions of RANKL and OPG in the treatment groups were obviously enhanced compared with control group (P<0.05). The increase rate of OPG expression was slower than that of RANKL. But, RANKL decreased conspicuously after no orthodontic pressure was applied, especially in the treatment groups (Danshengsu high dose group at day 30: 2.17 versus 3.47 of control, P<0.01). ESM groups promoted osteoclasts proliferation in the first 20 days. There is a relationship between RANKL/OPG ratio and the number of osteoclasts. ESM might accelerate periodontal alteration of rat orthodontic tooth via producing more osteoclasts.

Accelerating orthodontic tooth movement with the aid of periodontal surgery – the practitioner viewpoint

Abstract Introduction: There has been a revival of interest in the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) by inducing injury to dentoalveolar cortical bone. Termed corticotomy, the procedure offers an advantage to adult patients whose bone metabolism is such that any reduction in treatment time would be welcomed. The procedure has been refined for over 100 years and recent research indicates treatment duration may be reduced often by as much as a third, but it is not clear how widely the method is applied in practice. For the procedure to be successful, careful interdisciplinary management by orthodontists and periodontists is required. However, information regarding the attitude and knowledge of practitioners and the frequency of the procedure performed in Australia and New Zealand is lacking. Methods: A questionnaire was formulated and tested in a pilot study on postgraduate orthodontic and periodontic students at The University of Adelaide. As a consequence of the responses, the wording of several questions was clarified and the sequence modified to produce the final format. Separate questionnaires were developed for specialist orthodontists and periodontists in keeping with their different backgrounds and were distributed at two relevant conferences. Results and conclusions: The number of practitioners who had been involved with at least one corticotomy per annum was low for orthodontists (12%) and periodontists (18%). The majority of those surveyed believed that more research was required on corticotomy-facilitated OTM and would not recommend the procedure to patients without greater investigation of the technique. More than half of the sampled orthodontists indicated that they would never recommend corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics to their patients. The minority who were willing to recommend the procedure would limit involvement to adult patients, the management of ankylosed teeth, impacted canines and patients susceptible to root resorption. Over 90% of the sampled periodontists believed that there were adverse side effects.

Acceleration of Canine Movement by Laser Assisted Flapless Corticotomy : An Innovative Approach in Clinical Orthodontics

Background: Corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment is done to induce a state of increased tissue turnover and transient osteopenia, which is followed by a faster rate of orthodontic tooth movement. It considered as an adjunct treatment option for orthodontic treatment of adults. The aim of this Study was to elucidate the effectiveness of a new surgical approach for acceleration of maxillary canine retraction in human with laser assisted flapless corticotomy and evaluate its effect on vitality of pulp and gingival sulcus depth. Materials and methods: the sample comprised of 15 Iraqi patients (9 females and 6 males; mean age 21.7), who were required extraction for their maxillary first premolars followed by retraction of the canines as part of their orthodontic treatment plan. The study was designed as a split-mouth study. Decortications were done in the second stage of orthodontic treatment using Er:YAG laser to perform series of holes mesially and distally to the canine at the side with more space between the canine and second premolar without reflecting a surgical flap. The net canine movements and molar anchorage loss were calculated after six weeks. Vitality test, radiographical assessment and gingival sulcus depth were investigated. Results and Conclusions: The canines on the laser corticotomy side showed statisticaly higher mean value of retraction than their controls during six weeks period. Pulp vitality response and post surgery gingival sulcus depth showed no significant difference between the pre-laser and post-laser surgery. Based on the result of our study, flapless laser assisted corticotomy can be considered for acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement in humans.

Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement by alveolar corticotomy in the dog

Tooth movement and alveolar bone reaction after corticotomies have not been thoroughly examined. In this study, the effects of corticotomies on orthodontic tooth movement and alveolar bone reaction were investigated in dogs. Corticotomies were performed on the cortical bone of the mandibular left third premolar region in 12 male adult beagles. The third premolars on the left experimental side and on the right sham side were moved mesially with a continuous force of 0.5 N. Tooth movement velocities from 0 to 1 week and from 1 to 2 weeks after the corticotomies were significantly faster on the experimental side than on the sham side. Hyalinization of the periodontal ligament appeared only at 1 week after the corticotomies on the experimental sides, whereas it was observed from 1 to 4 weeks after the corticotomies on the sham sides. Tartrate-resistant-acid-phosphatase positive cells of the experimental side tended to work vigorously at an early time on the alveolar wall and in the bone marrow cavities. Orthodontic tooth movement increased for at least 2 weeks after the corticotomies. This might be brought about by rapid alveolar bone reaction in the bone marrow cavities, which leads to less hyalinization of the periodontal ligament on the alveolar wall.