ABS Type Research Articles

Congenital absence of the long head of biceps tendon & its clinical implications: a systematic review of the literature.

Multiple reports of congenitally absent long head of biceps tendon (LHBT) have been reported in the literature. However, there is no consensus on the clinical implications of this relatively rare entity. To systematically review and analyze all studies which have reported absence of LHBT. PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched. Also, a secondary search was performed by pearling the bibliography of all the full-text articles obtained. Pre defined inclusion criteria was used for abstract screening by two independent observers. Twenty three studies met our inclusion criteria, were included for the final analysis and the data was pooled. The cases were further sub-grouped according to the classification of Dierickx et al. Till date, 35 cases of absent LHBT have been reported. Males and females were equally affected. Eight of these were bilateral and only four cases had other associated congenital anomalies. Majority of the patients presented with shoulder pain (85.7%) while 37.1% had shoulder instability (mainly anterior instability). The ABS type was the most common variant reported. The finding was missed in 60% of the cases on the initial MRI only to be detected later on shoulder arthroscopy. Congenitally absent LHBT may not be as rare as was previously thought to be. Due to the heterogeneity and the low level of evidence of the data available, it is hard to conclude if a congenitally absent LHBT is a cause of shoulder pain/impingement or instability on its own. IV.

A note on AMP algoritm and its extension

The ABS methods are of direct finite algorithms which solve a linear systems of equations at most in number of equations. Amini, Mahdavi-Amiri and Peyghami in [3] present an ABS type algorithm so that two new equations are satisfied in every iteration when coefficient matrix is a full row rank matrix. Their article has some problems. In this paper we first point to them and then we extend their algorithm so that it is applicable to any arbitrary rank of coefficient matrix.

Morphological and thermal properties of ABS/montmorillonite nanocomposites using two different ABS polymers and four different montmorillonite clays

AbstractABS/Clay nanocomposites were prepared using two ABS with different Acrylonitrile (AN) contents and four montmorillonite clays; a natural clay (CNa+) and three modified clays, Cloisites 10A, 20A, and 30B. The composites were prepared in a twin‐screw extruder. Results were analyzed considering the effect of clay and ABS type, on the clay dispersion, intercalation and exfoliation, as well as on the storage modulus and thermal stability of the nanocomposites. XRD and TEM confirm that when using an ABS with higher AN content (ABS2), a better dispersion and intercalation–exfoliation can be obtained. Cloisites 20A and 30B, respectively the one with greater initial intergallery spacing, but lower polarity and with smaller inter‐gallery spacing but greater polarity, produce the ABS nanocomposites with the greater intergallery spacing. Both ABS polymers have similar storage modulus and Tg and in both cases, the modulus increases with the 4 wt % clay. This increase is greater with the modified clays and slightly greater with the ABS2. Tg, from tan δ, increases very little with the 4 wt % clay, but again, this is slightly greater with ABS2. TGA and flammability tests show that the dispersed clay enhances the thermal stability and that the ABS with higher AN content produces a greater increase in fire retardancy. Tests also show that the better thermal stability and fire retardancy is obtained with the Cloisites 20A or 30B. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 190–200, 2008

Interactions between a Bismuth Type Leadless Glaze and a Bone China Body during Glost Firing

In the present study, the interactions between a high bismuth type commercial transparent leadless glaze and a biscuit fired bone china body during glost firing at different temperatures were investigated using SEM. The formation of several phases with different morphological and chemical characteristics was clearly demonstrated. It was found that the interface characteristics were similar to those previously observed at an ABS type commercial transparent leadless glaze-bone china interfaces.

Investigation of low-reflective ZrCN–PVD-arc coatings for application on medical tools for minimally invasive surgery

Medical tools for minimally invasive surgery are often used under difficult environmental conditions. If the surgeons have to work with a microscope, the operating area must be brightly lit. Reflection and scattering of light from tool-surfaces disturb the visual field. To decrease this kind of disturbance, the tools can be covered by a dark PVD thin film. In the present study, the properties of low-reflective PVD-arc coatings of ZrCN were considered in comparison to TiCN. Different pure metal targets of zirconium and titanium were utilized in a reactive arc-coating process. The coating device was an industrial PVD engine of the HTC 1000/4 ABS type. Caused by the purpose of aimed investigations the engine merely operated in the arc-coating-mode. Amounts of carbon and nitrogen in the layers were steered by systematic changes of gas flow parameters from batch-to-batch. Substrate temperature and bias voltage were held at constant levels. Besides some mechanical and optical properties, aspects of biocompatibility of ZrCN on stainless steel AISI 304 were focused on. Summarizing the obtained results with regard to questions of biocompatibility, all of the investigated thin films have fulfilled the requirements for short-term applications to the human body.

Truncated difference ABS type algorithm for nonlinear systems*

A truncated form of the difference ABS-type algorithm is proposed and its local convergence property is investigated.

Effect of compatibilization and ABS type on properties of PBT/ABS blends

Toughened blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with appropriate ABS materials can be prepared without a compatibilizer within limited melt processing situations. As illustrated by transmission electron microscopy, coarsening of uncompatibilized blends occurs under certain molding conditions resulting in a deleterious effect on blend properties. Methyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), ethyl acrylate (MGE) terpolymers were shown to be effective reactive compatibilizers for PBT/ABS blends that broaden the processing window and provide improved low temperature impact properties, ABS dispersion, and morphological stability. A twin screw extruder is more effective than the single screw extruder used here for processing these reactive blends. Several ABS types with different rubber contents were examined; generally, materials with very high rubber contents were found to be more beneficial for toughening PBT. Among these high rubber content materials, the ABS material having the lowest melt viscosity was found to be superior for optimizing morphology and impact properties. At leat 30% of this material, containing a minimum of 36% rubber, is required for producing toughened blends. Moderate amounts of GMA functionality in the compatibilizer (>5%) and small amounts of compatibilizer in the blend (<5%) significantly improve low temperature impact properties and ABS dispersion. Higher amounts of GMA in the blend increase the room temperature impact strength with little effect on the ductile–brittle transition temperature and increase blend viscosity.