Abrasive Article Research Articles

Economic analysis and risk assessment in the process of implementing innovative products on the example of impregnated grinding wheels

This article presents issues related to the search for new products. The process of innovation implementation in a production company is characterized. Issues related to the process of innovation implementation are presented, as well as processes closely related to it. There are presented the analyses which are necessary to carry out, before starting the process of innovation implementation in a company. The process of economic analyses and risk assessment of FMEA implementation was discussed. The analyses presented refer to a specific example which is the implementation of innovative impregnated wheels in the company Andre Abrasive Articles.

Activation of Magnesium Lignosulfonate and Kraft Lignin: Influence on the Properties of Phenolic Resin-Based Composites for Potential Applications in Abrasive Materials.

Magnesium lignosulfonate and kraft lignin were activated by different oxidizing agents for use in phenolic resin composites used for the production of abrasive components. The physicochemical properties of the oxidized materials were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic mechanical-thermal analysis (DMTA) and inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The homogeneity of the model abrasive composites containing the studied products was assessed based on observations obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). FTIR and XPS analysis of the oxidized products indicated that the activation process leads mainly to the formation of carbonyl groups. The IGC technique was used to assess changes in the surface energy and the acid–base properties of the studied biopolymers. The changes in the acid–base properties suggest that more groups acting as electron donors appear on the oxidized surface of the materials. DMTA studies showed that the model composites with 5% magnesium lignosulfonate oxidized by H2O2 had the best thermomechanical properties. Based on the results it was possible to propose a hypothetical mechanism of the oxidation of the natural polymers. The use of such oxidized products may improve the thermomechanical properties of abrasive articles.

Influence of different fillers on phenolic resin abrasive composites. Comparison of inverse gas chromatographic and dynamic mechanical–thermal analysis characteristics

The resin resol with selected zeolites fillers and abrasive grain (fused alumina) in a form of cuboid were studied as model material of investigated composites. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to determine the degree of hardening of studied resol and resol in the filler–resol composites. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was used for assessment of the influence of different inorganic fillers on the thermo-mechanical properties of phenolic resin, applied as a binder in manufacturing of abrasive articles. The application of IGC method supported by DMTA analyses makes possible to assess filler/resin interactions and hardening of resin matrix. These results can be applied in industry of abrasive articles. Moreover, presented measurements are cost-effective – there is no need to produce trial product. It was evidenced that fillers reveal significant impact on the thermo-mechanical behaviour of model semi-product used for production of abrasive articles.

Estimation of the work of adhesion by means of inverse gas chromatography for polymer complex systems

The usefulness of inverse gas chromatography (IGC) in the examination of complex polymer systems is presented. IGC method was applied for studying resin-bonded abrasive articles. Resin-bonded abrasive articles consist of: abrasive, wetting agent (resol), binder (novolac resin) and filler. IGC technique enabled to characterize one of the most important parameter influencing the quality of final product: adhesion between cross-linked resins and abrasive grains that decide on spalling of the abrasive grains from the binder. The magnitude of adhesion between resin and abrasive grains was expressed by the value of the work of adhesion. Presented in this article the way of estimation of the work of adhesion is quick, simple and can find application e.g. in industry of abrasive articles. The main advantage of this method is the possibility of controlling the quality of raw materials and their influence on the quality of the final product without necessity of manufacturing of trial product.

Inverse Gas Chromatographic Characterization of Aluminosilicates as Fillers for Abrasive Articles

The surface properties of aluminosilicates (perlites and zeolites)—potential fillers in abrasive articles—have been examined by inverse gas chromatography. The dispersive component of the surface free energy (\( \gamma_{\text{S}}^{\text{D}} \)) and KA and KD describing the acidity and basicity, respectively, of the fillers were used to express the surface activity of examined materials. The Flory–Huggins parameter, \( \chi_{23}^{'} , \) characterized the interactions between polymer and filler, i.e., interactions between phenolic resin and filler. Zeolites were found to be materials with an active surface layer and relatively high ability to participate in filler–resin interactions. Therefore, they might be considered as potential “replacement material” for standard fillers. The IGC-derived values mentioned above provided useful information about the behavior of fillers during the manufacture and use of abrasive articles.

Characterization of zeolites as potential new generation fillers in abrasive articles. Physicochemical properties of zeolites and their interactions with resins

Zeolites were studied regarding their potential use as fillers in abrasive articles. Activity of the zeolites surface was expressed by the value of the dispersive component of the free surface energy, γ S D . γ S D parameter was determined by means of inverse gas chromatography, IGC. IGC was also used to express acid–base properties of zeolites described by K A and K D parameters. Thermodesorption method was applied to determine the type of the pores on the surface of the studied materials. BET method was also used to characterize porosity of zeolites and to determine the surface area. Interactions of zeolites with resins that are used as wetting agent (resol) and binder (novolac) were estimated. Examined zeolites were found to be active materials, sensitive to humidity and with very complicated structure, giving homogeneous composite with resins used for production of abrasive articles. Presented results show that zeolites can be used as high quality fillers in abrasive articles.

Nanofabrication of sharp diamond tips by e-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching

Ultrasharp diamond tips make excellent atomic force microscopy probes, field emitters, and abrasive articles due to diamond’s outstanding physical properties, i.e., hardness, low friction coefficient, low work function, and toughness. Sharp diamond tips are currently fabricated as individual tips or arrays by three principal methods: (1) focused ion beam milling and gluing onto a cantilever of individual diamond tips, (2) coating silicon tips with diamond films, or (3) molding diamond into grooves etched in a sacrificial substrate, bonding the sacrificial substrate to another substrate or electrodepositing of a handling chip, followed by dissolution of the sacrificial substrate. The first method is tedious and serial in nature but does produce very sharp tips, the second method results in tips whose radius is limited by the thickness of the diamond coating, while the third method involves a costly bonding and release process and difficulties in thoroughly filling the high aspect ratio apex of molding grooves with diamond at the nanoscale. To overcome the difficulties with these existing methods, this article reports on the feasibility of the fabrication of sharp diamond tips by direct etching of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD®) as a starting and structural material. The UNCD is reactive ion etched using a cap-precursor-mask scheme. An optimized etching recipe demonstrates the formation of ultrasharp diamond tips (∼10nm tip radius) with etch rates of 650nm∕min.

Application of different analytical methods used in the study of the cross‐linking of resins in intermediate‐product used in manufacturing of abrasive articles

AbstractDetermining the degree of the crosslinking of resins in intermediate‐product used in the manufacturing of abrasive articles is difficult and complicated because of the presence of different components in the material. The abrasive articles consist of abrasive (e.g., fused alumina), filler (e.g., potassium fluoroborate–KBF4, pyrite–FeS2), wetting agent (e.g., resol), and binder (e.g., novolak). Proper hardening of intermediate‐product is a very important stage during production of abrasive tools. The hardening process depends on crosslinking of resins. Following were used to study crosslinking of resins: IGC, washing away method, NMR broad line, DSC, and FTIR methods. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Characterization of fillers used in abrasive articles by means of inverse gas chromatography and principal component analysis

Abrasive articles consists of cutting particle—very often from electrocorundum, filler—inorganic compound, e.g. potassium fluoroborate or cryolite, binder—novolak resin and wetting agent—resol. The most important stages during manufacturing of grinding tools are: the coverage of the abrasive by wetting agent and proper hardening. The fillers play a very important role during the work of the grinding tools—they collect the heat and prevent the melting of resin. The surface properties of the components of grinding tools influence the interactions between them and the properties of the final product. Surface properties of different kinds of the fillers were examined by means of inverse gas chromatography (IGC). Dispersive component of the surface free energy γ S D at relative humidities: 30%, 60% and 90% and at various temperatures: 278, 283, 288 and 293 K was determined. It provided the data on stability of the fillers during their storage and/or weathering. The influence of the type of the filler on the hardening process by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was also studied. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to search the influence of the temperature and humidity onto the γ S D values for various fillers. This analysis showed that changes of the surface properties of fillers are significant at higher humidity close to 90%. Furthermore, PCA demonstrated that the type of filler does not influence meaningfully the hardening process. This approach has shown usefulness of IGC and calorimetric methods in studying the properties of abrasive articles as well as PCA in the interpretation of physicochemical characteristics of abrasive materials.

Abrasive article

Abrasive article

Abrasive article

Abrasive article

Abrasive article

Abrasive article

Abrasive article

Abrasive article

Structured abrasive article

Structured abrasive article

Abrasive article

Abrasive article

Spliced abrasive article

The contralateral delay activity (CDA) is a negative slow wave sensitive to the number of objects maintained in visual working memory (VWM). In recent years, a growing number of labs started to use the CDA in order to investigate VWM, leading to many fascinating discoveries. Here, we discuss the recent developments and contribution of the CDA in various research fields. Importantly, we report two meta-analyses that unequivocally validate the relationship between the set-size increase in the CDA amplitude and the individual VWM capacity, and between the CDA and filtering efficiency. We further discuss how the CDA was used to study the role of VWM in visual search, multiple object tracking, grouping, binding, and whether VWM capacity allocation is determined by the items’ resolution or instead by the number of objects regardless of their complexity. In addition, we report how the CDA has been used to characterize specific VWM deficits in special populations.

Abrasive article and abrading apparatus

Abrasive article and abrading apparatus

Abrasive article: U.S. Patent 5,738,695. Apr. 14, 1998 W.L. Harmer and K-L Ho, assignors to 3M Co., St. Paul, Minn.

Abrasive article: U.S. Patent 5,738,695. Apr. 14, 1998 W.L. Harmer and K-L Ho, assignors to 3M Co., St. Paul, Minn.

Abrasive article

Abrasive article

Abrasive article having a diamondlike coating layer

Abrasive article having a diamondlike coating layer