Sandblasting Research Articles

From surface to success: How implant surfaces shape osseointegration

The field of dental implantology has significantly advanced to address the multifaceted impacts of tooth loss, encompassing physical, functional, emotional, psychological, and social dimensions. Dental implants serve as reliable solutions, ensuring stability, minimal bone loss, and absence of pain or infection. Central to their success is the surface modification of implants, which profoundly influences osseointegration—the process crucial for establishing a functional bond between bone and implant. This review explores various physical modifications of dental implant surfaces, focusing on macro, micro, and nano-level alterations. Macro-level modifications optimize implant geometry and thread design to enhance initial stability and long-term fixation. Micro-level modifications, including grit blasting and acid etching, increase surface roughness to facilitate mechanical interlocking and cell adhesion. Nano-level modifications, such as hydrophilic coatings and bioceramic enhancements, enhance surface energy and promote osteoblastic differentiation, thereby accelerating osseointegration. These surface modifications represent a critical frontier in implant dentistry, promising improved clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction through enhanced integration and reduced healing times.

Influence of the Surface Topography of Titanium Dental Implants on the Behavior of Human Amniotic Stem Cells.

The dental implant surface plays a crucial role in osseointegration. The topography and physicochemical properties will affect the cellular functions. In this research, four distinct titanium surfaces have been studied: machined acting (MACH), acid etched (AE), grit blasting (GBLAST), and a combination of grit blasting and subsequent acid etching (GBLAST + AE). Human amniotic mesenchymal (hAMSCs) and epithelial stem cells (hAECs) isolated from the amniotic membrane have attractive stem-cell properties. They were cultured on titanium surfaces to analyze their impact on biological behavior. The surface roughness, microhardness, wettability, and surface energy were analyzed using interferometric microscopy, Vickers indentation, and drop-sessile techniques. The GBLAST and GBLAST + AE surfaces showed higher roughness, reduced hydrophilicity, and lower surface energy with significant differences. Increased microhardness values for GBLAST and GBLAST + AE implants were attributed to surface compression. Cell viability was higher for hAMSCs, particularly on GBLAST and GBLAST + AE surfaces. Alkaline phosphatase activity enhanced in hAMSCs cultured on GBLAST and GBLAST + AE surfaces, while hAECs showed no mineralization signals. Osteogenic gene expression was upregulated in hAMSCs on GBLAST surfaces. Moreover, α2 and β1 integrin expression enhanced in hAMSCs, suggesting a surface-integrin interaction. Consequently, hAMSCs would tend toward osteoblastic differentiation on grit-blasted surfaces conducive to osseointegration, a phenomenon not observed in hAECs.

Effect of Different Surface Treatments as Methods of Improving the Mechanical Properties after Repairs of PMMA for Dentures.

Denture fractures are a common problem in dental practice, and their repair is considered a first option to restore their functional properties. However, the inter-material resistance may become compromised. Typically, the bond between these materials weakens. Therefore, various surface treatment methods may be considered to enhance their mechanical properties. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) heat-polymerized resin (HPR) was used as the repaired material, cold-polymerized material (CPR) for the repairs, and different variants of alumina abrasive blasting (AB), methyl methacrylate (M), ethyl acetate (EA), methylene chloride (CH), and isopropyl alcohol (IA) treatments were applied. Finally, combined surface treatments were chosen and analyzed. Surface morphologies after treatments were observed by scanning electron microscopy and the flexural, shear, and impact strengths were tested. AB and chemical treatment with CH, M, and EA was used to improve all mechanical properties, and further improvement of the properties could be achieved by combining both types of treatments. Varied changes in surface morphologies were observed. Treatment with IA yielded less favorable results due to the low impact strength. The best results were achieved for the combination of AB and CH, but during the application of CH it was necessary to strictly control the exposure time.

Influence of operational properties of process lubricant on the surface quality of calibrated rolled products after shot blasting

Influence of operational properties of process lubricant on the surface quality of calibrated rolled products after shot blasting

Analysis the Effect of Different Surface Preparation Methods on Corrosion Resistance and Adhesion Strength of ASTM A36 Steel Substrate with Surface Tolerant Epoxy Paint as Coating Material

In the industrial world, to extend the service life of materials, protection methods are carried out to slow down the material's corrosion rate. The protection method that is often used is the coating method. The coating method is a protection method by coating the substrate material using a coating material to prevent contact between the substrate material and the environment. In this research, the substrate material used is ASTM A36 steel and the coating material used is Surface Tolerant Epoxy paint. The independent variable used in this study lies in the surface preparation method which consists of: solvent cleaning, hand tool cleaning, power tool cleaning, power tool to bare metal cleaning, and abrasive blast cleaning. Different preparation methods result in different roughness and cleanliness of the surface. This can affect changes in the mechanical properties of the coating material, such as corrosion resistance and adhesion strength. Based on the corrosion resistance test, it is found that the abrasive blast cleaning and power tool to bare metal cleaning methods produce the highest corrosion resistance properties because both have a rating number of 8 in the salt spray test results. Based on the adhesion strength test, it is found that the abrasive blast cleaning method also produces the highest adhesion strength. This conclusion refers to the results of the tape x-cut test where the sample produces a rating number 5A where the sample does not experience peeling after testing. In addition, the abrasive blast cleaning method produced the highest adhesion strength in the pull-off test, which was 7.16 Mpa. Thus, the abrasive blast cleaning method is the most effective surface preparation method for ASTM A36 steel before being coated with the coating material. In addition, it can also be concluded that the higher the surface roughness of the sample, the better the corrosion resistance and adhesion strength.

Bonding Efficiency between Artificial Teeth and Denture Base in CAD/CAM and Conventional Complete Removable Dentures.

A common challenge encountered with both traditional and digitally produced dentures involves the extraction of artificial teeth from the denture base. This narrative review seeks to present an updated perspective on the adherence of synthetic teeth for denture base materials, employing diverse methods. Dental technicians often employ chemical approaches and mechanical techniques (including abrasion, laser treatment, and abrasive blasting) to augment the retention of denture teeth. However, the efficacy of these treatments remains uncertain. In certain instances, specific combinations of Denture Base Resin (DBR) materials and artificial teeth exhibit improved performance in conventional heat-cured dentures following these treatments. The primary reasons for failure are attributed to material incompatibility and inadequate copolymerization. As new denture fabrication techniques and materials continue to emerge, further research is imperative to identify optimal tooth-DBR combinations. Notably, 3D-printed tooth-DBR combinations have demonstrated reduced bond strength and less favorable failure patterns, while utilizing milled and traditional combinations appears to be a more prudent choice until advancements in additive manufacturing enhance the reliability of 3D-printing methods.

Formation of Ca, P, and Zn-doped ZrO2/TiO2 coating layer via plasma electrolytic oxidation and magnetic sputtering: Improving surface characteristics and biocompatibility of Ti–6Al–4V alloy

The study demonstrated the Ca, P, and Zn-doped ZrO2/TiO2 coating layer via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and radiofrequency magnetron sputtering (RF-MS) for improving surface characteristics and biocompatibility of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The process involved sandblasting (SB) to create micro-scale irregularities on the alloy surface, followed by RF-MS and PEO. The coating's morphology, elemental composition, phase composition, and chemical analysis were examined by FE-SEM with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman analysis. The dual surface treatment resulted in the formation of composite coatings with TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, and HA presence and displayed anisotropic multi-scale porous morphology while the surface texturing created by the SB process facilitated mechanical interlocking during the oxide layer growth. In the SB-Zr + PEO-Zn sample, the phase analysis indicated the strain-induced stabilization of t-ZrO2 in the PEO coating layer due to the incorporation of Ca2+ ions, and the formation of zinc-substituted hydroxyapatite was observed that showed enhanced roughness and wettability. Also, reduced hardness and elastic modulus (comparable to that of cortical bone) were observed due to transformation toughening under stress from t-ZrO2 to m-ZrO2. The presence of TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, and HA within the coating, all act as protective barriers in effectively reducing corrosion rates. The biological analysis demonstrated better biocompatibility, including promoting cell proliferation, cell adhesion, osteoblast differentiation, ALP activity, and mRNA expression of several osteogenic markers of the cells cultured on the SB-Zr + PEO-Zn sample. These results demonstrated the higher potential of the PEO coating system with higher biocompatibility and osseointegration ability for dental implants.

Optimizing coolant oil wastewater treatment via modified air-Fenton process with bimetallic particles from auto parts manufacturing waste

This study evaluated the efficiency of aluminium (Al)/iron (Fe) bimetallic particles, produced from waste by-products of auto parts manufacturing—namely, aluminum dross (AD) and shot blast (SB)—in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) from coolant oil wastewater originating from an auto parts manufacturer. Two different molar ratios of ADSB bimetallic particles, namely, 1:1 (ADSB1) and 2:1 (ADSB2), were investigated for their characteristics and applied in the modified air-Fenton (MAF) process which enhances the traditional Fenton method by utilizing ADSB bimetallic particles instead of Fe0 and Al0, and by incorporating aeration to stimulate the reaction. The wastewater contained an initial COD ranging from 60,000 to 120,000 mg L–1 (at 3–5 % v/v) and a TOC ranging from 10,000 to 40,000 mg L−1. The experimental design included varying reaction times, pH values, quantities of bimetallic particles, airflow rates, and wastewater concentrations were performed using the Minitab-19 software package. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis revealed that the bimetallic particles have SiO2 content ranging from 39.69 % to 56.03 %, Fe2O3 ranging from 20.52 % to 30.90 % and Al2O3 ranging from 16.51 % to 16.66 %, with surface areas varying between 5 and 6 m2 g−1. As a result of XRF analysis, SiO2 can be contaminated by the sand molds used in the manufacturing process of products. Notably, ADSB1 exhibited impressive removal efficiencies of 98.70 % and 98.50 % for COD and TOC, respectively, at 0.6 g, pH 3, airflow rate of 1.5 L min–1, and reaction time of 105 min. Conversely, ADSB2 achieved removal efficiencies of 96.30 % and 98.43 % for COD and TOC, respectively, at 0.2 g, pH 9, airflow rate of 2.0 L min–1, and reaction time of 180 min. Pareto charts and 3D surface plots derived from the data showed the number of bimetallic particles as the most influential factor, followed by the initial pH. The MAF process significantly extends the pH range under diverse conditions by incorporating ADSB particles and reduces the reliance on traditional chemicals like hydrogen peroxide. This research presents a promising advancement in wastewater treatment technology.

Effect of Polymer Infiltered Ceramic Surface Treatment Using Photoactivated Low-Level Laser Therapy, CO2 Laser, and Aluminum Oxide on Surface Roughness, Shear Bond Strength, and Color Change: An In vitro SEM EDX Analysis

Contemporary surface conditioners (Sandblasting (SB), Self-etching ceramic primer (SECP), low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in conjunction with methylene blue photosensitizer (MBPS), Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser on the color change (ΔE), surface roughness (Ra) and bond strength of hybrid ceramic (HC) to resin cement. Hundred discs were prepared from HC which were surface treated (n = 15) Group 1: HFA(S), Group 2: SB, Group 3: SECP, Group 4: LLLT (MBPS), Group 5: CO2 laser. After surface conditioning, five samples from each group underwent ΔE and Ra analysis using a spectrophotometer and Profilometer respectively. Fifty specimens were applied with dual-cure resin luting cement. Specimens were thermocycled and underwent SBS and failure mode analysis using UTM and stereomicroscope. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of ΔE, Ra, and SBS were calculated using ANOVA. Intergroup comparisons were made using post hoc Tukey multiple comparisons. A maximum score of ΔE was observed in Group 5 samples (CO2 laser+HC). The minimum value of ΔE was displayed by Group 3 (SECP+HC) specimens. Group 2 (SB+HC) treated specimens that exhibited the highest Ra scores and SBS. Sandblasting and carbon dioxide laser-treated samples presented satisfactory outcomes of surface roughness and bond strength. However, Sandblasting and carbon dioxide laser groups presented significant changes in the color of the specimens.

Research on quality inspection and process optimization of ship surface shot blasting and sand blasting treatment

Research on quality inspection and process optimization of ship surface shot blasting and sand blasting treatment

Durability Analysis of Cold Spray Repairs: Phase I-Effect of Surface Grit Blasting.

This paper presents the results of an extensive investigation into the durability of cold spray repairs to corrosion damage in AA7075-T7351 aluminium alloy specimens where, prior to powder deposition, the surface preparation involved grit blasting. In this context, it is shown that the growth of small naturally occurring cracks in cold spray repairs to simulated corrosion damage can be accurately computed using the Hartman-Schijve crack growth equation in a fashion that is consistent with the requirements delineated in USAF Structures Bulletin EZ-SB-19-01, MIL-STD-1530D, and the US Joint Services Structural Guidelines JSSG2006. The relatively large variation in the da/dN versus ΔK curves associated with low values of da/dN highlights the fact that, before any durability assessment of a cold spray repair to an operational airframe is attempted, it is first necessary to perform a sufficient number of tests so that the worst-case small crack growth curve needed to perform the mandated airworthiness certification analysis can be determined.

Surface Chemical Analysis of Pretreatment by Shot Blasting Prior to Environmentally Friendly Lubrication for Cold Forging and Estimation of Its Lubrication Performance

Surface Chemical Analysis of Pretreatment by Shot Blasting Prior to Environmentally Friendly Lubrication for Cold Forging and Estimation of Its Lubrication Performance

Effect of Prior Shot Blasting on Free Surface Roughening before Environmentally Friendly Lubrication during Plastic Deformation

Effect of Prior Shot Blasting on Free Surface Roughening before Environmentally Friendly Lubrication during Plastic Deformation

Effect of Different Surface Treatments on the Bonding Strength of Three Different Post Biomaterials to a Resin-Based Luting Agent.

The aim of this study was to evaluate how different post-surface treatments affect the ability of luting cement to bond three different dental post materials to a resinous surface. The study analyzed a total of 108 posts categorized into three main groups: stainless steel, cast, and fiber posts. Next, the core group was divided into four subgroups (n = 9) according to the type of surface treatment applied: no surface treatment (NS), silanization (SZ), sandblasting (SB), and sandblasting plus silanization (SBSZ). Stainless steel posts exhibited the lowest bond strength, whereas fiber posts demonstrated the highest shear bond strength. When it comes to surface treatments, dental post-surfaces treated with sandblasting have been found to exhibit the highest bond strength, outperforming other methods. Comparing all methods of surface modification, sandblasting with 50 um Al2O3 particles demonstrated the strongest connection.

Press-Fit Placement of a Rectangular Block Implant in the Resorbed Alveolar Ridge: Surgical and Biomechanical Considerations.

Rectangular Block Implant (RBIs) were manufactured, using computer-aided-design lathe turning, surface roughened with grit blasting and gamma irradiated. Implants were surgically placed into the resorbed edentulous mandibular ridges of both greyhound dogs (ex vivo and in vivo) and humans; the pooled total was 17 placements. The aim was to achieve mechanical stability and full implant submergence without damage to the mandibular canal and without bone fracture: fulfilment of all of these criteria was deemed to be a successful surgical outcome. Rectangular osteotomy sites were prepared with piezo surgical instrumentation. Sixteen implants were fully submerged and achieved good primary stability without bone fracture and without evidence of impingement of the mandibular canal. One implant placement was deemed a failure due to bone fracture: the event of a random successful outcome was rejected (p < 0.01 confidence, binomial analysis). Technique of placement yielded excellent mechanical retention: key biomechanical factors that emerged in this process included under preparation of the osteotomy site with the use of specifically designed trial-fit gauges, the viscoelastic property of the peri-implant bone, the flat faces and cornered edges of the block surfaces which enhance stress distribution and mechanical retention, respectively. It was concluded that the surgical protocol for the RBI placement in the resorbed alveolus is a predictable clinical procedure tailored to its specific, unique biomechanical profile.

Two 3D Fractal-Based Approaches for Topographical Characterization: Richardson Patchwork versus Sdr.

Various methods exist for multiscale characterization of surface topographies, each offering unique insights and applications. The study focuses on fractal-based approaches, distinguishing themselves by leveraging fractals to analyze surface complexity. Specifically, the Richardson Patchwork method, used in the ASME B46.1 and ISO 25178 standards, is compared to the Sdr parameter derived from ISO 25178-2, with a low-pass Gaussian filter for multiscale characterization. The comparison is performed from the relative area calculated on topographies of TA6V samples grit blasted with different pressures and blasting materials (media). The surfaces obtained by grit blasting have fractal-like characteristics over the scales studied, enabling the analysis of area development at multiple levels based on pressure and media. The relative area is similar for both methods, regardless of the complexity of the topographies. The relevance scale for each calculation method that significantly represents the effect of grit blasting pressure on the increased value of the relative area is a tiling of 7657.64 µm² of triangle area for the Patchwork method and a 124.6 µm cut-off for the low-pass Gaussian filter of the Sdr method. These results could facilitate a standard, friendly, new fractal method for multiscale characterization of the relative area.

Investigating post-processing impact on fatigue performance of LPBF Ti6Al4V with heat treatment, high pressure heat treatment, and dry electropolishing strategies

This study investigates the impact of post-processing techniques on the fatigue behaviour of specimens in Ti6Al4V made by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) for relevant applications, such as motorsport. Despite the LPBF advantages in terms of complex design and weight reduction, challenges such as reduced fatigue performance persist. Therefore, the application of post-processing treatments can play a critical role. In addition to traditional sandblasting (SB), three post-processing conditions were investigated to enhance mechanical properties under quasi-static and fatigue loading conditions: heat treatment (HT) and the innovative High Pressure Heat Treatment (HPHT) along with dry electropolishing (EP) treatment. The results indicate that both the HT and HPHT treatments produced a macrostructure with equiaxial grains composed of fine α + β lamellae. Mechanical analyses demonstrated that the HPHT-SB-EP condition exhibits properties comparable to those of forged Ti6Al4V used in the automotive field, with a good balance between strength and ductility. The EP treatment effectively reduced surface roughness and inherent surface irregularities caused by the LPBF process. The best fatigue results were achieved with the HPHT-SB-EP condition, despite data scattering. An increase in fatigue resistance was observed by using SB at a higher pressure.

Surface nanoprecipitation induced by severe plastic deformation in the Fe49.3Co23Ni23C0.85Mn1Si2.85 biphasic multicomponent alloy

Precipitation strengthening plays a vital role in enhancing the mechanical properties of metallic materials, typically achieved through heat treatment. However, deformation-induced precipitation (DIP) in multicomponent alloys (MAs) without the assistance of annealing is rarely reported, owing to their inherent high entropy and sluggish diffusion effects. This work reveals the significant formation of nanoscale and microscale precipitates in the dual-phase Fe49.3Co23Ni23C0.85Mn1Si2.85 MA triggered by surface severe plastic deformation (SSPD) through industrial shot blasting. The SSPD process leads to the formation of ultrafine gradient structures comprising nanocrystalline and submicron-crystalline zones. Submicron SiO2 precipitates emerge at the interfaces of both these zones, while various Mn5Si3 and Si nanoparticles precipitate within the nanocrystalline zone. This phenomenon can be ascribed to the high density of generated substructures, the accelerated diffusion of atoms, and the reduction in solid solubility limits in the SPD-driven non-equilibrium state.

Effect of bioceramic powder abrasion on different implant surfaces.

Bioceramic coatings have been shown to promote bone repair, which aids in the early integration of implants. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of air abrasion with a bioceramic abrasive on the surface characteristics of different implant materials and surfaces. The dissolution of the applied treatment from the surfaces over 3 weeks was also assessed. Discs of three alloys used for dental implants were studied and compared: two types of commercially pure titanium (CpTi)/ (CpTi SLActive) and titanium-zirconia (TiZr). The tested surfaces were: CpTi control (CpC), sandblasted (SB), sandblasted and acid-etched (SBE), and CpTi SLActive®, (TiZr) Roxolid®. Three discs from each group underwent air abrasion with apatite bioceramic powders, 95% hydroxyapatite (HA)/5% calcium oxide (CaO), and 90% hydroxyapatite (HA)/10% calcium oxide (CaO). The treated discs were surface characterized by optical profilometry to obtain surface roughness, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to compare element weight percentages of titanium, calcium, and phosphate. Dissolution was assessed using inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Bioceramic powders were deposited on all tested surfaces leading to changes in surface characteristics. The only statistically significant differences between the material groups for surface roughness were found with 95% HA/5% CaO powder in the Sp and Rp parameters (p = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). There were no significant differences in the Ca and P wt% between all groups and powders 95% HA/5% CaO and 90% HA/10% CaO (p = 0.14, 0.18, and p = 0.15, 0.12, respectively). A non-uniform dispersion of the treatment on the surface layer was visible on all treated surfaces. The bioceramic powder continued to dissolute from the tested surfaces for 3 weeks. Bioceramic abrasion modifies implant surface characteristics, although the change in surface characteristics resulting from such treatment was not influenced by the implant material or surface treatment. Air abrasion with hydroxyapatite and calcium oxide bioceramics leaves powder deposits on the treated implant surfaces that could potentially influence the healing of implants affected by peri-implantitis.

A comprehensive study on the effects of surface post-processing on fatigue performance of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg: An augmented machine learning perspective on experimental observations

In this study, the efficacy of 21 distinct surface post-processing methods on the fatigue behavior of an additively manufactured (AM) material was investigated. Various treatments, encompassing single-step processes like sand blasting (SB), conventional shot peening (CSP), severe shot peening (SSP), gradient severe shot peening (GSSP), ultrasonic shot peening (USP), severe vibratory peening (SVP), ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM), laser shock peening (LSP), laser polishing (LP), tumble finishing (TF), chemical polishing (CP), electro-chemical polishing (ECP), and machining (M), as well as hybrid treatments, were systematically investigated for their impact on the fatigue behavior of hourglass laser powder based fused (LB-PBF) AlSi10Mg specimens. A comprehensive series of experimental tests were carried out, covering surface texture analyses, microstructural characterizations, porosity measurements, hardness, residual stresses (RS), monotonic tensile tests, and rotating bending fatigue tests at four stress levels. Following the experimental investigations, the acquired data were leveraged to develop a machine learning (ML)-based model to correlate the fatigue life with the influencing factors and conduct parametric and sensitivity analyses. The model utilized a deep learning approach to predict the fatigue response of LB-PBF AlSi10Mg, incorporating various artificial neural networks (ANNs) and considering input parameters such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation to fracture, porosity, depth of pore closure, surface hardness, depth of hardness variation, surface RS, maximum compressive residual stresses (CRS), depth of the CRS field, top surface grain size, surface layer mean grain size, surface roughness, and stress amplitude. Depending on the life regime, the factors influencing fatigue behavior can vary significantly. In higher stresses, dominated by plastic strains, surface residual stress emerges as the primary factor. Conversely, in lower stresses, dominated by elastic strains, the significance of surface roughness becomes more pronounced, followed by surface residual stress, surface hardness and other factors. These findings underscore the contextual importance of different influencing factors for enhancing fatigue resistance based on varying loading conditions.