A holistic analysis of climate change mitigation potential at the household level has not yet been conducted in Bangladesh. We aimed to quantify the climate change mitigation potential of carbon storage in homegarden trees and wooden furniture across households of different income levels in Anowara Upazila, Chattogram, Bangladesh. We also quantified the substitution potential of wooden furniture and use of renewable energy sources. Following simple random techniques, we surveyed a total of 217 homegardens and their respective households from the three villages of Boirag Union, with a sampling intensity of 5%. Furniture manufacturers were also surveyed to determine the typical amount of wood and types of tree species used for furniture. We found that homegarden trees stored on average 42 Mg CO2 per hectare, and most carbon was found in Albizia lebbeck, Tectona grandis, Acacia auriculiformis, and Swietenia macrophylla. Carbon storage and substitution benefits of wooden furniture were significantly (p:<0.05) higher in the upper-middle (2.07 and 2.32 Mg CO2 household−1 year−1) than in the lower-middle (1.2 and 1.34 Mg CO2 household−1 year−1) income group. Households in the upper-middle income group generated higher emissions from combusting fossil fuels (electricity and LPG) than those in the lower-middle income group. These emissions could be avoided by using improved cooking stoves and biogas obtained from kitchen waste, poultry waste, and cowdung. The emission reduction potential of using biogas was significantly (p:<0.05) higher in the upper-middle (2.43 Mg CO2 household−1 year−1) than in lower-middle group (1.87 Mg CO2 household−1 year−1). The research findings suggest that implementing sustainable management and low carbon practices in households can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation by intervening policy mechanisms, while offering carbon farming techniques as well as a carbon market.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-21063-w.

A study conducted at the experimental site of the All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Agroforestry at Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology in Bhubaneswar, India, examined the effect of nutrients on growth and soil fertility status in Acacia auriculiformis-based silvipastoral system. In the study, the combination of Acacia auriculiformis with Guinea grass achieved the highest plant growth metrics: plant height (14.59m), DBH (16.56cm), collar girth (52.03cm), and crown spread (3.30m) at 90 MAPS (Months After Planting). The subplot N1 showed the greatest values for these characteristics among the subplots. The highest levels of organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were observed in the main plot with Acacia auriculiformis and Guinea grass, as well as in subplot N1. The soil texture was classified as loamy sand, with Thin Napier displaying the highest bulk density at 1.39, while subplot N1 recorded 1.38. Maximum porosity was noted in the main plot with Nandi grass (46.6%) and subplot N4 (47.2%). Chlorophyll content across all grasses peaked in August due to rainfall, with Guinea grass leading, followed by Thin Napier and Nandi grass. Subplot N1 showed the highest chlorophyll content among subplots, followed by N2, N3, and N4. Solar radiation interception mirrored chlorophyll trends, with the highest readings recorded in June. Soil moisture compared to open field was highest in July, with the main plot Guinea grass recording 1.98% and the subplot N1 maintaining the maximum soil moisture among subplots at 1.42%. Among the main plots the highest figures of soil organic carbon were exhibited from main plot Acacia auriculiformis + Guinea grass (10.85 Mg ha-1) and sub plot N1 (8.69 Mg ha-1). The analysis revealed that the silvipastoral system combining Acacia auriculiformis and Guinea grass, supplemented with appropriate fertilizer doses, was the most productive in terms of growth and soil fertility among the systems studied.

Spermidine alkaloids of the native Australian plant Acacia auriculiformis

In-vitro and In-silico Evaluation of Supercritical Extract of Acacia Auriculiformis against Breast Cancer.

Excessive exposure to UV radiation can cause skin damage. Preventive measures can be taken by using sunscreen. Acacia auriculiformis is a species from the Fabaceae family, many of which are known for their antioxidant activity. Acacia auriculiformis can act as a natural sunscreen because it contains secondary metabolite compounds with conjugated double bond structures, which are known to reduce the intensity of UV exposure on the skin by absorbing ultraviolet radiation. This study aimed to identify the secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract of Acacia auriculiformis leaves from Kolaka and to determine its Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The extraction of Acacia auriculiformis leaves was carried out using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The sunscreen activity was determined based on the SPF values. The SPF values of the extract at concentrations of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, and 200 ppm were 3.8712 (minimal protection), 6.4880 (extra protection), 9.5359 (maximum protection), and 12.5816 (maximum protection), respectively. The results indicate that sunscreen activity increases in proportion to the extract concentration. Acacia auriculiformis leaves have the potential to be developed as a sunscreen formulation.

Climate change has gradually affected forest ecosystems globally and it has also happened at the adjacent areas of Ratargul Swamp Forest at Gowainghat Upazila in Bangladesh. This study documented climatic alterations and community-initiated adaption measures on climate change. Ratargul, the sole freshwater swamp forest in Bangladesh, is an essential life line for local ecology and also livelihoods of the local community. The study was accomplished through a survey of 65 randomly selected local people and employed meteorological data and people perception in respect of changing of climatic parameters. Results indicated that the demographic profile of the most people were middle-aged (47.7%), about 42% had medium income and 31% had only primary-level education. The majority of individuals near the forest work in the business sector (40%) followed by agriculture (29%). Meteorological data showed a steady rise in maximum and minimum temperatures over time, where increment rate per year of maximum and minimum temperatures were 0.0194°C and 0.0832°C, respectively. An increase in rainfall at the rate of 54.12 mm was also estimated. People perception and meteorological data together draw a scenario of climate change and the livelihood of the inhabitants living near the forest area. Around 49.2% respondents agreed that Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis) plantation increased at Ratargul Swamp Forest while some tree species like Bot (Ficus benghalensis) decreased in the forest according to 24.6% of the respondents but overall tree species decreased due to increasing population and its major influence was in the reduction of tree species in forest reported by 46.20% respondents. Rice (80%) is the principal crop; however, cropping practices have changed due to some climate induced factor. Increase in insect and pest attack (40%) and flooding (38.50%) were the major reasons of changes in cropping in the study area. People have already adopted several adaptation measures like new tree introduction (84.60%) and vegetable crop cultivation (36.90%) and these were some of the adoptive strategies. Major problems faced by the community people were poverty according to 73.8% of the residents, with 69.2% reporting insufficient transportation. Around 86.2% of the respondents reported that poverty can be tackled effectively by increasing employment opportunities in eco-tourism which is again can be possible by increasing transportation facility (83%) in the study area. Finding of this study can be used for policy making, environmental conservation and proper strategies to manage the climate change. J. Sylhet Agril. Univ. 11(1): 83-96, 2024

The use of trees to revegetate urban areas contaminated by mining activity is a low-cost, low-maintenance technique, of which the success will depend on the plant species, planting methods, and geochemical processes at the soil-plant interface. This study analyzed the evolution of mineral composition in the rooting soil, tree, and herbaceous vegetation on soils contaminated by As, Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, and Zn. An in-situ experiment was carried out in Lubumbashi (South-eastern DR Congo) with six tree species (Acacia auriculiformis, Albizia lebbeck, Delonix regia, Leucaena leucocephala, Mangifera indica, and Syzygium guineense), in 0.187 m3 pits amended with municipal compost and limestone. After planting in the amended and unamended (control) pits, soil samples were taken for chemical analysis. Eighteen months after planting, a floristic inventory was carried out to assess the spontaneous colonization of herbaceous species. The results show an increase in metal concentrations in the rooting soil between 2019 and 2023 (Cu: 725 ± 136 to 6141 ± 1853 mg kg−1; As: 16.2 ± 1.4 to 95 ± 28.5 mg kg−1; Cd: 2.7 ± 1.3 to 8.7 ± 2.0 mg kg−1; Co: 151 ± 36.3 to 182 ± 113 mg kg−1; Zn: 558 ± 418 to 1098 ± 1037 mg kg−1), with a stable pH and a decrease in nutrients (P, K, Ca, and Fe). The trees planted in the amended pits showed better height and diameter growth and greater survival than the controls, reaching average heights of 8 m and a DBH of up to 22 cm four years after planting. A total of 13 spontaneous herbaceous species were recorded, with an increased abundance during the second inventory. These results confirm the effectiveness of pit amendment for the rapid revegetation of urban soils polluted by trace metals.

Agroforestry has emerged as a sustainable land-use strategy to combat climate change while supporting livelihoods in tropical regions. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration potential and ecosystem services of agroforestry systems in Madhupur Garh, Bangladesh, to assess their role in climate change mitigation and socio-ecological resilience. Through field measurements and farmer surveys, the research analyzed ten dominant tree species for their carbon storage capacity and explored the multidimensional benefits these systems provide to local communities. The findings reveal substantial variation in carbon sequestration across species. Shorea robusta (Sal) demonstrated the highest capacity (1878.18 lbs CO₂ per tree), followed by Acacia auriculiformis (Akashmoni), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), and Swietenia macrophylla (Mahogany), all of which are characterized by high biomass, height, and diameter. These species act as effective carbon sinks. In contrast, fruit trees like Litchi chinensis and Areca catechu (Betel nut) sequestered less carbon but enhanced agroforestry diversity and household nutrition. Beyond carbon sequestration, agroforestry systems provided vital ecosystem services. About 58% of farmers reported improved food security, while 62% observed better forest resilience through soil erosion control and biodiversity enhancement. Cultural and aesthetic benefits were also noted—50% valued the scenic beauty of agroforestry landscapes, 40% practiced traditional land rituals, and 38% experienced improved mental well-being. However, challenges persist, including limited awareness of sustainable practices (only 36.67% showed high knowledge) and low participation in ecological monitoring (just 20%). The study recommends emphasizing high-carbon species while preserving species diversity to ensure multifunctionality. Policy actions should support farmer training, incentivize best practices, and integrate indigenous knowledge into forest governance. This research offers a practical framework for scaling agroforestry as a nature-based solution, advancing both climate resilience and rural development in Bangladesh and comparable tropical regions.

Identifying both exogenous and endogenous drivers of tree mortality is a big challenge for forest ecologists, particularly in times of climate change. The survival and mortality trends of fast-growing and slow-growing species (two distinct functional groups in nature) has been eloquently addressed and discussed in the past. This article compares height-growth rate-related mortality risk in three fast-growing Delhi- forest species viz. Eucalyptus citriodora (EC), Acacia auriculiformis (AA) and Acacia nilotica (AN). The survival curves for the three species were generated using the Kaplan-Meier function in R. Cumulative hazard curves were also built simultaneously. Results indicated that the survival probability of E. citriodora was low during most of its height development. Likewise, the cumulative hazard curve demonstrated a maximum value for EC (1.58), followed by AA (1.44) and AN (1.01). Moreover, Cox Proportional Hazard model also indicated a high risk of mortality in EC in contrast to the other two species. Covariates such as tree height suggested a high relative risk in EC as compared to the other two species. However, when crown diameter was incorporated as a predictor variable, it had a negative impact on the risk of mortality for EC in comparison to the other two species in question. With increasing crown diameter, the risk of mortality (relative risk) in EC dropped by about 32% and 11% in contrast to AA and AN, respectively, during the 11- year study period. In addition, the growing space requirement of a tree was also correlated to stem diameter, tree height, and height - to - diameter ratio (h/d). Both stem diameter and tree height had a positive correlation with the growing space requirement. h/d ratio sharply decreased with tree age and growing space having high values (&gt; 1) in the beginning, which stabilized at later stages of growth. The investigation demonstrated that among three species evaluated, EC had the highest hazard and lowest survival time than AA and AN despite the fact that EC had attained maximum height (9.15 m) during the span of 11 years in contrast to AA (7.10 m) and AN (5.74 m).

Nghiên cứu này phân tích ảnh hưởng của điều kiện xử lý đến độ ẩm thăng bằng (EMC), hiệu suất chống hút nước (WRE), hiệu suất chống trương nở (ASE), và độ bền uốn tĩnh (MOR) của gỗ keo lai (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) sau khi biến tính nhiệt với hỗn hợp nhựa dầu tự nhiên và dầu thực vật tái chế. Nhựa dầu tự nhiên, một loại lâm sản ngoài gỗ thu được từ cây Dầu rái (Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.), và dầu thực vật tái chế từ cơ sở tái chế dầu được phối trộn theo tỷ lệ khối lượng 20:80, sử dụng làm môi trường truyền nhiệt trong khoảng nhiệt độ từ 150 °C đến 190 °C, thời gian xử lý kéo dài từ 60 đến 90 phút. Phân tích theo phương pháp đáp ứng bề mặt cho thấy mô hình hồi quy bậc hai xây dựng được có hệ số tương quan cao, phản ánh mức độ phù hợp tốt với dữ liệu thực nghiệm. Kết quả cho thấy EMC giảm từ 9,8% đến 45,5% so với mẫu đối chứng khi nhiệt độ xử lý tăng dần. WRE và ASE tăng đáng kể khi nâng cao nhiệt độ và kéo dài thời gian xử lý, đạt giá trị cực đại lần lượt là 28,37% và 48,03%. Trong khi đó, MOR giảm nhẹ trong khoảng từ 1% đến 9,7% so với mẫu chưa xử lý. Những kết quả này cho thấy xử lý nhiệt bằng hỗn hợp nhựa dầu tự nhiên và dầu thực vật tái chế giúp cải thiện đáng kể khả năng ổn định kích thước, đồng thời chỉ gây ảnh hưởng nhẹ đến khả năng chịu uốn của gỗ keo lai.

Mining reject dumps are prone to erosion and instability, creating a need for effective rehabilitation solutions. This study explores the application of jute geotextiles for slope stabilization and floral biodiversity restoration over a 12-year period at an iron ore mine in Maharashtra, India. Through selecting and applying biodegradable jute geotextiles on dump slopes, we assessed the growth and survival of 21 plant species, including Acacia auriculiformis, Casuarina equisetifolia, and various fruit-bearing trees. A total of 17 biodiversity indicators, such as species richness, Shannon diversity, Simpson dominance indices, etc, were used to evaluate ecological balance, revealing a moderate increase in biodiversity and ecosystem resilience over time. The study highlights the benefits of native species in enhancing soil quality and resilience. Key soil parameters, including pH, moisture, and organic carbon, were monitored to study their effects on geotextile biodegradation and plant growth. Our findings indicate that jute geotextiles offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic materials, degrading within 1–2 years while promoting vegetation, making them ideal for short to medium-term projects. Predictive models developed in this study provide valuable insights for future reclamation projects, reinforcing the environmental benefits of biodegradable materials in mine rehabilitation efforts.

Low input breeding programs, based primarily on open-pollinated mating, have been operating for Acacia and Eucalyptus species over the last thirty years. These programs have now progressed to later-generation breeding cycles after one or more rounds of selection, breeding and infusion of additional wild or exchanged later-generation selections. They typically lack the capacity for advanced genetic analysis that incorporates extensive marker-based genotyping. Using an Acacia auriculiformis breeding program in Vietnam as a case study, we compare simple models of advanced-generation breeding populations with an individual-tree model that incorporates all available pedigree information. We also examine the importance of including ancestral provenance in these models. Although laborious, assembling the pedigree was worthwhile in this example: we advocate commencing this work as soon as possible after domestication commences while records are more readily accessible. A key benefit is more realistic estimation of breeding values and genetic parameters. Additionally, access to the pedigree allows calculation of group co-ancestry and status number, enabling better management of inbreeding and the accumulation of relatedness in the breeding population. These benefits will likely increase in subsequent generations as kinship accumulates in the breeding population. In the absence of pedigree records, inclusion of ancestral provenance in family models can give acceptable estimates of heritability.

Abstract Nitrogen (N) deposition alters the soil environment for forest trees, particularly in tropical regions, leading to variations in leaf traits. However, the adaptive responses of plantation tree species to chronic N deposition, via leaf traits modifications, remains poorly understood. We conducted a decade-long experiment involving N additions in two typical plantations dominated by Eucalyptus urophylla (EU) and Acacia auriculiformis (AA) in South China, to investigate species-specific leaf trait plasticity under N deposition. Our results showed that long-term N addition did not affect N and phosphorus (P) concentrations, sugar and starch levels, intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and leaf mass per area (LMA), but lowered leaf total C content in both EU and AA. Moreover, it resulted in divergent traits between them, showing an increase in tannin and phenolics but a decrease in leaf water content (LWC) in AA but no such variations in EU. These differential responses were attributed to their unique leaf traits that EU contains high chemical defensive compounds and AA, as an N-fixing tree species, exhibits higher resource levels. The reduced leaf total C was redirected towards defense, without compromising iWUE through unchanged sugar and starch levels, particularly in AA. Our findings demonstrate that long-term N addition intensifies the coupling between C and water, resulting in a shift in C allocation in trees. Consequently, long-term N addition triggers different defensive strategies: a conservative defense in EU and an active defense in AA. This offers new insights into the adaptive mechanisms of forest plants under global change scenarios.

The Mysore Slender Loris Loris lydekkerianus, a nocturnal and ‘Near Threatened’ primate, is found in the Eastern Ghats and eastern foothills of the southern Western Ghats; mainly occurs in dry deciduous, and scrub forests with high tree density areas. Three individuals of loris were sighted in the upper canopy of Pterocarpus santalinus and Acacia auriculiformis trees in the planted forest patches near Puducherry, southern India, during September and October in 2024. All three lorises were located within a 300-m radius, with inter-individual distances of 270–500 m. This was the first sighting of slender lorises near Puducherry. This observation reiterates the importance of continuous monitoring to better understand the recovery of biodiversity in the restored forests and its significance in conserving threatened native species such as the slender loris.

Fast weathering of post‐mining soil in humid subtropical regions results in nutrient depletion, acidification, erosion, reduced water retention, impaired carbon sequestration, and disrupted ecosystem services. This study highlights how the selection of tree species plays a crucial role in influencing the quality of post‐mining soil, which is essential for successful eco‐restoration efforts. The comparison between native (Azadirachta indica and Dalbergia sissoo) and fast‐growing non‐native tree species (Acacia auriculiformis and Senna siamea) and their impact on soil properties in a reclaimed post‐mining site of Eastern India was assessed. After 8 years, S. siamea and A. auriculiformis showed superior growth compared to A. indica and D. sissoo. Soil parameters like microbial biomass, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, dehydrogenase activity, fluorescence diacetate hydrolase activity, soil basal respiration, total nitrogen, available phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and calcium are highly responsive and can effectively indicate the recovery of post‐mining soil. Large‐scale planting of S. siamea and A. auriculiformis might lead to environmental issues due to P and S leaching. In contrast, native species like A. indica and D. sissoo showed moderate improvement in the sensitive soil indicators. This study emphasizes the significance of choosing suitable native tree species for the restoration of post‐mining soils in humid subtropical regions.

Acacia auriculiformis mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for the sensitive and rapid electrochemical sensing of nitrite in water sample

Acacia auriculiformis is one of a priority species for forestry in Indonesia. This species has great potential. Breeding of the A. auriculiformis species in KHDTK Blok Playen, Gunungkidul, has reached the second-generation breeding cycle. Further evaluation of the A. auriculiformis progeny test planting in KHDTK Block Playen is needed to develop a certified and more optimal seedling seed orchard. This study aimed to evaluate the growth of 9-year-old A. auriculiformis progeny test in KHDTK Blok Playen, Gunungkidul. Data collection of tree growth included total height, diameter, branch-free stem height, and stem straightness. Measurements were conducted using the census method on 30 families with four tree plots in 12 blocks of F2 A. auriculiformis progeny test at the KHDTK Blok Playen. The results of the analysis of variance show that the family source of variation significantly affected the four growth characteristics observed. These results indicate that genetic factors greatly influence the diversity or variation in the measured characters. Strong phenotypic correlation was found between height with diameter character (0,569) and the branch-free stem height with a stem-straightness (0,633). In general, the family and individual heritability values ​​in this study were classified as high. The genetic gain from individual selection (within plot selection) at 25% intensity showed moderate to very high values, ​​ranging from 3.123%-16.494% for the four observed characteristics.

Aims: This study aims to identify suitable tree species for biochar production and evaluate their effectiveness in improving soil quality and the growth of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Akshmoni (Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth). The findings will help determine the most effective biochar feedstock for sustainable agroforestry practices in tropical regions. Study Design: The experiment was conducted using a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with six different tropical tree species as feedstock for biochar production. Biochar was applied as a soil amendment at a rate of 10 t/ha, with a control group for comparison. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the nursery of the Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) in Sylhet, Bangladesh over a specific period, focusing on biochar production and its impact on soil properties and plant growth. Methodology: Six tropical tree species—Rain tree (Albizia saman), Kadam (Neolamarckia cadamba), Kathal (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Mango (Mangifera indica), Chambul (Terminalia arjuna), and Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)—were selected as feedstock for biochar production. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD Post Hoc Test were used to determine statistical significance (α = 0.05) in evaluating biochar yield, soil quality improvement, and plant growth performance. Results: Among the six species, Chambul (Terminalia arjuna) produced the highest biochar yield (41.6%) and exhibited the highest germination potential (88.3%). It also showed positive effects on plant growth performance. However, certain biochar types had adverse effects on plant growth, indicating that the choice of feedstock significantly influences biochar effectiveness. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate feedstock species for biochar production. Chambul (Terminalia arjuna) biochar demonstrated the most promising results in terms of yield, soil quality enhancement, and plant growth. However, careful selection of tree species is crucial before biochar application to ensure optimal benefits for soil and plant health.

&lt;p&gt;Agroforestry holds significant promise for offering substantial benefits to the Garo ethnic community, who are recognized as one of the primary indigenous groups in the Madhupur region with distinct cultural identities. Given the integral role of community involvement in agroforestry management, particularly in relation to gender dynamics, this study sought to analyze the gender role of Garo men and women in adopting and managing agroforestry practices. Data were gathered from 70 Garo tribal farmers (37 male and 33 female) across six villages practicing various agroforestry techniques in the Madhupur Sal forest area. Using a mixed-methods approach that incorporated semi-structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and direct observations, the study identified prevalent agroforestry practices featuring various tree-crop combinations. These included Akashmoni (&lt;em&gt;Acacia auriculiformis&lt;/em&gt;) paired with Pineapple (&lt;em&gt;Ananas comosus&lt;/em&gt;) and Ginger (&lt;em&gt;Zingiber officinale&lt;/em&gt;), as well as other combinations such as Akashmoni-Pineapple-Turmeric, Akashmoni-Pineapple-Papaya, and Akashmoni-Pineapple-Aroid. Both men and women exhibited a moderate to high level of involvement in agroforestry programs, with decision-making processes shared between genders. However, challenges were encountered, particularly by women from ethnic minority backgrounds, including limited technical knowledge, financial resources, and labor availability. Despite these obstacles, both Garo men and women expressed a keen interest in agroforestry practices as a means to enhance their income and livelihoods, forming gender-based partnerships to address associated challenges in a changing socioeconomic landscape.&lt;/p&gt;

Biochar (BC) application to low-fertility soils enhances crop yield, soil quality, and sustainable agricultural production. Although many studies have explored the effects of biochar on tropical crops, research specific to Bangladesh is limited. Given the agrarian system in Bangladesh, dense population, and vulnerability to climate change, adopting sustainable agricultural practices is essential. This study evaluates the impact of different biochar dosages on the germination and early growth of five major crops Oryza sativa (rice), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Capsicum annuum (chili), Solanum melongena (eggplant), and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) using Acacia auriculiformis wood-waste biochar. The research was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a nursery setting. Biochar treatments of 10 t/ha and 15 t/ha were applied, with assessments made of germination (%), germination rate (after 7 days), shoot height (cm), root height (cm), leaf number, and root-shoot dry weight ratio. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.001) increase in germination (%) with higher biochar application rates. The linear mixed-effects model showed a significant effect of biochar treatment on germination (%) (F = 57.33, p < 0.001) and a significant interaction with crop type (F = 15.84, p < 0.001). In C. annuum, the 15 t/ha treatment resulted in a 96% increase in germination compared to the control (43.3 ± 1.08% vs 85.1 ± 2.15%). Similarly, in O. sativa, germination was significantly higher with the 10 t/ha (84.5 ± 1.52%) and 15 t/ha (91.8 ± 1.49%) treatments compared to control (59.3 ± 2.38%). Biochar significantly (p < 0.05) influenced early germination rates (after 7 days) and early growth parameters (e.g., shoot length, leaf count, root-shoot ratio), with the 15 t/ha treatment showing substantial improvements for C. annuum and O. sativa, while no significant effects were observed for S. lycopersicum. These findings underscore the potential of A. auriculiformis in enhancing germination and early growth of economically important crops, highlighting its role in promoting sustainable agriculture in Bangladesh.