Abnormal Carbohydrate Metabolism Research Articles

Possible toxification mechanisms of acute and chronic pentachlorophenol to Montipora digitata: Limitation of energy supply and immunotoxicity

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is widely found in coastal environments and has various adverse effects, and its potential impact on coral reef ecosystems concerning. The scleractinian coral Montipora digitata was used for PCP stress experiments in this study. Phenotypes, physiological indicators, microbial diversity analysis and RNA sequencing were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the responses of corals to acute and chronic PCP exposure. After 96 h of acute exposure, coral bleaching occurred at 1000 μg/LPCP and there was a significant decrease in Symbiodiniaceae density, Fv/Fm, and chlorophyll a content. Exposure to different concentrations of PCP significantly increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), leading to oxidative stress in corals. Chronic PCP exposure resulted in bleaching at 60 days, with the Fv/Fm significantly reduced to 0.461. Microbial diversity analysis revealed an increase in the abundance of potential pathogens, such as Vibrio, during acute PCP exposure and the emergence of the degrading bacterium Delftia during chronic PCP exposure. Transcriptional analysis showed that PCP exposure caused abnormal carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in zooxanthella, which affected energy supply, induced immune responses, and disrupted symbiotic relationships. Corals respond to injury by boosting the expression of genes associated with signal transduction and immune response. Additionally, the expression of genes associated with environmental adaptation increased with chronic PCP exposure, which is consistent with the results of the microbial diversity analysis. These results indicate that PCP exposure might affect the balance of coral- zooxanthellae symbiosis in the stony coral M. digitata, impairing coral health and leading to bleaching.

Type-2 diabetes mellitus with or without metabolic syndrome and their associated critical factors: A study from Northern India.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism abnormalities. Uncontrolled hyperglycaemia can result in dysfunction of various organs such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart and blood vessels leading to long-term complications like nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, stroke and ischaemia. The main objective of the study was to identify critical factors in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) with metabolic syndrome (mets) compared with Type 2 DM without mets and their association in the development of Type 2 DM to Type 2 DM with mets and cardiovascular complications. This can aid in improving the clinical management and the consequences of the disease. The present study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, a tertiary care centre in Northern India. All patients who were aged between 35 and 65 years of age were enrolled. Enrolled subjects were divided into three groups, Group I: 50 healthy people; Group II: 50 Type 2 DM without mets; and Group III: 50 Type 2 DM with mets. These patients were subjected to Anthropometric and biochemical parameter assessment. On comparing Group III with control and Group II significant difference was observed in these parameters, that is, elevated TGs (P = 0.001), reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (P = 0.001), elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (0.011), high serum insulin fasting (P = 0.010), weight (P = 0.021), waist circumference (P = 0.001) and BMI (P = 0.001). In the control group, head circumference was significantly lower compared to Group II (P = 0.001) and Group III (P = 0.001). On the basis of observed observation, it has been suggested that low enzymatic activity with poor glycaemic control may further progress Type 2 DM into Type 2 DM with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular complications. High hs-CRP concentration and high fasting insulin can be independent predictor of cardiovascular complications.

Analysis of blood biochemistry and non-targeted metabolomics of endometritis in dairy cows

The incidence of bovine endometritis, which has a negative impact on the reproduction of dairy cows, has been recently increasing. In this study, the differential markers and metabolites of healthy cows and cows with endometritis were analyzed by measuring blood biochemical indicators and immune factors using biochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits combined with nontargeted metabolomics. The LC-QTOF platform was used to evaluate the serum metabolomics of healthy cows and cows with endometritis after 21–27 days of calving. The results showed that glucose, free fatty acid, calcium, sodium, albumin, and alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly lower in the serum of cows with endometritis than in healthy cows (P < 0.05). However, the serum potassium, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor levels were significantly higher in cows with endometritis (P < 0.05). In addition, the serum metabolome data analysis of the two groups showed that the expression of 468 metabolites was significantly different (P < 0.05), of which 291 were upregulated and 177 were downregulated. These metabolites were involved in 78 metabolic pathways, including amino acid, nucleotide, carbohydrate, lipid, and vitamin metabolism pathways; signal transduction pathways, and other biological pathways. Taken together, negative energy balance and immune activation, which are related to local abnormalities in amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism, were the important causes of endometritis in dairy cows. Metabolites such as glucose, carnosine, dehydroascorbic acid, L-malic acid, tetrahydrofolic acid, and UDP-glucose may be used as key indicators in the hematological diagnosis and treatment of endometritis in dairy cows.

The Ketone Bridge Between the Heart and the Bladder: How Fast Should We Go?

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with both cardiovascular and bladder dysfunction. Insulin resistance (IR) and central obesity, in particular, are the main risk factors. In these patients, vicious pathological cycles exacerbate abnormal carbohydrate metabolism and sustain an inflammatory state, with serious implications for both the heart and bladder. Ketone bodies serve as an alternative energy source in this context. They are considered a "super-fuel" because they generate adenosine triphosphate with less oxygen consumption per molecule, thus enhancing metabolic efficiency. Ketone bodies have a positive impact on all components of MS. They aid in weight loss and glycemic control, lower blood pressure, improve lipid profiles, and enhance endothelial function. Additionally, they possess direct anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vasodilatory properties. A shared key player in dysfunction of both the heart and bladder dysfunction is the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which ketone bodies inhibit. Interventions that elevate ketone body levels-such as fasting, a ketogenic diet, ketone supplements, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors-have been shown to directly affect cardiovascular outcomes and improve lower urinary tract symptoms derived from MS. This review explores the pathophysiological basis of the benefits of ketone bodies in cardiac and bladder dysfunction.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of children, adolescents and young adults with overweight or obesity and mental health disorders

BackgroundMental disorders are important comorbidities in youth with obesity. Aim was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of youth with overweight or obesity having comorbid mental disorders.MethodsData from children, adolescents, and young adults (age 6–30 years) with overweight or obesity and mental disorders (depression, anxiety disorder, eating disorder, attention deficit disorder (ADHD)) from 226 centers in Germany and Austria participating in the Adiposity Patient Registry (APV) were analyzed and compared with those without reported mental disorders using regression modeling.ResultsMental health comorbidity was reported in a total of 3969 out of 114,248 individuals with overweight or obesity: 42.5% had ADHD, 31.3% anxiety disorders, 24.3% depression, and 12.9% eating disorders. Being male (OR 1.39 (95%CI 1.27;1.52)), of older age (1.42 (1.25;1.62)), or with extreme obesity (1.45 (1.30;1.63)) were most strongly associated with mental health comorbidity. Regression analysis showed that mean BMI-SDS was significantly higher in the group of individuals with depression and eating disorders (BMI-SDS 2.13 (lower; upper mean:2.09;2.16) and 2.22 (2.17;2.26)) compared to those without reported mental health comorbidity (BMI-SDS 2.008 (2.005;2.011); p < 0.001). In youth with ADHD, BMI-SDS was lower compared to those without reported mental disorders (BMI-SDS 1.91 (1.89;1.93) vs 2.008 (2.005;2.011); p < 0.001). Proportion of severe obesity was higher in individuals with depression (23.7%), anxiety disorders (17.8%), and eating disorders (33.3%), but lower in ADHD (10.3%), compared to those without reported mental disorders (13.5%, p < 0.002). Proportions of dyslipidaemia and abnormal carbohydrate metabolism were not different in youth with and without reported mental health comorbidity. BMI-SDS change after one year of lifestyle intervention program ranged between −0.22 and −0.16 and was similar in youth without and with different mental disorders.ConclusionHealth care professionals caring for youth with overweight or obesity should be aware of comorbid mental disorders and regular mental health screening should be considered.

USE OF HONEY FOR THE WOUND-HEALING PROCESS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes Mellitus is an increase in blood sugar levels in the blood or hyperglycemia. In this condition, there are abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism caused by decreased insulin secretion or decreased insulin sensitivity or both. It causes chronic complications of microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathy. This literature review aims to find out more about the use of honey for the wound-healing process in Diabetes Mellitus. The literature search method used the Google Scholar database, and Hurzing Publish or Perish (2017-2023) using the keywords "Honey for Wound-Healing" AND "Diabetes Mellitus." There were 3 journals that met the specified inclusion criteria. The results of the literature analysis were published in 2017, 2019, and 2022, and the research design used was quasi-experimental. The sampling techniques used were purposive sampling, accidental sampling, and consecutive sampling. The research instrument used was an observation sheet. The data analysis used by the majority (66%) was the Independent T Test analysis test. The results of a review of all journals state that there is a significant effect of using honey in wound care on the wound healing process, growth of granulation tissue, reduction of exudate, wound depth, necrotic tissue, wound size, and signs of infection in the wound. Health workers can apply/apply the use of honey in wound care in Diabetes Mellitus patients.

Diabetes mellitus in acromegaly: prevalence, pathophysiological particulars and treatment strategies

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in acromegaly is significantly higher than that in the general population. Carbohydrate metabolism abnormalities often precede other phenotypic manifestations of acromegaly. The review presents data on the prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in acromegaly and describes their pathophysiological characteristics and approaches to treatment.&#x0D; Growth hormone (GH) excess is recognized as a key factor of glucose homeostasis abnormalities due to decreased insulin sensitivity (resulting from active lipolysis) and direct stimulation of insulin secretion. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) improves insulin sensitivity; however, the GH diabetogenic effects prevail over the insulin-sensitizing impact of IGF1. Surgical and radiation treatment for somatotropinoma may indirectly improve carbohydrate metabolism, because they decrease the GH levels. Treatment with first generation somatostatin analogues can both improve glycemic control due to decreased GH levels and worsen it due to deterioration of postprandial insulin release, especially in patients with already manifest carbohydrate metabolism disorders. The GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant blocks the effects of excess GH on the target tissues without suppressing insulin secretion, which results in better glucose control; treatment with this agent can be preferred in patients with acromegaly and diabetes mellitus. Management of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in acromegaly is done in accordance with general treatment principles for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Evaluation of Cognitive Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Comparison with Age-Matched Controls: A Prospective Study

Abstract Introduction: A relative deficiency in insulin production, chronic hyperglycemia, abnormalities in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance are all the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The brain is one of many organ systems that is negatively impacted, increasing the likelihood of cognitive decline. Aim: Evaluation of cognitive functions in patients with T2DM and comparison with aged-matched controls. Methodology: Fifty T2DM patients as well as 50 age-matched controls were subjected to Adden Brooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE-III). The examination assesses attention, orientation, memory, language, fluency, visual perception, and visuospatial skills. It comprises tests of memory (7-item analysis), letter fluency, clock drawing, and memory recall. The optimal ACE-III cutoff scores to detect mild cognitive impairment and dementia are 88/89 (sensitivity 0.77 and specificity 0.92) and 75/76 (sensitivity 0.82 and specificity 0.90), respectively. The comparison of scores of patients and controls was done using the appropriate statistical tests (SPSS version 25). Statistical Analysis Used: Unpaired t-test, Chi-square test, and Pearson correlation coefficient test. Results: The mean ± standard deviation ACE-III scores of T2DM patients and controls were 81.48 ± 12.426 and 86.2 ± 10.447, respectively; the difference between them was not statistically significant. There was a decrease in attention, memory, fluency, and visuospatial ability in cases as compared to controls, but the difference was not statistically significant. Dementia was observed in 30% of cases and 20% of controls. Mild cognitive impairment was similar in both groups. Weak association was seen between the number of drugs prescribed and duration of disease with ACE-III scores. Conclusion: We find a negative association of cognitive function and T2DM.

Age dynamics of strain differences in the morphofunctional state of pancreatic beta- and amylin-producing cells in SHR and Wistar rats

Large-scale epidemiological studies have shown that cardiac pathology and progressive atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus occurred already at the stage of prediabetes. Obesity and insulin resistance affect cardiometabolic health due to pleiotropic effects of insulin. Despite the vast range of research, some aspects remain hidden links in the overall pathogenesis of metabolic and hemodynamic disorders. The aim of the work was to study the morphofunctional state of pancreatic islets (PIs), beta- and amylin-producing cells in male rats of Wistar strain (normotensive) and SHR (with spontaneous development of hypertension) in age dynamics. Materials and methods. The study was carried out using 38 male Wistar rats and SHRs aged 7 and 24 months. Non-invasive blood pressure (BP) detection procedures were done using the BP-2000 Blood Pressure Analysis System. The morphofunctional state of PIs was examined in serial 5-μm thick pancreatic tissue sections. Beta- and amylin-producing cells were detected after histological preprocessing and the use of monoclonal FITC-conjugated antibodies. Image file processing was done via ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, USA). Levels of glycemia were monitored with a SUPER GLUCOCARD-II glucometer. Results. SHRs were hyperglycemic both at 7 and at 24 months, 8.41 ± 0.15 mmol/l and 8.90 ± 0.14 mmol/l, respectively, with elevated BP, 155 ± 5 / 80 ± 5 mm Hg and 165 ± 5 / 90 ± 5 mm, respectively. Old SHRs developed PI hypertrophy mainly associated with the increased number and percentage of beta-cells, apparently in response to hyperglycemia. Both in the PIs of adult and old SHRs, the number of amylin-producing cells was lower while the content of amylin was higher than those in the age-matched Wistar rats. Conclusions. Male SHRs are characterized by a persistent increase in blood pressure and abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism already at adult age, one of the manifestations of which is hyperglycemia worsening with age. Chronic hyperglycemia in SHRs due to the higher insulin requirement finds its expression in low content of this hormone in the islets at adult age and decreased its content in beta-cells in old animals.

Carbohydrate metabolism and cytology of S-type cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat.

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is an important tool for hybrid heterosis utilization. However, the underlying mechanisms still need to be discovered. An adequate supply of nutrients is necessary for anther development; pollen abortion would occur if the metabolism of carbohydrates were hampered. In order to better understand the relationship between carbohydrate metabolism disorder and pollen abortion in S-CMS wheat, the submicroscopic structure of wheat anthers was observed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy; chloroplast proteome changes were explored by comparative proteomic analysis; sugar measuring and enzyme assays were performed; and the expression patterns of carbohydrate metabolism-related genes were studied using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method. These results indicated that the anther and microspore in S-CMS wheat underwent serious structural damage, including premature tapetum degeneration, nutritional shortage, pollen wall defects, and pollen grain malformations. Furthermore, the number of chloroplasts in the anthers of S-CMS lines decreased significantly, causing abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, and disintegration of osmiophilic granules and thylakoids. Meanwhile, some proteins participating in the Calvin cycle and carbohydrate metabolism were abnormally expressed in the chloroplasts of the S-CMS lines, which might lead to chloroplast dysfunction. Additionally, several key enzymes and genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were significantly inhibited in S-CMS. Based on these results, we proposed a carbohydrate metabolism pathway for anther abortion in S-type cytoplasmic male sterility, which would encourage further exploration of the pollen abortion mechanisms for CMS wheat.

Modulation of antioxidant activities, markers of hepatic and renal dysfunctions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats by Combretum dolichopetalum

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic dysfunction of insulin secretion exhibiting hyperglycemia with abnormalities in protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Combretum dolichopetalum (CD) on hepatic parameters, renal indices and antioxidant markers of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Twenty (20) male rats were used, and they were divided into four groups of five rats each. Group 1- Normal control received distilled water (non-diabetic control); Group 2- Diabetic control received distilled water; Group 3 and Group 4 are Diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of CD extract. There were significant decreases in the final body weights of Group 2 compared with Group 1 and an elevation of the body weights of Groups 3 and 4 compared with Group 2. There were significant increases in the blood glucose concentration of Group 2 compared with Group 1 and a reduction in blood glucose concentration of Groups 3 and 4 compared with Group 2. There were increases in the alanine amino transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and serum total and conjugated bilirubin levels of Groups 2 and 3 compared with Group 1, but a reduction in the ALP, ALT activities and total bilirubin in Group 4. There was an elevation in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) the activity of Group 4. There were reductions in catalase activities and no change in the renal indices. The study showed ameliorating potentials on hyperglycemia, hepatoprotective activity and antioxidation effects.

Diabetes Mellitus: A Review and Update

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases which are typified by the development of hyperglycaemia which do emanate from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycaemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Various types of diabetes mellitus exist which have been discussed in the main part of this article. Many pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes mellitus. These pathogenic processes range from autoimmune destruction of the beta-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities which result in resistance to insulin action. The basis of the abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in diabetes is deficient action of insulin on target tissues. Deficient insulin action ensues inadequate insulin secretion and / or diminished tissue responses to insulin at one or more points within the complex pathways of hormone action. Impairment of insulin secretion and defects in insulin action frequently coexist in the same patient, and it is often unclear which abnormality, if either alone, is the primary cause of the hyperglycaemia. The manifestations of marked hyperglycaemia do include: polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, sometimes with polyphagia, and blurred vision. Impairment of growth and susceptibility to certain infections may also ensue chronic hyperglycaemia. Acute, life-threatening consequences of diabetes mellitus include: hyperglycaemia with ketoacidosis or the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus do include: diabetic retinopathy with potential loss of vision; diabetic nephropathy which leads to kidney (renal) failure; peripheral neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputation, and Charcot joints; as well as autonomic neuropathy which cause gastrointestinal, genitourinary, as well as cardiovascular symptoms and sexual dysfunction. Glycation of tissue proteins and other macromolecules and excess production of polyol compounds from glucose are among the mechanisms that had been postulated to produce tissue damage from chronic hyperglycaemia. Patients who have diabetes mellitus do have an increased incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, and cerebrovascular disease. Hypertension, abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism, and periodontal disease are often found in people who have diabetes mellitus. The emotional and social impact of diabetes mellitus as well as the demands of treatment of diabetes and its complications could cause significant psychosocial dysfunction in patients who have diabetes mellitus as well as their families. Even though there are many types of diabetes mellitus, the vast majority of cases of diabetes mellitus do fall into two broad etiopathogenetic categories which have been extensively discussed in the ensuing article below that has been divided into (a) Overview and (b) miscellaneous narrations. In one category of diabetes mellitus type 1 diabetes mellitus, the cause is an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion. Individuals at increased risk of developing this type of diabetes could often be identified by serological evidence of an autoimmune pathological process that occur within the pancreatic islets and by genetic markers. In the other type of diabetes mellitus, which is the much more prevalent category that is referred to as type 2 diabetes mellitus, the cause of the disease is a combination of resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response. In the latter category, a degree of hyperglycaemia sufficient to cause pathological and functional changes in various target tissues, but without clinical symptoms, could be present for a long period of time before diabetes mellitus is diagnosed. During this asymptomatic period, it is possible to demonstrate an abnormality in carbohydrate metabolism by measurement of plasma glucose in the fasting state or after a challenge with an oral glucose load. Considering that diabetes mellitus is common as well as the symptoms of diabetes mellitus are non-specific symptoms that may simulate diabetes mellitus, a number of individuals who are afflicted by diabetes mellitus do not know they have diabetes mellitus, there is need for a global educational program on the manifestations and approach that is needed for early diagnosis of the disease so that all clinicians and the entire global population would have a high index of suspicion of the disease. There also a global life style education including regular exercise that would delay onset of or reduce the severity of type 2 diabetes and to improve the quality of life of patients who have diabetes mellitus. It is important to dedicate time to read the article carefully which contains documentations related to the World Health Organization’s global effort to reduce the incidence and severity of diabetes mellitus and all individuals globally should follow carefully recommendations of the World Health organization as well as recommendations of other organizations in the world that have devoted their time to health education on diabetes mellitus. and a number of people

Inhibited expression of amylases and cellulases in crabs with hepatopancreatic necrosis disease and their regulation by EcR and HR38

Hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (HPND) is a serious threat to the stable and sustainable development of the Chinese mitten crab farming industry. Studies have found that the hepatopancreas is the main lesion organ in HPND crabs, capable of causing metabolic abnormalities and non-feeding (starvation state). Here, four amylases (named as EsAmy1-4) and four cellulases (endo-beta-1, 4-glucanase, named as EsGlu1-4) that relate to carbohydrate metabolism were cloned from Eriocheir sinensis. Our studies found that the expressions of EsAmy1-4 and EsGlu1-4 were significantly decreased in the hepatopancreas of crabs with HPND. Moreover, the expressions of two important regulatory factors of carbohydrate metabolism, hormone receptor 38 (EsHR38) and ecdysone receptor (EsEcR), were remarkably decreased in the hepatopancreas of crabs with HPND. Further studies found that knockdown of EsHR38 and EsEcR could down-regulated the expressions of EsAmy1-4 and EsGlu1-4. In addition, downregulation of EsEcR could decrease the expression of EsHR38. Hence, HPND causes down-regulation of EsEcR expression, inhibits the transcription of EsHR38, further inhibits the expression of EsAmy1-4 and EsGlu1-4, and then leads to the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. The abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism may result in the abnormal food intake in crabs. This study provides new evidence for further understanding the mechanism of HPND.

Efektivitas Antidiabetik Oral Baik Kombinasi Maupun Tunggal Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe Ii Di Rsud Caruban

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of chronic metabolic disorders due to abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, characterized by hyperglycemia which is results in long-term microvascular, macrovascular and neuropathic complications. Oral antidiabetic therapy is the main pharmacological therapy to treat type II diabetes mellitus. This therapy can be oral antidiabetic therapy. Thus, to find out the effectiveness of either combination or single of antidiabetics on diabetes mellitus patients, researchers conducted a studies of inpatients at RSUD Madiun. This study included as non-experimental observational study with a cross-sectional study design at RSUD Caruban. Data were collected from Medical Records in October 2018. The sampling method that used in this study was non probability with purposive sampling technique, so there are 58 patients as a total sample. The results showed that the effectiveness of controlling blood sugar levels when using an effective single ADO was Metformin, because Metfomin was able to reduce blood sugar levels with an average length of stay of 6.17 and the effectiveness of controlling blood sugar levels when using an effective combination of ADO was Metformin and acarbosa, because Metfomin and acarbosa are able to reduce blood sugar average length of stay 7 days inpatient.

Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrids as novel α-glucosidase inhibitors by in situ azidation/click assembly.

α-Glucosidase inhibition is widely used in the oral management of diabetes mellitus (DM), a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. In this respect, a series of 1,2,3-triazole-1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrids 7a-j were synthesized, inspired by a copper-catalyzed one-pot azidation/click assembly approach. All the synthesized hybrids were screened for inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme, displaying IC50 values ranging from 63.35 ± 0.72 to 613.57 ± 1.98 μM, as compared to acarbose (reference) with IC50 of 844.81 ± 0.53 μM. The hybrids 7h and 7e with 3-nitro and 4-methoxy substituents at the phenyl ring of the thiadiazole moiety were the best active hybrids of this series with IC50 values of 63.35 ± 0.72 μM, and 67.61 ± 0.64 μM, respectively. Enzyme kinetics analysis of these compounds revealed a mixed mode of inhibition. Moreover, molecular docking studies were also performed to gain insights into the structure-activity-relationships of the potent compounds and their corresponding analogs.

Preliminary observations on the administration of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist on body weight and select carbohydrate endpoints in persons with spinal cord injury: A controlled case series

Context/Objective To describe the effect of semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, to reduce body weight and improve glycemic control in overweight or obese individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Open-label, randomized drug intervention case series. Setting This study was performed at James J. Peters VA Medical Center (JJP VAMC) and Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation (KIR). Participants Five individuals with chronic SCI meeting criteria for obesity and abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. Intervention Administration of semaglutide (subcutaneously once per week) versus no treatment (control) for 26 weeks. Outcome Measures Change in total body weight (TBW), fat tissue mass (FTM), total body fat percent (TBF%), and visceral adipose tissue volume (VATvol) was determined at baseline and after 26 weeks using Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration and serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values were obtained at the same two time points. Results In 3 participants, after 26 weeks of semaglutide administration, TBW, FTM, TBF%, and VATvol decreased, on average, by 6, 4.4 kg, 1.7%, and 674 cm3, respectively. In addition, values for FPG and HbA1c decreased by 17 mg/dl and 0.2%, respectively. After 26 weeks of observation in the 2 control participants, TBW, FTM, TBF% and VATvol increased on average by 3.3 , 4.5 kg, 2.5%, and 991 cm3, respectively. The average values for FPG and HbA1c also increased by 11 mg/dl and 0.3%, respectively. Conclusions Administration of semaglutide for 26 weeks resulted in favorable changes in body composition and glycemic control, suggesting a reduced risk for the development of cardiometabolic disease in obese individuals with SCI. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03292315.

Orthodontic status of children of Bukovina region in the age aspect

There are three groups of patients with abnormalities of magnesium homoeostasis. The first one include patients with magnesium deficiency (low total body magnesium content) and a resultant hypomagnesaemia (low serum magnesium concentration). Patients with hypomagnesaemia (serum magnesium concentration &lt;0.75 mmol/L) in the absence of magnesium deficiency (i.e., a normal total body magnesium content) consist the second group. The third group include patients with magnesium deficiency (low total body magnesium content) but no evidence of hypomagnesaemia (i.e., a normal serum magnesium concentration). Magnesium deficiency can be caused by decreased magnesium intake from the diet, decreased magnesium absorption, or increased renal magnesium excretion (renal magnesium wasting). The narrative review examines the causes, clinical and laboratory signs of magnesium deficiency in the body, and the effect of magnesium supplementation on health indices. Groups of people who are more likely to suffer from magnesium deficiency are outlined. Emphasis is placed on the use of questionnaires to identify individuals with possible magnesium deficiency. The changes on the electrocardiograms that are characteristic of the initial magnesium deficiency and that occur in case of its increase are given. The effect of additional intake of magnesium salts on blood pressure changes in individuals with and without baseline hypertension is discussed in detail. Factors that make it difficult to assess the relationship between magnesium intake and abnormalities in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism are listed. An association between increased dietary magnesium intake and reduced risk of certain cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and overall mortality has been demonstrated. Keywords: children, dentoalveolar anomalies, prevalence, primary dentition, changing dentition, permanent dentition.

Diagnosis and clinical significance of magnesium deficiency in the body

There are three groups of patients with abnormalities of magnesium homoeostasis. The first one include patients with magnesium deficiency (low total body magnesium content) and a resultant hypomagnesaemia (low serum magnesium concentration). Patients with hypomagnesaemia (serum magnesium concentration &lt;0.75 mmol/L) in the absence of magnesium deficiency (i.e., a normal total body magnesium content) consist the second group. The third group include patients with magnesium deficiency (low total body magnesium content) but no evidence of hypomagnesaemia (i.e., a normal serum magnesium concentration). Magnesium deficiency can be caused by decreased magnesium intake from the diet, decreased magnesium absorption, or increased renal magnesium excretion (renal magnesium wasting). The narrative review examines the causes, clinical and laboratory signs of magnesium deficiency in the body, and the effect of magnesium supplementation on health indices. Groups of people who are more likely to suffer from magnesium deficiency are outlined. Emphasis is placed on the use of questionnaires to identify individuals with possible magnesium deficiency. The changes on the electrocardiograms that are characteristic of the initial magnesium deficiency and that occur in case of its increase are given. The effect of additional intake of magnesium salts on blood pressure changes in individuals with and without baseline hypertension is discussed in detail. Factors that make it difficult to assess the relationship between magnesium intake and abnormalities in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism are listed. An association between increased dietary magnesium intake and reduced risk of certain cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and overall mortality has been demonstrated. Keywords: hypomagnesaemia, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus.

STUDY OF BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY AND DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY WITH REFERENCE TO INFLAMMATORY MARKER

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a clinical syndrome characterized by abnormal metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat resulting in hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deciency of insulin ending up in vascular complications leading to retinopathy, neuropathy and 1 nephropathy . Complications from diabetes can be classied as microvascular or macrovascular. Macrovascular complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Peripheral vascular disease may lead to bruises or injuries that do not heal, gangrene, and, ultimately, amputation. Microvascular complications include peripheral nervous system damage (neuropathy), renal system damage (nephropathy) and eye damage 2 (retinopathy)

A clinicopathological study on management of diabetic foot ulcer in tertiary care centre

IntroductionDiabetes is a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood. India being the Diabetes Capital of the World has a Prevalence of 65.1 million suffering from DM of the Entire Indian Population being 1.33 billion of Worlds 6 billion people. This states that almost half of the Indian Population will sometime in their life be detected with Diabetes Almost 15–20 % of the population suffering from Diabetes are seen to have Diabetic Foot Ulcer at least once in their lifetime. It is also been noted that 10–15 % of patients suffering from Diabetic Foot Ulcer require Expert Management or Multi Disciplinary Approach. Diabetic foot ulcers have many pathogenic mechanisms, These risk factors are as follows: gender (male), duration of diabetes longer than 10 years, advanced age of patients, high Body Mass Index and other co-morbidities such as retinopathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, high glycated haemoglobin level (HbA1C), foot deformity, high plantar pressure, infections and inappropriate foot selfcare habits. Rough estimates are at about 1,00,000 lower limbs are amputated in India every year, of which at least seventy-five percent are neuropathic feet with secondary infections and are potentially preventable. Aims and objectives1)To study the Incidence of Diabetic Foot Ulcer among the Diabetics Admitted in Surgical Wards and follow up.2)To evaluate the scoring and characteristics of Wound according to Wagner Staging and Improvement or Deterioration of Wound after Follow up of 3 months Duration.3)To establish prognosis and Healing Status of Wounds as per the Treatment option Given and accepted by the patient.4)To Identify the Basis of OPD level Dressings and Early Discharge versus In hospital Stay and Wound Healing.