Absorption Pattern Research Articles

Multiple phases of yttrium-doped molybdenum trioxide nanorods as efficient dye degrader and bactericidal agents with molecular docking analysis

Contaminants removal is usually becoming an exciting subject of research from water considering their environmental and ecological effects. This work provides pathways to remove organic pollutants from water via nanomaterials and is used as an antibiotic against bacteria like Escherichia coli (E. coli). In this study, molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) and yttrium (Y) doped (2 and 4%) MoO3 nanorods were synthesized by co-precipitation method. Advanced characterization techniques have been introduced to study textural structures, morphological developments, and optical characteristics of produced products. X-ray diffraction studied multiple crystalline structures of prepared samples as hexagonal, orthorhombic, and monoclinic of pure MoO3 with decrease in crystallinity and crystallite size upon Y doping. UV–visible spectroscopy unveiled a redshift (bathochromic effect) in absorption pattern attributed to band gap energy (Eg) decreases. Photoluminescence spectra examined the recombination rate of electrons (e−) and holes (h+) as charge carriers. A sufficient catalytic activity (CA) was observed against methylene blue (MB) dye in an acidic medium (99.74%) and efficient bactericidal action was studied against (E. coli) with zone of inhibition (5.20 mm) for 4% Y-doped MoO3. In addition, in silico docking demonstrated potential inhibitory effect of produced nanomaterials on FabH and FabI enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis.

Restoring the imaging quality of circular transducer array-based PACT using synthetic aperture focusing technique integrated with 2nd-derivative-based back projection scheme

Circular-array-based photoacoustic computed tomography (CA-PACT) is a promising imaging tool owing to its broad acoustic detection coverage and fidelity. However, CA-PACT suffers from poor image quality outside the focal zone along both elevational and lateral dimensions. To address this challenge, we proposed a novel reconstruction strategy by integrating the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) with the 2nd derivative-based back projection (2nd D-BP) algorithm to restore the image quality outside the focal zone along both the elevational and lateral axes. The proposed solution is a two-phase reconstruction scheme. In the first phase, with the assistance of an acoustic lens, we designed a circular array-based SAFT algorithm to restore the resolution and SNR along the elevational axis. The acoustic lens pushes the boundary of the upper limit of the SAFT scheme to achieve enhanced elevational resolution. In the second phase, we proposed a 2nd D-BP scheme to improve the lateral resolution and suppress noises in 3D imaging results. The 2nd D-BP strategy enhances the image quality along the lateral dimension by up-converting the high spatial frequencies of the object’s absorption pattern. We validated the effectiveness of the proposed strategy using both phantoms and in vivo human experiments. The experimental results demonstrated superior image quality (7-fold enhancement in elevational resolution, 3-fold enhancement in lateral resolution, and an 11-dB increase in SNR). This strategy provides a new paradigm in the PACT system as it significantly enhances the spatial resolution and imaging contrast in both the elevational and lateral dimensions while maintaining a large focal zone.

Comparing the effects of dietary sugars on cognitive performance and reaction time: A randomized, placebo- controlled and double-blind experimental trial

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of acute intake dietary sugars on cognitive performance and reaction time. This study was, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind experimental design, conducted with 75 healthy adults. At the beginning of the study, the participants (36 male, 39 female; 21.6 ± 1.3 years of age; body mass index: 21.59 ± 1.94 kg/m2) were randomly divided into equal five groups (n:15) (glucose (10 g), fructose (10 g), sucrose (10 g), saccharin (0.24 g), placebo), and received dietary sugars dissolved in 200 mL of water. Cognitive performance was determined with Cancelation Test, and the Simple Response Time and Ruler Drop Tests were used in order to response and reaction time of participants, respectively. General score of cognitive performance (0.93 ± 0.1), reaction (295 ± 20 ms), and response (204 ms) were highest in glucose and lowest in placebo (0.63 ± 0.1; 368 ± 22 ms; 251 ms, respectively) (p < .001). Saccharin groups had a higher reaction (312 ± 22 ms) and response (216 ms) time score compared to consumed fructose (316 ± 39; 227 ms), sucrose (354 ± 26; 246 ms), and placebo (368 ± 22; 251 ms) groups, respectively (p < .001). These findings show that differences in the absorption pattern and sweetness levels of sugar types may have different effects on cognitive performance and reaction time.

Bioremediation of Oil-contaminated Sand

The energy demand is set to grow very rapidly and the potential demand for oil around the world is at its highest level. Apart from indigenous oil sources, crude oil is imported by water transportation to fulfill local demand. The occurrence of oil leakage during drilling and transportation in pipelines is a major concern. As a result of this, soil is getting polluted and its geotechnical properties are altered. In this study, the effect of engine oil and diesel contamination on the geotechnical parameters of sea sand has been studied. Further, to enhance the properties of oil-contaminated sand, the bioremediation method was adopted. Sea sand from Ganagalla Peta beach, Andhra Pradesh state, India was taken up for the study. In the laboratory, 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% of engine oil and diesel were used to artificially contaminate the sea sand and geotechnical parameters; namely, compaction, shear strength and permeability, were studied for oil-contaminated sand and compared with those of virgin sea sand. In the next stage, bioremediation of engine oil-and diesel-contaminated sand was carried out to improve the geotechnical properties. It has been found that the geotechnical properties had improved after three days of bioremediation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the contaminated sand is of a lipopeptide nature and showed the presence of carboxyl groups, whereas the IR absorption pattern of the treated sand matches with N-Methyl-N-Vinyl Acetamide. KEYWORDS: Engine-oil contamination, Diesel contamination, Bioremediation, Bacillus subtilis, Geotechnical properties, Compaction characteristics, Shear-strength characteristics, Permeability, FTIR analysis.

Early osteoarthritis diagnosis based on near-infrared spectroscopy combined with aquaphotomics

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease and the leading cause of disability in elderly individuals. Despite rapid advances in imaging techniques, early OA diagnosis remains a clinical challenge. In the present study, the feasibility of early OA diagnosis was explored via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with aquaphotomics. Synovial fluid samples from 65 cases of OA categorized as mild, moderate, and severe according to theKellgrenandLawrence classification criteria were analyzed via NIRS. The 1st overtone of water (1300–1600 nm) was considered as the research object for an aquaphotomics model, and aquagrams of the mild, moderate, and severe OA cases were generated using 12 water absorption patterns for early OA diagnosis.The aquaphotomics results exhibited clear differences in the region of 1300–1500 nm, and the number of hydrogen bonds of different water species (1412,1424, 1482, and 1496 nm) evidently correlated with OA occurrence and development. With OA progression, the absorption intensity of water molecules without hydrogen bonds (1412 nm/1424 nm) became stronger, while the absorption intensity of water molecules with four hydrogen bonds (1482 nm/1496 nm) decreased.These results together reveal that the established accurate and rapid early OA diagnosis model based on NIRS combined with aquaphotomics is effective and feasible, and that the number of hydrogen bonds can be used as a biomarker for early OA diagnosis.

Energy Absorption and Deformation Pattern Analysis of Crash Box with Tapered Wall Angle and Trigger Circles under Quasi-Static Loading

Crash box merupakan sistem keselamatan pasif yang digunakan untuk mengurangi tingkat keparahan kecelakaan yang dialami penumpang atau bagian kendaraan yang vital akibat tabrakan. Penelitian ini meninjau pengaruh variasi sudut tirus dinding dan trigger circles pada crash box berpenampang lingkaran (circular) terhadap penyerapan energi dan pola deformasi pada uji simulasi pembebanan quasi-static. Penelitian dilakukan dengan software berbasis Finite Element Method (FEM). Variasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu crash box dengan sudut tirus 1° dan 5,7° dan letak trigger circles A, B, C dan D dengan material crash box Aluminium 6061-T4. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa pola deformasi yang terbentuk adalah pola aksial dengan mode campuran (concertina + diamond). Deformasi mode campuran terjadi pada crash box sudut tirus 1° dan 5,7°. Penyerapan dengan kemampuan menyerap energi terbesar pada crash box dengan sudut tirus (α) 5,7° sebesar 3124,0 J.

Hounsfield Unit values on the subchondral bone are related to clinical outcomes in bone marrow stimulation for osteochondral lesions of the talus

BackgroundPoor clinical outcomes in bone marrow stimulation (BMS) for the osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT) are caused by subchondral bone deterioration. It is reported that microfracture induces endochondral ossification in the subchondral bone, which may affect the subchondral bone condition after BMS. This study analyzed osteosclerotic patterns of the bed in OLTs on computed tomography (CT) images and the relationship between the subchondral bone condition and clinical outcomes of BMS. MethodsSixty-nine ankles in 61 patients with OLT were included. Hounsfield unit (HU) on the bed of OLTs was measured on CT images and the pattern of osteosclerosis or absorption in the bed was analyzed. In these patients, 25 ankles in 24 patients underwent BMS. They were divided into 2 groups according to the presence of bone marrow edema (BME) one year after surgery, and clinical outcomes were compared. ResultsHUs in the anterior region were significantly higher than those of other areas. In patients with BMS, the JSSF scale for BME positive group (88.0 ± 7.7 points) was significantly lower than that for BME negative group (95.0 ± 6.1 points) (p < 0.05) at the final follow-up. On preoperative CT images, HU values of the central region in the BME-positive group were significantly lower than those in the BME-negative group (p < 0.05). ConclusionOsteosclerotic changes in the anterior part of the bed were frequently observed, and BMS for the area with low HU values decreased clinical outcomes. BMS should be performed with attention to subchondral bone condition to obtain good clinical outcomes. Level of evidence4, case series.

Hibiscus sabdariffa natural dye extraction process with central composite design for optimal extract yield

This study reports optimization of Hibiscus sabdariffa natural dye extraction process parameters with response surface methodology, which is aimed at developing a more suitable and standardized technique to extract active components from plant materials. Hibiscus sabdariffa dye extraction process parameters (temperature, time and feed materials) were optimized for high yield. The dye was extracted using locally fabricated combined dye extractor and dryer machine with throughput capacity of 4 g/min machine and extraction efficiencies of 78.61% and 63.77% respectively using solvent as the medium. Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the process parameters that resulted in optimal yield. Liquid chromatography revealed components typical of natural dye extracts. The equations and models generated from RSM revealed experimental correlation between the dependent and independent variables. The fitted quadratic model's analysis of variance (ANOVA) with F-value of 14.78 for the model indicates its significance as there is only a 0.01% probability that such a big F -value is attributable to noise. Additionally, this analysis shows significant model terms as P-values less than 0.05 was obtained. The FTIR result showed a characteristic plant dye absorption pattern with wavenumbers that ranged from 3377 to 1032 cm−1. Optimal extract yield of 68% was attained at the temperature of 100 °C for 60 min and 1 kg feed material through RSM. This study revealed that extraction temperature and time had a significant effect, while the amount of feed material had a slight effect on the yield. Therefore, natural dyes can be extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa for a sustainable natural color dyeing approach practiced in the textile industries. The study created a sustainable method of using bioresources for economic growth and development. The findings on this study provided a foundation for the use of Hibiscus sabdariffa dye extract as alternative to conventional dyes that can serve as functional colors for the textile, food and pharmaceutical industries.

Uslûb Dalâlî (Semantic Style) Qur'anic Verses and Their Absorption in Nature Sentence Patterns for Learning

This study aims to analyze Uslûb Dalâlî or semantic style in Qur'anic Verses and its absorption in sentences for learning. This research is qualitative with a library research approach. Research data is a corpus of verses of the Makiyyah Qur'an with semantic style values. The source of the data is the Qur'an. Data collection techniques are carried out with documentation. At the same time, data analysis uses content analysis. There were four discourses as a result of the study. First is the aspect of takrar (repetition). That repetition is contained in QS. Al-Baqarah: 4, QS. Ali Imran: 54, QS. An-Nur: 40, and QS. An-Nur 45. The absorption of sentence patterns is further projected for learning, like learning that continues to be repeated and all knowledge considered useful. Secondly, the Qasr (focusing) aspect appears in QS. Al-Baqarah: 5, QS. Al-Baqarah: 254, and QS. An-Nisa: 151. Absorbing sentence patterns reduces learners’ readiness for learning and consistent and honest practice. Third, the number of mu'taridah (discontinuous structures). Marked in QS. Al-Baqarah: 24; QS. Al-Baqarah 116; and QS. Al-Mumtahanah: 110. Absorption of sentence patterns is good learning that must end with evaluation/assessment truth, iltifat (pronoun distillation) contained in QS. Al-Baqarah: 128, QS. Al-Baqarah: 159, QS Ali-Imran: 11; QS. Ali-Imran: 81, and QS. Al-Maidah: 13. The pattern of sentence absorption reduces to the need, to be honest in the educational process and punishment for undisciplined students. Thus, the Qur'an is the greatest literary book with multi-meaning in each verse unit.

Spatial patterns of EU funds absorption in Romanian rural municipalities

Abstract This study analyses the spatial differences in EU funds absorption among Romanian rural municipalities through the 2014–2020 programming period. The absorption capacity for EU funds is measured by the volume of spent EU funds by inhabitant, for each Romanian rural municipality. The results of the analysis highlight the importance of the territorial dimension when studying the distribution of EU funds among the rural municipalities of Romania. Affiliation with a specific development region (NUTS 2), county (NUTS 3) or a functional urban area (FUA) is used to differentiate the volume of absorbed EU funds. In Romania, rural municipalities with higher levels of absorbed EU funding are, to a statistically higher extent, located in development regions in the Centre, North-West, South-West and West of the country; in communes with no change, or even an increase, in population between 2014 and 2021; in the highest quartile of fiscal capacity and in communes with experience with EU funding from the preceding programming period. This article adds to the growing body of territorial evidence and can be used as a policy instrument to more closely examine the intervention tools embedded in EU funding policy.

Influence of dynamic morphological modifications of atom probe specimens on the intensity of their photoluminescence spectra

The photoluminescence intensity of a light emitter embedded in an atom probe needle-shaped specimen varies with the morphological evolution of the latter during field evaporation. Light absorption and emission patterns within such an evolving system were calculated considering the increase in the reflectivity induced by the high electrostatic field present at the apex surface. A good agreement is obtained between the experimental and calculated photoluminescence intensity as a function of the evaporation progress. These methods could be applied to more general situations in which the properties of nanoscale objects are modulated by surface chemistry or morphology changes.

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from the Leaf Stalk Extract of Moringa oleifera

The exploitation of plant extract as a reducing agent for synthetic silver nanoparticles has become the main focus of researchers. This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Moringa oleifera leaf stalk extract via bio-reduction. The AgNPs were characterized through ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The research results indicated that an increase in the initial AgNO3 concentration and incubation time had affected the absorption pattern of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) trend of AgNPs. The results of the functional group analysis revealed the formation of the ketone group (1741 cm-1), which was derived from hydroxyl groups (3415 cm-1). The crystal structure of AgNPs was characterized using XRD. The estimation of the crystal measurement based on the Debye-Scherer equation was 15.59 nm, which was estimated as having a cube crystal form.

Study on the mechanism of removing Pb (II) and Cd (II) from industrial wastewater by copper based MOF modified with ethylenediamine

In this study, we synthesized ethylenediamine modified copper-based organometallic framework by hydrothermal method. The materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS and BET. The adsorption properties of the materials for Cu (II) and Pb (II) were studied in depth by varying the adsorbate concentration, ionic strength, contact time, adsorption temperature and pH of the solutions. At a pH value of 5.2, the maximum adsorption capacities for Cd (II) and Pb (II) were 909.09 and 12.85 mg·g−1 within 20 min, respectively. The adsorption process was fitted with pseudo second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic experiments showed that an appropriate temperature reduction was helpful to promote Cd (II) and Pb (II) removal. Given that the underlying chemical properties of the materials are unknown, the factors leading to affecting the selectivity of heavy metals remain unclear. To reveal key molecular level factors, we performed state-of-the-art computational simulations combining high-density functional theory (DFT), semi empirical calculations, and configurational sampling of metal ion MOF binding modes in aqueous solution. And the intermolecular interactions, absorption patterns, and most remarkable structural features were determined to improve the selectivity against heavy metals. The mechanism of heavy metals separation by ethylenediamine grafted MOFs was rationalized using quantum mechanical and electrostatic principles. Density functional theory calculations showed that the chelating effect of amino groups, ion-exchange effect and electrostatic interaction of hydroxyl groups were the main factors to improve the removal efficiency of Cd (II) and Pb (II). These results provide a new method for the preparation of MOF based adsorbents and demonstrate the great potential of ethylenediamine modified copper based metal organic frameworks for high-performance environmental remediation.

Luminescent Tb(III) complexes with Lewis bases for displays: Synthesis and spectral investigation

Octa-coordinated luminescent terbium (III) complexes were synthesized with fluorinated 1,3-diketone [4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-furyl)-1,3-butanedione (TFFB)] and nitrogen donor auxiliary moieties. The structural investigation of ternary complexes was done via elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, electrochemical, absorption and photoluminescence analyses. Absorption patterns evinced ligand based broad bands. The luminescent nature of complexes proposed the good sensitization of Tb(III) cation by different ligands. The emission patterns of compounds demonstrated sharp emission peaks which are assigned to Tb3+ ion. Most intense peak present at 546 nm credited to 5D4 → 7F5 transition is accountable for green emissive nature of Tb(III) complexes. Outcomes of colorimetric study also support the PL emission results. The unique luminescent and conducting characteristics of prepared materials affirmed their usefulness in practical display applications.

Analisis Kadar Kurkumin pada Herbal Oil Kunyit Ekstrak Virgin Coconut Oil dengan Metode Ultrasonik dan Maserasi

Vegetable oil theoretically and experimentally has proven its potential as an alternative solvent in the extraction of natural materials. Turmeric infused with virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a way to take advantage of the active compounds from the herbs and the oil itself. This study aims to determine the ability of the VCO solvent in extracting curcumin compounds from turmeric with the addition of tween 80 surfactants. The extraction method used was maceration at 60℃ and an ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz for 15 minutes. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used for qualitative analysis of each herbal oil extract using chloroform: methanol (95:5) eluent and FTIR spectrophotometer to identify functional groups. The highest curcumin content was found in herbal oil with tween 80 of 2 ml, namely 31 ppm in maceration extraction and 260.7 ppm in ultrasonic extraction. Identification of curcumin functional groups in herbal oils showed absorption patterns of O-H, C=O, aromatic C=C, C-O-C, and C-H.

New periodic lattice model with specific vibration absorption patterns at resonant frequencies

New periodic lattice model with specific vibration absorption patterns at resonant frequencies

Density functional analysis of molecular crystal: bis-l-Phenyl alanine mandelate

A novel organic nonlinear four component molecular crystal bis-l-phenylalanine mandelate (BLPAMA) has been synthesized and single crystal has been grown by slow evaporation method in an aqueous solution at ambient temperature. The characterization studies support the formation of the neutral novel organic molecular crystal containing 68 atoms in a molecule. The experimental and theoretical density functional analysis (DFT) have been compared for the vibrational changes, dipolar interactions, 1H and 13C&nbsp;NMR values, UV-Vis absorption pattern, HOMO-LUMO interactions, hyperconjugation effects, Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) and Natural Hybridisation Orbital (NHO) analysis. The molecular structure obtained from the solid state experimental data using ORTEP diagram has been compared with the gaseous state optimized stucture obtained from DFT data using Gaussian&nbsp;98 software with MO6-31++(d,p) basis set. The DFT study of the title compound has confirmed the crystal formation through charge transfer mechanism, hydrogen bonding interactions and van der Waals forces of attraction. The stress and strain in the title compound leads to the low energy gap nonlinear molecular sheet formation. The title compound shows electrochemical activity due to the highly reactive and relatively unstable structure.

S01−P23magnetic quadrupole transition in neutral strontium

We present a detailed investigation of the ultranarrow magnetic-quadrupole $^{1}\mathrm{S}_{0}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{P}_{2}$ transition in neutral strontium and show how it can be made accessible for quantum simulation and quantum computation. By engineering the light shift in a one-dimensional optical lattice, we perform high-resolution spectroscopy and observe the characteristic absorption patterns for a magnetic quadrupole transition. We measure an absolute transition frequency of $446,647,242,704(2)$ kHz in $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ and an $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{87}\mathrm{Sr}$ isotope shift of $+62.91(4)$ MHz. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we use this transition to demonstrate local addressing in an optical lattice with 532 nm spacing with a Rayleigh-criterion resolution of $494(45)$ nm. Our results pave the way for applications of the magnetic quadrupole transition as an optical qubit and for single-site addressing in optical lattices.

Two enhancements in microwave-assisted spark ignition and their causes

As a prospective ignition technique, microwave-assisted spark ignition (MAI) efficiently enhances ignition with plasma absorbing microwave energy. This paper achieves MAI through radiating a single 0.2 ms microwave pulse after the initial spark ignition, and investigates the ignition performance and the precise absorbed energy of MAI in different absorption patterns. The absorption pattern is tailored by the microwave pulse power. The results show that the enhancement of MAI can be divided into two categories based on ignition performance and absorbed energy: the glow enhancement and the incandescence enhancement. Compared to the glow enhancement, the incandescence enhancement has a greater energy absorption efficiency and thus induces more significant ignition enhancement. Additionally, the effect of gas parameters, including gas pressure and components, on these two enhancement categories is studied. Increasing pressure or decreasing methane concentration facilitates the generation of incandescence enhancement. Ultimately, the causes of both enhancements are discussed. The incandescence enhancement may be originated from the ionization of metal particles in the microwave field, whereas the glow enhancement is attributed to gas ionization. This work highlights the potential application of metal-microwave discharge on MAI, which can play a crucial role in suiting different conditions and further understanding the mechanisms of MAI.

Development of Nutrient Solution Compositions for Paprika Cultivation in a Closed Coir Substrate Hydroponic System in Republic of Korea’s Winter Cropping Season

Other than in highland areas, the majority of paprika growers in Republic of Korea transplant during late summer and cultivate when temperatures are relatively low. Additionally, they typically apply European nutrient solutions and hydroponic technologies with different climates and cultivation periods. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the optimal nutrient solution composition based on growth stages suitable for paprika (Capsicum annum L.) cultivation in closed hydroponic systems with a coir substrate during the winter cropping season. The nutrient solutions were supplied to all the paprika plants at pH 5.8–6.0 and electrical conductivity (EC) 2.0–3.5 dS·m−1 according to the target EC setting for each growth stage. The mixing ratio of the reused nutrient solution (drainage) to the fresh solution was maintained within 30% on an EC basis (0.6–1.1 dS∙m−1) at each irrigation event. Paprika plants ‘Cupra’ were grown in three different nutrient solutions using an automated fertilizer dosing system based on integrated solar radiation (ISR). Nutrient absorption patterns according to growth stages were investigated for each nutrient solution. To reduce the nutritional imbalances of major nutrients in the root zone (RZ, substrate), the nutrient solution ‘NIHHS (National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences)’ was adjusted considering the nutrition absorption patterns according to growth stages, ion balances between anions and cations, and differences between the ion concentrations in the RZ and with irrigation. NIHHS-Coir1 and NIHHS-Coir2 solutions with 5–10% and 10–15% readjustments of macronutrient concentrations in the NIHHS, respectively, were used to evaluate the suitabilities for cultivation and productivity, whilst the IKC (Informatie en Kennis Centrum) nutrient solution was used as the control. We investigated the influence of these solutions on growth, yield, and photosynthetic responses compared to the conventional nutrient solution. Throughout the entire cultivation period, the newly formulated NIHHS-Coir1 solution had a marketable fruit ratio (%) of 2.4–3.5% higher and a marketable yield (kg/m2) of 5.3–8.7% higher than those of the conventional IKC solution.