In the present study, the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the antioxidant properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) was studied. Therefore, the whey protein solution was hydrolyzed for 5 h using alcalase enzyme. The antioxidant properties were measured using different methods including reducing power assay, DPPH radical scavenging test, and ABTS radical scavenging activity. The results showed that the enzymatic hydrolysis significantly (p < 0.05) increased the antioxidant activity of WPI and the resulting hydrolysates had better reducing power and free radical scavenging activity compared to the non-hydrolyzed counterpart. The results also showed that the highest level of antioxidant activity was related to the samples that were hydrolyzed for 5 h using alcalase enzyme and the lowest level of antioxidant activity was related to the native WPI. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that the hydrolysates of WPI produced by action of the alcalase enzyme can be used as a natural antioxidant to replace synthetic antioxidants that have harmful effects on health, in various food formulations. The use of these antioxidant hydrolysates in food products can improve their health-related properties.

The practice of storing human breast milk (HM) for later use has substantially increased over the last few decades because it allows lactating mothers to continue breastfeeding despite lifestyle changes. Several studies have focused on the safety and nutritional value of milk during the period from the time of storage to that of consumption. To date, few studies have investigated the effect of the storage duration on the antioxidant capacities of stored HM. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different storage times on the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of frozen HM (−20°C). HM samples from 186 healthy women were collected from women who had term deliveries and a lactating duration between 1 and 24 months. The TEAC values of the frozen HM stored for 1, 2, 4, and 6 months were determined using a working 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) solution. The mean TEAC level of an HM sample, which was frozen and stored at −20 °C for 1 month (1.86 ± 0.82 mM), was compared to those of samples stored for different lengths of time. No significant difference in the mean TEAC values was observed after frozen storage for 2 months (1.88 ± 0.86 mM), 4 months (1.96 ± 0.93 mM), and 6 months (1.91 ± 1.01 mM) (p > 0.05). These results suggest that in cases in which HM needs to be stored for more than 1 month, the storage of frozen HM at −20 °C appears to be the optimal condition for preserving the antioxidant capacity of HM for up to 6 months.

El frijol caupí es una importante leguminosa cuyo consumo primario es en granos secos, aunque en ocasiones se incluyen las vainas inmaduras ricas en proteínas, vitaminas, fibra, minerales y antioxidantes. El objetivo fue determinar la calidad nutrimental y nutracéutica de 13 accesiones de ejotes de caupí (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) cultivados en la Península de Yucatán. El estudio se llevó a cabo en condiciones de invernadero, bajo un diseño completamente al azar. Se determinó el contenido de humedad, cenizas, grasa, proteína, fibra cruda (PC), carbohidratos, longitud y peso de las vainas, contenido de minerales, fenoles totales (FT) y la capacidad antioxidante (CA) por el método de ABTS y DPPH. Las acce- siones HEC02, OXC05, JMM09, JMM10 y JAL14 destacaron por presentar la mayor longitud y peso de las vainas. Las accesiones OXC04 y CHE06 sobresalieron en contenido de cenizas (8.48%), humedad (18.24%), PC (23.32%) y fibra (20.11%). Para el contenido de minerales, la accesión HEC02 tuvo los mayores niveles de K, Ca y Mg. Respecto al contenido de nutracéuticos, la colecta HAL14 presentó los mayores valores de FT (18.02 mg g−1 EAG ps) y CA para DPPH (6.19 mg Trolox 100 g−1 ps) y ABTS (4.95 mg Trolox 100 g−1 ps). La variabilidad entre accesiones, sugiere que CHE06 por sus niveles de proteína y fibra cruda y HEC02 por su alto contenido de minerales podrían ofrecer ventajas nutricionales, mientras que la accesión HAL14 podría considerarse la accesión con la mejor calidad nutracéutica.

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Nutrition/Diet remains a key player in Diabetes Mellitus prevention and management, and rightly so, healthy eating proves to be a essential factor in prevention of complications. Cereals that are edible to eat by Indian people and showing antioxidant and antiglycation activity which can be helpful in decreasing glucose levels. Different sources of methods are used to check the activity of free radicals, their oxidative stress, antiglycation property and phenolic content. Phenolic content excellently shown by the oat meal and pigmented rice bran as well as antioxidant capacity by barley, determined by 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS). About minerals zinc, copper, potassium, calcium are analyzed by inductively couple plasma atomic emission spectrometry and these are present in most concentrated form in barley. Unsaturated lipids (oleic acid and linoleic acid) are 76% more in sorghum than in rye. Scavenging activity is weaker in ready to eat whole cereal where as in oat meal showed higher capacity to do scavenging activity. Barley have a lower fat content than sorghum and millet. Rye and Barley is a great source of soluble dietary fibre and higher levels of insoluble dietary fibre are present in barley and sorghum than millet and rye. Beta-glucan is the great source in barley; about 22% compositions of pentosan, lignin and resistance starch. Keywords: ABTS, glucan, spectrometry, antiglycation, oxidative stress

Terminalia cinsi üyeleri Combretaceae familyasındandırlar. Cinse ait yaklaşık 250 tür bulunmaktadır. Bu türler içerisinde özellikle Terminalia chebula ve Terminalia citrina bazı hastalıkların önlenmesinde geleneksel olarak halk tıbbında kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de bu bitkilerin kurutulmuş meyveleri sırasıyla kara ve sarı halile olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, aktarlarda yoğun olarak satılan ve halk tarafından çeşitli amaçlarla kullanılan T. chebula ve T. citrina bitkilerine ait kurutulmuş meyvelerde bazı biyoaktif bileşen içerikleri, antioksidan kapasite, antibakteriyel ve mutajenik aktiviteler analiz edilmiştir. Toplam fenolik madde içerikleri T. citrina’da 108.3, T. chebula’da 226.3 mg GAE/g değerlerinde, toplam flavanoid madde içerikleri ise T. chebula’da 40.7, T. citrina’da 55.9 mg QE/g değerlerinde tespit edilmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite analizleri üç farklı metoda göre (ABTS (2,2&amp;#39;-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) ve FRAP (Demir iyonu indirgeyici antioksidan güç)) yapılmıştır. Her üç metoda göre de T. chebula örneklerinin T. citrina örneklerine göre daha yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. T. citrina ve T. chebula’nın metanol ekstraklarının test bakterilerine karşı oldukça iyi seviyede antibakteriyel etki gösterdiği, her iki ekstrakta karşı ise en duyarlı bakterinin Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kuru meyve ekstraktlarının farklı dört dozu (12.5, 25, 50 ve 100 µl/plak) mutajenite deneylerinde kullanılmıştır. TA 98 ve TA 100 suşları üzerine her iki örnek ekstraktının en yüksek dozları ile TA 100 suşu üzerinde denenen T. citrina ekstraktının 50 µl/plak dozları sitotoksik olarak tespit edilmiştir. T. chebula ve T. citrina ekstraktlarının Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 suşu üzerine etkisi her iki örneğin 50 µl/plak dozlarında çözücü kontrole göre istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur.

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In this study, phenolics and reducing sugar` compositions of fig fruits (27 Tunisian ecotypes) were analyzed. In addition, the antioxidant activity was determined by two methods; the ABTS and the DPPH assays. Phytochemical composition of the 27 fig ecotypes was found to be very diverse, as the total polyphenols varied from 51.50 (‘Bouholi’) to 100.23 (‘Nasri’) mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g fresh weight. Total flavonoids also varied from 0.33 (‘Bayoudhi1’) to 17.59 (‘Soltani Ahmar’) mg quercetin equivalent/100 g fresh weight, and total anthocyanins extended from 1.61 (‘Besbessi’) to 11.67 (‘Zidi2’) mg/100 g fresh weight. Additionally, DPPH % inhibition ranged from 11.37 (‘Besbessi’) to 64.73 % (‘Bouharrag’) and ABTS from 38.50 (Sawoudi5) to 676.13 (‘Nemri’). The ecotypes ‘Zergui’ and ‘Nasri’ had the highest contents of glucose (5.68 and 4.83 g/ 100 g FW, respectively) and fructose (5.43 and 4.69 g/ 100 g FW, respectively). The results also showed that fig fruits are a good and valuable source of natural antioxidants that can be used in food and medical sectors.

The purpose of this work is to assess the antioxidant and the antibacterial activities of essential oil from flowers of Rhanterium suaveolens Desf. and to investigate its chemical composition. The GC-MS analysis revealed the identification of a total of thirty-one compounds representing 98.4% of the total oil. Spathulenol (18.3%), carvacrol (12.1%), linalool (9.4%), a-terpineol (7.10%), a-terpinolene (6.3%) and pinocarvone (5.6%) were identified as major constituents. The tested oil exhibited weak activities in both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing power test. However, it showed a good lipid peroxidation activity using the B-carotene/linoleic acid assay with an IC50 value of 26.20±1.01 ug/mL. In addition, the highest antibacterial effect was recorded against Staphylococcus aureus ((MIC=37.5 ug/mL). These findings show that essential oil of R. suaveolens flowers can be used as a promising source of natural food and drug preservatives.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar los compuestos fenólicos totales de diferentes granos ancestrales: dos variedades de tef (Eragrostis tef), trigo sarraceno (Fagopyrum esculentum) y trigo espelta (Triticum spelta) por diferentes métodos espectrofotométricos (Folin-Ciocalteu y Fast Blue BB) y comparar con los resultados obtenidos de estudiar la composición fenólica individualizada mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución acoplada a un sistema de detección de fotodiodos y espectrometría de masas (HPLC-DAD-MS). También se determinó la actividad antioxidante in vitro de los extractos de los granos ancestrales estudiados por el método TEAC (capacidad antioxidante equivalente de Trolox) y FRAP (poder antioxidante reductor del hierro). El uso de HPLC-DAD-MS permitió identificar un gran número de compuestos fenólicos: compuestos hidroxibenzoicos, hidroxicinámicos, flavonoles, flavonas y flavanoles. Las flavonas fueron la familia de compuestos fenólicos más abundante detectada en las muestras de espelta, teff, blanco y marrón. Sin embargo, en el trigo sarraceno son los flavanoles (64 %). La cuantificación de los compuestos fenólicos por HPLC-DAD-MS parece más oportuna que por los métodos espectrofotométricos. Con respecto a la actividad antioxidante, el trigo sarraceno mostró los valores más altos frente a su capacidad de captar radicales libres y poder reductor en relación a las otras muestras estudiadas, pudiéndose relacionar con su alto contenido en compuestos fenólicos.

Auxemma glazioviana Taub. (Boraginaceae), conhecida como “pau branco”, está distribuída nos estados do Ceará e Rio Grande do Norte e é utilizada tradicionalmente no tratamento de cortes e feridas. As distintas atividades biológicas estão associadas a presença de quinonas, composto químico de ampla ocorrência na espécie. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar as principais classes de metabólitos secundários, quantificar o contéudo total de polifenóis, obter a fração quinona (FQ) e avaliar o potencial antioxidante do extrato etanólico de A. glazioviana e da fração obtida. A partir do extrato foi realizada uma triagem fitoquímica e a quantificação de polifenóis totais. A obtenção e caracterização da fração quinona foi feita por meio de técnicas cromatográficas. O potencial antioxidante do extrato e da fração foi determinado pelos métodos, DPPH●; captura de radical livre ABTS●+, determinação do poder de redução do íon Fe3+ (FRAP) e capacidade antioxidante relativa (CAR). A prospecção química do extrato etanólico revelou a presença de flavonoides. A quantificação de polifenóis totais foi de 4,4822 mg AG/g.extrato. Nas análises antioxidantes, extrato e fração apresentaram resultados significativos, em que o EECCAG foi mais eficiente quando comparado a FQ. Os dados mostram que o EECCAG é potencialmente mais eficiente quanto a atividade antioxidante.

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Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are related to a large number of human degenerative diseases. Consequently, plants have been investigated across the world to exploit their potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In the current study, Caralluma deflersiana is native to Saudi Arabia and was screened to assess its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential activities as well as the phenolic content/phytochemicals. Subsequently, the collected aerial parts were extracted by maceration with different solvents. The antioxidant activity was investigated using the total antioxidant capacity, diphenylpicryl hydrazine (DPPH)- radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays were used. The total phenolic content of C. deflersiana extracts was quantified using standard methods. As a result, the water extract of C. deflersiana displayed a strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods compared to other plant extracts. Moreover, it was also noted that water and methanolic extracts exhibited approximately similar bacterial and fungal growth inhibition. Additionally, the water extract of C. deflersiana also demonstrated the highest phenol content among other plant extracts, consistent with the higher antioxidant activity found in C. deflersiana. In conclusion, Caralluma species could be a promising source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Key words: Caralluma deflersiana, antioxidant, antimicrobial.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the physicochemical properties of jelly made from fermented red ginseng concentrate (FRGC) that can be easily absorbed and digested for the health promotion of the elderly. The pH of the jellies tended to decrease with increasing concentration of FRGC. Soluble solid content has significantly higher value when added more than 2%, and the water content of the sample was significantly lower when the FRGC was added 4%. As the amount of FRGC was increased, the total color difference increased, and the hardness of samples decreased significantly. On the other hand, the total ginsenoside contents of the FRGC was 45.50 mg/g. As the concentration of FRGC increased, the content of polyphenol and flavonoids increased. The increasing pattern of polyphenols and flavonoids showed a similar trend. As the content of FRGC increased, ABTS free radical scavenging activity significantly increased (p<0.05), and in the control, the minimum value (62.6 AEAC) and the 4% sample were highest (116.2 AEAC). DPPH radical scavenging activity was like that of ABTS radical scavenging activity. However, there was no significant difference in DPPH radical scavenging activity of 3% and 4% red ginseng jelly.

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