Acacia Catechu Research Articles

Advanced Bioinspired Silver Nanoparticles Integrated into Polyherbal Gel for Enhanced Diabetic Foot Ulcer Regeneration.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a severe diabetic complication, frequently resulting in infections and amputations. The current research focuses on the development and assessment of a synergistic nano-herbal formulation based on green-synthesized silver nanoparticles and a polyherbal gel for the efficient treatment of DFUs. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were green-synthesized using aqueous extracts of Tagetes erecta (Marigold) and Portulaca oleracea (Purslane). They were further blended with a polyherbal gel formulation to improve antimicrobial and wound-healing activities. AgNPs were synthesized using aqueous plant extracts and characterized through UV-Visible spectrophotometry (SPR peaks: 439nm for T. erecta, 427nm for P. oleracea), FT-IR (O-H stretching at 3610cm⁻1, 3687cm⁻1), XRD (semi-crystalline structure), and DLS (particle sizes: 311nm and 304nm, zeta potentials: -19.7mV and -20.1mV, respectively). Antimicrobial studies showed strong inhibition against S. aureus (21mm, 20mm) and K. pneumoniae (22mm) for AgNPs. The polyherbal gel, incorporating extracts of Ficus racemosa, Emblica officinalis, Curcuma longa, Carica papaya, Terminalia bellerica, Acacia catechu, and Aloe vera, achieved 85% wound closure in diabetic rats by day 16, compared to 60% (untreated) and 95% (povidone iodine). AgNP-antibiotic combinations reached 90% healing. HbA1c levels remained unchanged, indicating glucose-independent healing. These findings suggest that AgNP-polyherbal formulations could serve as a sustainable and effective DFU treatment, enhancing antimicrobial activity and promoting tissue regeneration.

Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza an Important Biofertilizer for Production of Quality Seedlings of Tree Species

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) is a symbiotic fungus accompanying with the roots of higher plants, playing a dynamic role in enhancing seedling growth and quality. It improves nutrient availability, particularly phosphorus, boosts chlorophyll content and fixes atmospheric nitrogen in leguminous species. These benefits make VAM a significant tool in forest nurseries for producing quality planting materials of economically and ecologically important tree species. This review highlights the potential of VAM, alone and in combination with other biofertilizers, in improving seedling growth, quality attributes, and soil fertility, emphasizing its role in sustainable nursery practices for the production of quality tree seedlings. The methodological approach involved reviewing studies that assessed the effects of VAM inoculation under controlled nursery conditions, either independently or combined with biofertilizers such as Rhizobium, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Azospirillum, Frankia, Phosphobacterium, and Azotobacter. Parameters such as seedling growth, nutrient uptake and quality attributes were analyzed. The effects of combining VAM with nutrient inputs like rock phosphate and NPK fertilizers were also evaluated. VAM inoculation alone significantly improved seedling quality in species such as Anthocephalus cadamba, Azadirachta indica, Dalbergia sissoo, and Swietenia macrophylla. Its combination with biofertilizers enhanced growth in species like Acacia catechu, Butea monosperma, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Tectona grandis. Integration with nutrient inputs further boosted the performance of species like Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia mangium. VAM is a promising tool for producing quality seedlings, contributing to sustainable afforestation and reforestation efforts by enhancing seedling growth, improving soil fertility and supporting environmental conservation.

Pharmacological insights into catechin and epicatechin from Acacia catechu Wild: Bioactive potential and therapeutic applications

Pharmacological insights into catechin and epicatechin from Acacia catechu Wild: Bioactive potential and therapeutic applications

Antioxidant, urobactericidal and antibiotic modulating activity of the methanolic extract of the stem and resin of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd

BackgroundEmergence of multidrug resistant pathogens has opened new vistas for novel drug discovery or combinatorial drug surveillance, often in form of some natural products, which is considered to be cheap and safe. In this study, the urobactericidal activity of the methanolic extract of the stem and resin of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd (Fabaceae) was explored against five uropathogenic bacterial strains i.e. Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus.MethodsVarieties of antibacterial (disc diffusion, agar well diffusion, modified agar well diffusion) and antioxidant assays (DPPH and OH free radical scavenging assay) were tried to prove the efficacy of stem and resin extracts of A. catechu and to compare their urobactericidal and free radical scavenging properties.ResultsPhytochemical analysis envisaged that the stem and resin contained phytoconstituents like alkaloids, phenols, tannins, proteins, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids, which were reported to have excellent antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The total phenolic contents of the methanolic extract of A. catechu stem (ACs) and A. catechu resin (ACr) were calculated as 37.74 ± 0.023 and 51.98 ± 0.011 mg/g Gallic Acid equivalents. The total flavonoid contents of methanolic extract of ACs and ACr were calculated to be 71.33 ± 0.004 and119.6 ± 0.010 mg/g Rutin equivalent. ACs had IC50 value of 93.68 ± 0.71; 90.92 ± 0.54 µg/mL and ACr had 79.21 ± 0.54; 85.74 ± 0.61 µg/mL in comparison to an IC50 value of 72.33 ± 1.20; 66.96 ± 0.61 µg/mL for standard Ascorbic acid in the DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay. Phytocompounds present in both ACs and ACr were proved to have improved the urobactericidal efficacies of conventional antibiotics especially against the E. faecalis and E. coli, the prime etiological agents of uropathogenesis.ConclusionOur results indicated the excellent urobactericidal effects of the stem and resin extracts of a least explored natural remedy against uropathogens, which will be beneficial for treating urinary tract infections and augmenting the quest for novel therapies in future for uropathogenesis.

Extraction and Standardization of BioJoin Trademark Product for Joint Health and Muscle Strength

Boswellic acids are naturally present in gum extrudes of Boswellia serrate tree. Boswellic acids has promising activity on joint pain and muscle strength. The study aims at developing a more potential product “BioJoin™”, combining Boswellia serrata and Acacia catechu, which provides bone health, immunity support, enhanced mobility and promote joint health and pain relief. Boswellic acid, Catechins, Polyphenols enhanced with required minerals were combined to increase the efficacy of the product and designed into powder form and tablet form for consumption. The Acacia catechu extract was tested with HPLC for the catechin content and found to be not less than 40% and boswellic acid in Boswellia serrata extract was found to be not less than 65% by HPLC. Final Biojoin product was tested for total polyphenol content and was found to contain not less than 15% polyphenols which could provide benefit to the bone health and strength Bone health is important at every age and stage of life. The skeleton is our body's storage bank for several minerals that are necessary for our bodies to function. If we do not have enough minerals in our diets to keep our bodies functioning, this causes our bones to grow weaker and leads to inflammatory responses. Loss of bone strength can lead to several bone disorders in which bones become very fragile and more likely to break. Polyphenols, a class of natural antioxidants, is found in Acacia catechu which belongs to the Fabaceae family. Catechins in Acacia catechu have shown anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways. These compounds may inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes such as COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2), 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase), and TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), which play a role in chronic inflammation. As such, Acacia catechu extract can potentially alleviate symptoms in inflammatory conditions like arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout

A clinical case study of successful management of Shataru Kushta through Daivavyapashraya and Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa

Ayurveda classifies Chikitsa into Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa and Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa.[1] Shataru is one among the eighteen types of Kshudra Kushta and is characterized by reddish-black discoloration, burning sensation, pain, and multiple wounds.[2] Khadira (Acacia catechu) is the best Dravya /drug for the pacification of Kushta.[3] By using Khadira (Acacia catechu) in the form of Pralepa (external application of Khadira in the form of paste.), Udvartana (dusting and rubbing of Khadira Churna on the lesion), Snana (for bathing), Paana (drinking), and Bhojana (eating) all types of Kushta/ Twak Roga’s get pacified.[4] As a part of Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa for Kushta, Bhaskara Aradhana (Worship of Surya Bhagavan) and worship of Shivasuta namely Bhagavan Kumara is mentioned by Acharya Vagbhata.[5] Thus, in the present case study, Shataru Kushta was successfully treated through Bhaskara and Kumara Aradhana, which constituted the Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa and Khadira Dravya was administered in various modes as a part of Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa.

Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of Acacia catechu mouthrinse and HiOra herbal mouthrinse and their influence on Streptococcus mutans count and Lactobacillus spp. count in children with early childhood caries.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a chronic, infectious disease affecting young children. Though several preventive methods/measures are, the awareness about the benefits of a Ayurvedic preparation and its limited side effects is high. Thus, aim of this study was to compare efficacy of Ayurvedic formulations in reduction of the micro-organism causing ECC. In a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial 60 children between 6 and 71 months age with ECC were divided into group I (n=20, control group), group II (n=20, Acacia catechu group) and group III (n=20, HiOra group). Unstimulated saliva was collected pre and after 16th day post mouthrinse. The baseline microbiological colony count was performed for Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. The results obtained were statistically analysed using non parametric test. There was significant reduction in the amount of colony-forming units (cfu) between the control and the treatment groups. In the HiOra group the reduction of cfu was tendentially greater (p>0.05) than in the Acacia catechu group. In the HiOra group only significant reduction of Streptococcus (S.) mutans was seen, whereas in the Acacia catechu group significant reduction of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. was seen. Reduction in total microorganisms was less significant among the experimental groups. However the reduction in total colony count was greater in HiOra followed by Acacia catechu and the control group showed lesser reduction value.

Kattha (Acacia catechu L.): A review of its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities

Kattha (Acacia catechu L.): A review of its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities

Enhanced electrochemical performance of activated carbon derived from Acacia catechu bark by KOH activation for supercapacitor application

The compelling necessity for sustainable energy storage solutions has propelled the advancement of high-performance energy storage strategies. Conventional carbon materials derived from fossils sources cause the limitations of being high rate, processing challenges, and potential harm. Conversely, activated carbon sourced from biomass has emerged as a promising substitute due to its abundant presence in nature, high carbon content, and ease of processing with minimal toxicity. This study outlines the production of activated carbon from the matured bark of Acacia catechu through a sequence of processes, including pre-carbonization, carbonization, and activation at varying temperatures utilizing potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activating agent. The prepared specimen underwent analysis using diverse methods such as iodine and methylene blue number techniques, XRD, FTIR-test, Raman test, TEM, and its potential storage capacity was appraised via CV, GCD, EIS, and CV stability tests paying a three-electrode arrangement. The activated carbon synthesized at 800 °C (KBAC-8) demonstrated a specific capacitance of 264.51 F/g at 1 A/g, with outstanding retention of 94.64% and superior coulombic efficiency equated to KBAC-6 and KBAC-4. Overall results suggest the relevance of KBAC-8 for supercapacitor applications due to its subordinate resistance.

Bio-based Acacia catechu/Ferric Oxide Nanostructured Composite Electrodes for Advanced Energy Storage Materials

This study explores the bio-based nanocomposite electrodes for advanced energy storage, combining nanostructured ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) with highly porous activated carbon (PAC) derived from Acacia catechu wood waste. Instrumental analysis confirmed the PAC's desirable structural characteristics, including high surface area and porosity, suitable for electrochemical applications. Initial evaluation of the PAC electrode revealed a specific capacitance of 57.4 Fg⁻¹ at 1 Ag⁻ ¹, 79.1% ca pacitance retention after 1000 cycles, and an energy density of 4.8 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 159.1 W kg⁻ ¹. Significantly, compositing PAC with Fe₂O₃ at a 1:1 ratio dramatically enhanced electrochemical performance. The resulting 1:1 (PAC:Fe) nanocomposite exhibited a superior specific capacitance of 104.3 F g⁻¹ at 1 Ag⁻ ¹, a remarkable 96.3% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles, and an elevated energy density of 8.3 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 275.0 W kg⁻¹, achieved in a 6 M KOH electrolyte using a three-electrode setup with a 1.55 V working voltage.

Enhanced Energy Storage: Electrochemical Performance of ZnCl<sub>2</sub>-Activated Carbon Derived from Acacia catechu Bark

In this study, Acacia catechu bark is used for the development of advanced supercapacitor negatrode materials through the synthesis of activated carbon via activation and carbonization at varying temperatures (400, 600, 800 °C) using ZnCl2 as the activating agent. The as-prepared sample is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The specific surface area was evaluated using BET analysis, while 3D morphological assembly of the resulting material was assessed by means of the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charging and discharging, electrochemical impedance, were conducted to evaluate the material's electrochemical performance. The activated carbon prepared at 800°C (BZAC-8) exhibited a specific capacitance of 259.34 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 with excellent capacity retention (92.61%) and lower impedance. These findings underscore the potential of utilizing Acacia catechu bark-based active carbon as a negatrode material for advanced energy storing application.

Effects of Acacia catechu and Scutellaria baicalensis extract on cognitive function in a healthy adult population: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

ABSTRACT Flavonoids, known for their neuroprotective properties, are abundant in Acacia catechu and Scutellaria baicalensis. Yet, human studies on their combined effects are limited. Objective This study evaluated the cognitive effects of combined Acacia catechu and Scutellaria baicalensis supplementation in healthy adults. Methods In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 26 males and 59 females (N = 85; 43 ± 8 yrs) consumed the test product (TP) containing 240 mg stem extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and 51 mg heartwood extract of Acacia catechu (UP326, Unigen, Tacoma, WA USA) or placebo (PLA) for four weeks. Cognitive function and biomarkers were assessed throughout the study. Results Significant time effects (p < 0.001) were observed across cognitive function assessments, with no differences between groups. Energy and fatigue reports showed a significant time effect (p = 0.023), while no significant differences emerged in general health and well-being scores. Cortisol levels increased significantly over time across conditions (p = 0.005), but no significant changes were observed in change scores or individual visits. Interim (p = 0.023) and final (p = 0.004) absolute basophil levels differed significantly between groups, with no intergroup changes. No significant differences in BDNF, CRP, or health and safety biomarkers were detected between supplemental conditions or over time. Discussion Four-week daily TP supplementation significantly enhanced cognitive function without difference from placebo. However, no adverse events or significant blood marker changes were noted, suggesting TP supplementation is generally well-tolerated. Further research is warranted to explore the preventive and attenuating cognitive effects of this supplementation. Trial registration: ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN16548309.

Exploring the Protective Efficacy of Native &lt;i&gt;Acacia catechu&lt;/i&gt; Bark Extracts Against Fe&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; Induced Lipid Peroxidation

Background: Acacia catechu is a valuable plant with diverse applications in traditional medicine, industry and ecological management. This plant is abundant in the Guna district of central India but lacks scientific research on its phytochemistry, properties, and medicinal uses. Aim: The present study analyzed six different bark extracts (methanol, ethanol, aqueous, acetone, chloroform and benzene) of native Acacia catechu for their concentration-dependent, season-dependent (winter, summer, and Manson), and solvent-dependent Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) inhibition potential. Methods: In this in vitro study, Fe2+ ions were used to induce LPO via oxidative stress in liver and kidney tissue homogenate, and the end product of the reaction, i.e., Malondialdehyde (MDA), was measured as MDA formed/hour/mg of protein. The bibliographic analysis was done using the dimention.ai database from 1999 to June 13th, 2024. Results: The results of the bibliographic study indicated that earlier no scientific study has been documented on the plant in question. The results of the experimental work indicated a marked increase in MDA level in FeSO4 treated tubes (p&lt;0.0001), which was seen to be decreased (p&lt;0.05 or less) in bark extracts as well as standard drug-treated tubes (p&lt;0.0001). In comparative analysis, the 125 µl/mg concentration was seen to exhibit the highest protection (p&lt;0.0001) among all tested concentrations, and the antioxidative capacity was seen in the order of ethanolic&gt;aqueous&gt;acetone&gt;methanolic&gt;chloroform&gt;benzene extracts, though seasonal impacts were inconsistent. Additionally, the pattern of antioxidative activity was seen to be highly correlated (R2 = 0.996) in both liver and kidney tissues. Conclusion: The current work may contribute to the comprehension and utilization of the antioxidative characteristics of plant extracts, which might result in notable progress in the fields of medicines, cosmetics, food preservation, agriculture, and environmental management.

Acacia catechu: Comprehensive Review of Traditional Use, Phytochemicals and Pharmacology

Aim and Objectives: This review aims to discuss the traditional applications, ethnobotanical significance, phytochemistry, and pharmacological profile of Acacia catechu (A. catechu). By examining the crude extracts, isolated components, and various fractions of the plant, the review seeks to identify potential new therapeutic agents. Material and Methods: The available published literature on the plant was searched in databases like Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, ACS, Wiley, Web of Science, Springer Link, and PubMed for all appropriate information to bring this review in place. In addition, other official electronic sources like the Encyclopedia Britannica and Northern Regional Center of the Botanical Survey of India, along with the links theplantlist.org, were also searched. In addition to these sources, some book chapters and books were also searched for the same. Results: A. catechu is a well-documented tree with numerous medicinal uses, widely utilized in Asia and beyond. The plant exhibits various pharmacological properties, including antibacterial effects, antidiarrheal activity, analgesic properties, cholesterol-lowering capabilities, ulcer protection, antidiabetic effects, inhibition of cell growth and anti-inflammatory actions. Conclusion: This article goes into great detail about plants, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity studies.

Modelling Height-Age Curves in Fast-Growing Deciduous Tree Species from Terai Region of Kumaun Foothills

Modelling tree and stand growth is one of the most significant aspects of forest science and simulation modelling. Such analysis helps in understanding forest dynamics in terms of growth and yield, survival and mortality patterns, biomass partitioning and carbon sequestration capacity of forest stands. In this study, a 3- parametric Chapman- Richards function was applied to evaluate cumulative, absolute and relative height growth curves in three fast growing tree species from Fabaceae family viz. Dalbergia sissoo, Delonix regia and Acacia catechu. Relative growth rates (RGRs) were calculated both as a function of “age” and “size” i.e., time and size dependent RGR. Cumulative, absolute and relative growth rate functions fitted quite well to all three species. Upper asymptotic values for total tree height were found to be maximum in D. sissoo (5.61 m), followed by A. catechu (4.97 m) and D. regia (3.34 m). Size- standardized RGR analysis showed that due to low rate of decline, D. sissoo had a superior RGR throughout most of its height development, despite its initial RGR being much less than those of other two species. Residual analysis of the cumulative datasets displayed absence of outliers, and the data were found to be normally distributed. Model parameters for all three species were statistically significant (P&lt;0.005). The study thus investigates function- derived growth rates in plant growth modelling.

Pharmacological Activities of Acacia catechu

Many research initiatives on natural treatments have been started in order to fight epidemics, pandemics and infectious diseases. Due to the structural diversity of natural products, researchers are focusing on studying how they might be used to treat and/or manage a variety of infections and/or ailments. A member of the Fabales order and family, Acacia catechu (Lf) Willd, has a variety of pharmacological effects that can be used to treat a variety of human conditions. Plant shows anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal properties as well as astringent, anthelmintic, a pain reliever known to inhibit-diabetic, healing of wounds, anti-tumorand immunological boosting properties. An in-depth chemical analysis of this commonly grown plant discovered that it contains unusually high concentrations of important phytoconstituents. With such potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, and anti-diabetic properties, it is clear from the medication's active ingredients. Katha of a planthas numerous therapeutic purposes.

High-performance porous activated carbon derived from Acacia catechu bark as nanoarchitectonics material for supercapacitor applications

High-performance porous activated carbon derived from Acacia catechu bark as nanoarchitectonics material for supercapacitor applications

Reconstituted Bamboo Scrimbers Prepared from Bambusa tulda with Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) Adhesive for Structural Applications

Abstract: This study investigates the physical and mechanical properties of reconstituted bamboo scrimbers prepared from Bambusa tulda bamboo, also known as Indian timber bamboo or Bengal bamboo. The preparation involves varying pressure levels (21.0, 24.5, 28.0, and 31.5 kg/cm2 ) with phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive using a hydraulic hot press. The study explores the change in mechanical and physical properties of bamboo scrimbers under varying specific pressures, which significantly reduces moisture content, increases density, and enhances resistance to water absorption and swelling. Mechanically, it improves properties such as modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), compression parallel to the grain, hardness, and screw-holding capacity. The results position the reconstituted bamboo scrimbers in the super group (IS:3629-1986) in stress grading (MOR &amp; MOE) at all tested specific pressures, surpassing raw bamboo strength properties as well as conventional standard timber, including Teak (Tectona grandis). The results demonstrate remarkable properties comparable to species like Sal (Shorea robusta), Khair (Acacia catechu), and Teak (Tectona grandis) in various mechanical properties. This research highlights the potential of bamboo-based materials over conventional timber in construction and for sustainable development. Future studies on different adhesives and pressure levels could further enhance their economic sustainability.

Acacia catechu (Katha) and its Medicinal Applications: A Review

Acacia catechu (Katha) and its Medicinal Applications: A Review

Concept and role of immunomodulatory medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic health care system

The statement “prevention is better than cure” and its applications is not a new for Ayurvedic health care system. The statement defines the aim and objectives of Ayurvedic health care system in a nutshell “swasthasya swasthya rakshanam aaturasya vikara prashamanam”. The immune system is certainly considered one of our most discreet biological systems withinside the body. Immunizations may be obtained by us actively or passively. Active immunization includes stimulating with an antigen to generate immunological defenses against a destiny exposure, rather than passive vaccination, which includes administering antibodies to someone who has already been exposed to an antigen. Both plant and animal sources produce immunomodulatory effects to boost the body’s immunological reactivity against infections by engaging the non-specific immune system. Herbal immunomodulators are substances that either activate or suppress innate and adaptive immune responses in the body. Different ailments including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and other infectious disorders are caused by immune system failure. Therefore, regulating the many infectious illnesses requires significant immune response modification. Global scientific study is currently focused on how various medicinal plant components might alter the immune system. Numerous Indian and “Rasayana” and medicinal plants may have immunomodulatory characteristics. Some of these plants are Tinospora cordifolia, Morus alba, Acacia catechu, Allium sativum, and Mangifera indica. There are many more that are still undiscovered and offer space for greater study.