Abnormal HDL-C Research Articles

Association between lipid profiles and cigarette smoke among adults in the Persian cohort (Shahedieh) study

ObjectivesExposure to cigarette smoke introduces a large amount of nicotine into the bloodstream through the lungs. So, smoking can be a risk factor for many diseases. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of active and passive cigarette smoke on the blood lipid profile and dyslipidemia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed on 5052 individuals who participated in the recruitment phase of the Shahedieh cohort study. A logistic regression model was used to investigate the relationship between smoking exposure status and lipid profiles.ResultsThe prevalence of abnormal low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), abnormal HDL-C, abnormal total cholesterol (TC), abnormal triglyceride (TG), and dyslipidemia were 254 (5.00%), 562 (11.10%), 470 (9.30%), 1008 (20.00%), and 1527 (30.20%), respectively. Adjusting for confounders, it was observed that current smokers had higher odds of having abnormal HDL-C [OR (95% CI), 2.90 (2.28–3.69)], abnormal TG [OR (95% CI), 1.71 (1.38–2.13)] and dyslipidemia [OR (95% CI), 1.86 (1.53–2.25)]. Ex-smokers also had greater odds of abnormal HDL-C [OR (95% CI), 1.51 (1.06–2.16)] compared to non-smokers who were not exposed to cigarette smoke.ConclusionsThe findings indicated that current smokers had higher TG and lower HDL. So, necessary measures should be taken to reduce smoking. The findings also showed that the prevalence of abnormal TG and HDL in ex-smokers was lower than in current smokers. Therefore, the existence of incentive policies to quit smoking seems necessary.

Methionine-choline deficient diet deteriorates DSS-induced murine colitis through disturbance of gut microbes and infiltration of macrophages.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with changed dietary habits and mainly linked with the gut microbiota dysbiosis, necroptosis of epithelial cells, and mucosal ulcerations. Liver dysfunction and abnormal level of liver metabolism indices were identified in UC patients, suggesting a close interaction between gut and liver disorders. Methionine-choline deficient diet (MCD) has been shown to induce persistent alterations of gut microbiota and metabolome during hepatitis. In this study we further explored the disease phenotypes in UC patients and investigated whether MCD functioned as a trigger for UC susceptibility. After assessing 88 serum specimens from UC patients, we found significant liver dysfunction and dyslipidemia including abnormal ALT, AST, TG, TC, LDL-c and HDL-c. Liver dysfunction and dyslipidemia were confirmed in DSS-induced colitis mice. We fed mice with MCD for 14 days to cause mild liver damage, and then treated with DSS for 7 days. We found that MCD intake significantly exacerbated the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation in DSS-induced acute, progressive, and chronic colitis, referring to promotion of mucosal ulcers, colon shortening, diarrhea, inflammatory immune cell infiltration, cytokines release, and abnormal activation of inflammatory macrophages in colon and liver specimens. Intraperitoneal injection of clodronate liposomes to globally delete macrophages dramatically compromised the pathogenesis of MCD-triggering colitis. In addition, MCD intake markedly changed the production pattern of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in murine stools, colons, and livers. We demonstrated that MCD-induced colitis pathogenesis largely depended on the gut microbes and the disease phenotypes could be transmissible through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). In conclusion, this study supports the concept that intake of MCD predisposes to experimental colitis and enhances its pathogenesis via modulating gut microbes and macrophages in mice.

Association between unhealthy lifestyles and diabetic dyslipidemia in occupational population and network analysis

Objective: To understand the influence of unhealthy lifestyle on diabetic dyslipidemia and the key influencing factors in occupational population and provided scientific evidence for the prevention of diabetic dyslipidemia. Methods: Based on baseline data and follow-up data of Southwest Occupational Population Cohort from China Railway Chengdu Group Co., Ltd. during 2021. Diabetic dyslipidemia was defined as diabetes plus one or more forms of dyslipidemia, and unhealthy lifestyle factors included smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy dietary patterns, low physical activity, and abnormal BMI. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between unhealthy lifestyle scores and diabetic dyslipidemia, network analysis was used to find and explore the key lifestyles influencing glycolipid metabolism. Results: A total of 25 631 subjects were included. People with unhealthy lifestyle score 2 and 3 were 1.93 (95%CI: 1.31-2.86) times and 2.37 (95%CI: 1.60-3.50) times more likely to have diabetes with ≥1 forms of dyslipidemia than those with scores of 0; People with unhealthy lifestyle score 1, 2 and 3 were 1.98 (95%CI: 1.08-3.61) times, 2.87 (95%CI: 1.60-5.14) times and 3.95 (95%CI: 2.22-7.06) times more likely to have diabetes with ≥2 forms of dyslipidemia than those with score 0. Network analysis found that abnormal BMI and HDL-C were the "bridge nodes" that link unhealthy lifestyles with diabetic dyslipidemia. Conclusion: The higher the score of unhealthy lifestyle, the higher the risk for diabetic dyslipidemia, abnormal BMI and HDL-C are key factors influencing the association between unhealthy lifestyle and diabetic dyslipidemia.

Ischemic Stroke and its Correlation with Low Blood Cholesterol Levels

Ischemic stroke occurs as a result of blockage of blood supply to the brain. It causes damage of brain tissue due to less availability of oxygen and nutrients. HDL-C is a significant risk factor for ischemic stroke. Objective: To evaluate the low HDL-C levels in ischemic stroke hospitalized patients. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional retrospective study conducted at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan. The anticipated association of abnormal HDL-C levels in ischemic stroke was assessed in 200 cases. The data were collected from hospital records, patients were confirmed for stroke on the basis of CT scan. This descriptive analysis was performed based on the lab findings of patients from hospital records. Medical history, CT scans and demographic information of patients was obtained from hospital records after taking data collection permission from hospital. Results: A low level of HDL-C was identified in 126 patients (64%) according to the study's results. When the HDL-C values of ischemic stroke patients were compared using the Chi-Square Test, the p value obtained was 0.0001. Conclusions: The majority of ischemic stroke patients had low serum HDL-C levels. This study suggests an association of low serum HDL-C levels with susceptibility or risk for ischemic stroke.

Analysis of risk factors associated with different degrees of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension and construction of a prediction model using line graph

Objective This study aims to analyze the risk factors associated with different degrees of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension and construct a prediction model using line graph. Methods The patients who were treated in our hospital for pregnancy-induced hypertension from January 2021 to December 2022 were enrolled as the study subjects. Their clinical data were collected, and the risk factors associated with postpartum hemorrhage in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension were analyzed by single-factor and multi-factor logistic regression. The nomogram prediction model was constructed and validated internally, and the discrimination and consistency of the model were verified by the ROC curve and calibration graph. Results In this experiment, 125 out of the 482 patients with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy experienced different degrees of postpartum hemorrhage, with an incidence of 25.93%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that patients with severe disease (OR = 2.454), the degree of proteinuria +++ or ++++ (OR = 6.754, 7.206), fetal body mass ≥4000 g (OR = 5.972), uterine atony (OR = 11.789), abnormal HDL-C (OR = 3.174), abnormal LDL-C (OR = 8.812), and abnormal VEGF (OR = 7.702) had a higher risk of postpartum hemorrhage (p < .05). The risk of postpartum hemorrhage was lower in patients with onset gestational week ≥28 weeks (OR = 0.158, 0.025) and delivery gestational week ≥28 weeks (OR = 0.085, 0.152) (p < .05). Columnar line graph models for postpartum hemorrhage in patients with gestational hypertension were constructed based on nine independent risk factors, and the model differentiation (AUC 0.912 and 0.919, respectively) and precision (goodness of fit HL χ 2 = 8.441, p = .392, χ 2 = 7.741, p = .459) were better in the modeling and validation groups. Conclusion The severity of disease, the gestational week upon onset, the gestational week upon delivery, the degree of proteinuria, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, uterine atony, HDL-C, LDL-C, VEGF are factors affecting the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy. The prediction model based on the above factors can accurately evaluate the risk of different degrees of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy.

The Mutual Interplay between Bone, Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: The Role of Vitamin D and PTH.

We sought to investigate the mutual interplay between bone, glucose and lipid metabolism in a wide cohort of community-based subjects. We studied 1240 blood donors (F/M ratio 1/3.2, mean age 41.9 ± 11.7 SD). Serum ionized (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D], PTH-1-84, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], total cholesterol (C), HDL-C, triglycerides and glucose were measured and LDL-C levels were calculated in all subjects. 25(OH)D negatively correlated with BMI (R = -0.11), PTH (R = -0.16) (p < 0.0001), total C (R = -0.06, p < 0.05) and triglycerides (R = -0.13, p < 0.0001) and positively with 1,25(OH)2D (R = 0.12) and creatinine (R = 0.17) (p < 0.0001). Serum PTH positively correlated with total C (R = 0.08, p < 0.01), LDL-C (R = 0.1, p < 0.001), triglycerides (R = 0.09, p < 0.01) and glucose (R = 0.15, p < 0.0001) and negatively with HDL-C (R = -0.09, p < 0.01). The odds of showing abnormal serum triglycerides and HDL-C increased as 25(OH)D decreased (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.03) and PTH increased (p < 0.03 and p = 0.05), while the odds of showing abnormal LDL-C levels increased in association with elevated PTH (p < 0.01). Vitamin D, PTH, glucose and lipid metabolism are mutually influenced. Hypovitaminosis D predisposes toward worsening lipid profiles through the actions of PTH, while serum PTH levels per se associate with higher glucose and LDL-C levels.

Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome in taxi drivers: A focus on street food.

In South Africa, similar to other populous countries, the taxi industry is an important form of transportation that contributes to the country's development. As a result, minibus taxi driving is an occupation characterized by strenuous activities such as long hours of driving, limited rest, and challenges related to securing passengers, among several others. Consequently, to combat stress, some commercial drivers resort to smoking, overeating unhealthy food sold at transportation interchange areas (i.e., taxi ranks), and participating in sedentary behaviors. Most of these activities are risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors that predispose South African taxi drivers who work in the Cape Town Metropole area to the risk of developing MetS. This cross-sectional study used a convenient sampling method that included 185 male minibus taxi drivers aged 20 years or above. The participants were interviewed using a validated questionnaire to gather information regarding their sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle practices. They also underwent physical and metabolic assessments, and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were used to diagnose people with MetS. Overall, the mean age and driving experience of the taxi drivers were 40.0 years (SD: 10.7) and 9.1 years (SD: 7.4), respectively, with those with MetS being significantly older and having more driving experience than those without. Older participants were 3 and 2.9 times more likely to be diagnosed with MetS than the younger participants. Most taxi drivers (70%) met the IDF diagnostic criteria for MetS. Smokers, those who spent more than 100 ZAR (USD 5.9) and those who spent less than 1.4 MET-minutes per week on physical activity were 1.96, 2.0, and 13.6 times more likely to suffer from MetS that those who were nonsmokers, those who spent less than 100 ZAR and those who spent <1.4 MET-minutes per week on physical activity. Consumption of alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), as well as takeaway and fried foods, snacks, and sold by the SF vendors, increased the likelihood of developing MetS, abnormal HDL-C, TG, and hypertension, while avoiding takeaway and fried foods decreased this likelihood. Taxi drivers who also avoided consuming fresh fruits had abnormal HDL-C. These findings have significant public health implications, highlighting the need for South African policymakers to adopt a system-level approach to promote lifestyle changes among taxi drivers within the taxi industry. This can help reduce the health risks faced by these drivers and improve their overall health profile.

Remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiovascular mortality.

BackgroundGenetic, observational, and clinical intervention studies indicate that circulating levels of remnant cholesterol (RC) are associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, the predictive value of RC for cardiovascular mortality in the general population remains unclear.MethodsOur study population comprised 19,650 adults in the United States from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999–2014). RC was calculated from non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) minus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) determined by the Sampson formula. Multivariate Cox regression, restricted cubic spline analysis, and subgroup analysis were applied to explore the relationship of RC with cardiovascular mortality.ResultsThe mean age of the study cohort was 46.4 ± 19.2 years, and 48.7% of participants were male. During a median follow-up of 93 months, 382 (1.9%) cardiovascular deaths occurred. In a fully adjusted Cox regression model, log RC was significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 2.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17–6.81]. The restricted cubic spline curve indicated that log RC had a linear association with cardiovascular mortality (p for non-linearity = 0.899). People with higher LDL-C (≥130 mg/dL), higher RC [≥25.7/23.7 mg/dL in males/females corresponding to the LDL-C clinical cutoff point (130 mg/dL)] and abnormal HDL-C (<40/50 mg/dL in males/females) levels had a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.18; 95% CI 1.13–4.21 in males and HR 2.19; 95% CI 1.24–3.88 in females) than the reference group (lower LDL-C, lower RC and normal HDL-C levels).ConclusionsElevated RC levels were associated with cardiovascular mortality independent of traditional risk factors.

Correlation between Smoking and Dyslipidemia in Elderly Males: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: To investigate the association between smoking and dyslipidemia in elderly males while accounting for age, BMI, and alcohol use. Study design: Analytical cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This study was conducted at Bhitai Dental and Medical College Mirpurkhas from march 2021 to march 2022 Methodology: The research comprised 2,160 participants who were divided into 3 different groups: current smokers, non-smokers, &amp; past smokers. The research excluded those who smoked just sometimes (one cigarette per day). This study separated smokers into four categories: light (26.7 pack-years), medium (426.7-90.5 pack-years), heavy (440.5-75.5 pack-years), and extremely heavy (455.5-165.5 pack-years).On the same day, a survey, physical examination, and laboratory study of blood samples were used to evaluate the study population. The person was assessed while wearing light clothes and no shoes, and anthropometric measures comprised height and body weight. Weight was divided by height squared (kg/m2) to get the BMI. Using established protocols in the clinical laboratory, an automated biochemistry analyzer measured the blood levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipid cholesterol, low- density lipid cholesterol, Apo protein B, and Lipoprotein. Result: When compared to present smokers, the levels of triglycerides and high-density lipid cholesterol among non-smokers and former smokers were statistically significantly different (P=0.001). Other variables, such as Age, body mass index, use of liquor, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, did not significantly differ between non-, past, and present smokers. In comparison to light smokers, moderate, heavy, and very heavy smokers more commonly displayed abnormal levels of TGs, Apo-B, and TC, while very heavy smokers less frequently displayed abnormal levels of low-density lipid cholesterol. It was unexpected to find that among very heavy smokers, aberrant Apo-B levels were seen more frequently than low-density lipid cholesterol levels. The prevalence of abnormal HDL-C and lipoprotein (a) was higher among light smokers. After accounting for alcohol, BMI, and age, smoking remained a significant independent threat fact for dyslipidemia (P = 0.032). Conclusion:The study revealed that smoking caused TGs and apoB levels to rise in elderly males, and HDL-C levels to decrease, making it an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia. Keywords: smoking, dyslipidemia, elderly, males

Effect of age stratification on the association between carotid intima-media thickness and cognitive impairment in Chinese hypertensive patients: new insight from the secondary analysis of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT).

The current study aimed to explore the association between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and cognitive function assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and to examine possible effect modifiers in hypertensive patients. A total of 14,322 hypertensive participants (mean age 64.2 ± 7.4 years; 40.9% male) from the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT) were included in the final analysis. CIMT was measured by ultrasound, and data were collected at the last follow-up visit; MMSE was used to evaluate cognitive function. Nonparametric smoothing plots, multivariate linear regression analysis, subgroup analyses and interaction testing were performed to examine the relationship between the CIMI and cognitive function and effect modification. The mean CIMT was 0.74 ± 0.11 mm, and the mean MMSE score was 23.5 ± 4.8. There was a significant interaction (P interaction < 0.05) in both male and female populations stratified by age (<60 vs. ≥60 years), and higher CIMT was significantly associated with decreased MMSE scores only in participants aged ≥60 years (male: β = -2.29, 95% CI -3.23 to -1.36; female: β = -1.96, 95% CI -2.97 to -0.95). Males with abnormal HDL-C showed a stronger negative association (β = -3.16, 95% CI -4.85 to -1.47) than those with normal HDL-C (normal vs. abnormal, P for interaction = 0.004). We observed that increased CIMT was significantly associated with cognitive impairment in the hypertensive population, especially among individuals with an age greater than 60 years and HDL-C deficiency. Overall, upon diagnosis of hypertension, treatment should start at the earliest opportunity to prevent end-organ damage and cognitive decline.

Psychosocial, behavioral and clinical correlates of children with overweight and obesity

BackgroundPsychological and behavioral correlates are considered important in the development and persistence of obesity in both adults and youth. This study aimed to identify such features in youth with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 120% of 95thpercentile of sex-specific BMI-for-age) compared to those with overweight or non-severe obesity.MethodsYouth with BMI ≥ 85th percentile were invited to participate in a prospective research registry where data was collected on attributes such as family characteristics, eating behaviors, dietary intake, physical activity, perception of health and mental well-being, and cardiometabolic parameters.ResultsIn a racially/ethnically diverse cohort of 105 youth (65% female, median age 16.1 years, range 4.62–25.5), 51% had severe obesity. The body fat percent increased with the higher levels of obesity. There were no differences in the self-reported frequency of intake of sugar sweetened beverages or fresh produce across the weight categories. However, the participants with severe obesity reported higher levels of emotional eating and eating when bored (p = 0.022), levels of stress (p = 0.013), engaged in fewer sports or organized activities (p = 0.044), and had suboptimal perception of health (p = 0.053). Asthma, depression and obstructive sleep apnea were more frequently reported in youth with severe obesity. The presence of abnormal HDL-C, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP and multiple cardiometabolic risk factors were more common among youth with severe obesity.ConclusionsYouth with severe obesity have identifiable differences in psychosocial and behavioral attributes that can be used to develop targeted intervention strategies to improve their health.

Association between dyslipidemia and blood lipids concentration with smoking habits in the Kurdish population of Iran

BackgroundSmoking is the most preventable cause of most chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dyslipidemia is also an important risk factor for CVD. Yet, research has provided contradicting findings regarding the association between smoking and blood lipids. This paper examines the relationship between dyslipidemia and smoking based on the results of a cross-sectional sample of a Kurdish population in western Iran.MethodsThis population-based study was derived from the recruitment phase of Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study. Logistic regression model adjusted by confounding variables was used to determine the relationship between smoking and blood lipid components. In addition, dose-response relationship between blood lipids and the number of smoked cigarettes was evaluated.ResultsFor the purpose of this study, 7586 participants were examined. The lifetime prevalence of smoking was 19.9%, and 11.8% were current smokers. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in current smokers (54.9%) was higher than former smokers (43.9%) and in turn former smokers higher than non-smokers (38.0%). Current smokers had greater risk of abnormal HDL cholesterol [OR (95% CI), 2.28(1.98 -2.62)] and triglyceride [OR (95% CI), 1.37(1.15 -1.67)] compared to non-smokers. There was no significant difference in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol between the two groups. A dose-response relationship was found between the number of cigarettes smoked and HDL-C and TG but no relationship was observed in terms of total cholesterol and LDL-C.ConclusionsAs compared to non-smokers, current smokers and former smokers had abnormal HDL-C and triglyceride and abnormal total cholesterol and triglyceride, respectively. After quitting smoking, heavy smokers showed a more normal HDL-C and total cholesterol levels than the people who tended to smoke a lower number of cigarettes per day.

Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic and Lipid Levels in Ambulatory Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients in Asmara, Eritrea: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective There is a dearth of relevant research on the rapidly evolving epidemic of diabetes mellitus (particularly Type 2 diabetes mellitus) in sub-Saharan Africa. To address some of these issues in the Eritrean context, we conducted a cross-sectional study on glycemic and lipid profiles and associated risk factors. Methods A total of 309 patients with diabetes mellitus on regular follow-up at the Diabetic and Hypertensive Department at Halibet Regional Referral Hospital, Asmara, were enrolled for the study. Data on specific clinical chemistry and anthropomorphic parameters was collected. Chi-squared (χ2) test or Fischer's exact test was used to evaluate the relationship between specific variables. Multivariate logistic regression (backward: conditional) was undertaken to identify the factors associated with increased odds of suboptimal values in glucose and specific lipid panel subfractions. Results High proportions of patients (76.7%) had suboptimal levels of HbA1c with a mean ± SD of 8.6% ± 1.36, respectively. In multivariate regression analysis, the likelihood of HbA1c ≥ 7% was higher in patients with abnormal WHR (AOR = 3.01, 95% CI, 3.01 (1.15–7.92 = 0.024)) and in patients without hypertension (AOR = 1.97, 95% CI (1.06–3.56), p = 0.021). A unit reduction in eGFR was also associated with HbA1c ≥ 7% (AOR = 0.99, 95% CI (0.98–1 = 0.031)). In a separate analysis, the data shows that 80.9% of the patients had dyslipidemia. In particular, 62.1% of the patients had TC ≥ 200 mg/dL (risk factors: sex, hypertension, and HbA1c concentration), 81.6% had LDL‐C ≥ 100 mg/dL (risk factors: sex and hypertension), 56.3% had TG ≥ 150 (risk factors: sex, HbA1c, and waist circumference), 62.8% had abnormal HDL-C (risk factors: waist circumference), 78.3% had non‐HDL < 130 mg/dL (risk factors: duration of disease, reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate, and HbA1c), and 45.3% had abnormal TG/HDL (risk factors: sex, age of patient, FPG, and waist circumference). Conclusions The quality of care, as measured by glycemic and specific lipid targets, in this setting is suboptimal. Therefore, there is an urgent need for simultaneous improvements in both indicators. This will require evidence-based optimization of pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. Therefore, additional studies, preferably longitudinal studies with long follow-up, are required on multiple aspects of DM.

P6197The effect of lipoprotein (a) on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and the interaction with conventional lipid markers: a sex-based sensitivity analysis from a 10-year cohort study

Abstract Background/Introduction In the context of novel risk factors in cardiovascular disease (CVD) spectrum, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) is a highly discussed biomarker with promising evidence. Purpose The association between Lp(a) and 10-year first fatal/non fatal CVD event in free of CVD males and females was evaluated. Methods A longitudinal prospective study was conducted during 2001–2012, studying 1,514 males and 1,528 females (aged &gt;18 years old). Follow-up assessment of CVD (2011–2012) was achieved in n=2,020 participants (n=317 cases). Of them, baseline Lp(a) was measured in n=1,890 participants. The recommended threshold of 50mg/dL was used to define abnormal Lp(a) status (≥50mg/dL). Effect-size of Lp(a) on CVD was evaluated through Cox-regression analysis while its discrimination ability through C-statistics. Results Ten-year CVD event rate was 14% and 24% in participants with Lp(a)&lt;50 mg/dL and Lp(a)≥50 mg/dL, respectively (p=0.05). In multivariate analysis those with Lp(a)≥50 mg/dL had two times higher risk to develop CVD compared with participants with normal Lp(a) (Hazard Ratio (HR)=2.18, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) 1.11, 4.28, p=0.04). Sex-based stratified analysis revealed that the independent Lp(a)-effect on CVD was retained only in males (HR=2.00, 95% CI 1.19, 2.56, p=0.05); while in females significance was lost when adjusting for low and high density lipoprotein (LDL-C, HDL-C), triglycerides and statins use (p for sex interaction=0.01). Sensitivity analyses revealed that Lp(a) significantly increased CVD risk only in case of abnormal HDL-C, apolipoprotein A1 and triglycerides; interestingly, the interaction between these lipid markers, sex and Lp(a) was significant (p for interaction=0.001) implying that this observation could be sex-mediated. C-indexes and correct classification rates of a standard model with three different levels of adjustment (i.e. Lp(a) or conventional lipid markers or combined lipid markers) were evaluated per sex. In females, the highest total correct classification rate was higher in model adjusted for conventional lipid markers (89.6%) with the rate corresponding to CVD cases being more than twice as high in Lp(a)-adjusted model (19.6% vs. 8.5%) and lower than in fully adjusted model (15.7%). A similar ranking was observed in case of C-indexes (0.831 vs. 0.820 vs. 0.829). Males presented the best total correct classification rate in fully adjusted model (96.5%). Case-related correct classification rate was about 3 times higher in Lp(a)-adjusted model compared with the respective rate in females (24.7% vs. 8.5%). C-index after Lp(a) adjustment in the model with conventional lipid markers increased by 0.01 (i.e. 0.772 vs. 0.784). Conclusion While ever increasing efforts have sought to elucidate Lp(a) as a therapeutic target or risk-prediction biomarker in CVD prevention clinical recommendations remain to be guided with appropriate conclusive evidence, mostly from a sex-centered standpoint. Acknowledgement/Funding The ATTICA study is supported by research grants from the Hellenic Cardiology Society [HCS2002] and the Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society [HAS2003].

HDL-C and non-HDL-C levels are associated with anthropometric and biochemical parameters.

Background Dyslipidemias are associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) has emerged as a new target for assessment and prediction of risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is closely associated with atheroma plaque progression. Objectives To evaluate associations between HDL-c and non-HDL-c levels and anthropometric and biochemical parameters and with the Castelli risk indexes I and II. Methods 300 randomly selected people were subdivided into two groups: patients with normal values for non-HDL-c and patients with altered values for non-HDL-c. These parameters were analyzed for associations with glycemia, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), Castelli Index I (CI-I), Castelli Index II (CI-II), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and presence of metabolic syndrome (MS). Results Glycemia, TC, TG, LDL-c, CI-I, CI-II, WC and BMI were all significantly different between subjects with normal and altered values of HDL-c and non-HDL-c. TC and WC both exhibited significantly higher values among patients with abnormal non-HDL-c when compared to patients with abnormal HDL-c. A significant difference was observed in occurrence of MS among patients with altered values of HDL-c and non-HDL-c. Conclusions Our results show that both HDL-c and non-HDL-c are associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherogenic indices, and obesity. There is therefore a need for randomized clinical intervention trials examining the potential role of non-HDL-c as a possible primary therapeutic target.

Dyslipidaemia in Nigerian Children and Adolescents with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors

Background: Dyslipidaemia is prevalent in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and can worsen the presentation of chronic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of dyslipidaemia in children living with diabetes followed up at a paediatric endocrine clinic in southern Nigeria and to identify associations with demographic and clinical characteristics. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional, descriptive study of 22 children with diabetes followed up in a tertiary health care facility in southern Nigeria. Demographic data were retrieved from case files, and fasting lipid profile and HbA_1c levels were determined for all subjects. Lipid abnormalities were defined based on the Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents. Results: Twenty-two subjects aged 7–18 years were studied (mean age: 14.94 ± 3.59 years). There were 12 (54.5%) females. Both genders were comparable regarding age (p = 0.95). Mean duration of diabetes was 3.37 ± 2.38 years. Prevalence of lipid abnormalities include: hypertriglyceridaemia (86.4%), hypercholesterolemia (22.7%), abnormal HDL-C (36.4%), high LDL-C (13.6%), and non-HDL-C (22.7%). Hypercholesterolaemia was significantly higher in females (p = 0.02), and prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia was higher in subjects ≥12 years (p = 0.019). There was no statistically significant difference in mean levels of various lipids between males and females. Six (27.3%) subjects had more than one lipid abnormality. There was no statistically significant association of lipid abnormalities with age, sex, weight category, and HbA_1c level. Conclusion: The commonest lipid abnormality was hypertriglyceridaemia. About a quarter of the subjects had more than 1 lipid abnormality. Programs should therefore be targeted at improved control of glycemia and lipid levels to delay and prevent chronic complications.

Prediction of cardiovascular disease risk using framingham risk score among office workers, Iran, 2017.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading cause of morbidity and mortality and early identification of risk factors can help reduce mortality from them. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of CVD based on the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) among office workers, Yasuj City, Southwestern Iran. In this descriptive study, 180 workers aged 30-74 years old free of cardiovascular disease were recruited by single-stage stratified cluster sampling from the office of Yasuj City. Analysis showed that 163 workers (90.5%) were at low risk, 12 people (6.6%) at moderate risk, and five people (2.9%) at high 10-year risk of CVD. Mean of FRS and 10-year prediction of CVD risk was significantly higher among male workers than females. Subjects with normal body mass index than overweight and obese people had only significantly lower FRS (P <0.001), but 10-year risk of CVD did not differ among groups. Participants with Master of Science and above educational degree and subjects with normal waist-to-hip ratio had only significantly lower 10-year risk of CVD (P < 0.001). Nonsmokers, whose with systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg, total cholesterol <240 mg/dL, normal total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and abnormal HDL-C had significantly lower both FRS and 10-year CVD risk (P <0.01). This population-based study will health care policy makers develop targeted strategies to develop individual and community-based health care promotion programs.

S.19.04 - Physical exercise and risk for schizophrenia

We performed a case-control study, which included antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (FES) of adolescents and young adults and general population controls, to investigate the early-onset cardiometabolic risk factors in FES.FES had more frequent lower HDL-C when compared to controls. However, the distribution of BMI and the frequency of hypercholesterolemia, elevated LDL-C, hypertriglyceridemia in FES were not significantly different to controls.The results indicated that abnormal HDL-C might be an early-onset event in drug-naïve FES of adolescents and young adults who are unlikely to have other cardiometabolic risks.

Assessment of dyslipidemia among hypertensive pregnant women in Gaza Strip

The aim of this study is to assess dyslipidemia status among hypertensive pregnant women and to correlate with preeclampsia in Gaza Strip. A cross sectional study was conducted on 85 pregnant women attending the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of tertiary care in Gaza Strip (49-hypertension pregnant woman as patients and 36 normal pregnant women without hypertension as a control). Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) was found to be associated with fetus sex and it was higher with male fetus 28.6 % and twins 12.2% compared with control. The majority of the PIH patient were obese BMI (32.9 ±4.6) compared with control (25.7±3.5) (P &lt; 0.001). Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, among PIH patients were high (175.3±56.6, 226.9±130.1, 67.4±51.4 mg/dl) respectively, compared with control (143.8±44.1, 186.3 ±101.3, 48.9±46.5 mg/dl) respectively. Abnormal lipid profile and low HDL-C levels may add to the promotion of vascular dysfunction during pregnancy and may induce hypertension and eventually pre-eclampsia and serious complications of fetus.

Early identification of risk factors and diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese children above 6 years of age

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder and an emerging clinical challenge all over the world. It is considered a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor, in that each component of the cluster of abnormalities is a risk factor in its own right. The objective of the study was to identify the risk factors and diagnose metabolic syndrome early in overweight and obese children.Methods: The observational study was conducted at the Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore. Total 100 children who were overweight and obese were participated. The outcome measure of the study was considered as metabolic syndrome. In patients above 6 years who are overweight and obese, a detailed history including antenatal history, birth weight, diet history, personal history was taken. In these patient’s demographic details, anthropometric measurements weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, waist hip ratio and blood pressure were recorded. FBS, triglyceride and HDL were also done.Results: Out of 100 children studied, 61% were overweight and 39% were obese. Males were 52% and females were 48%. 92 were AGA, 6 were SGA and 2 were LGA .92% had normal FBS and 8% had high levels of FBS .85% had normal TGL and 15% more than 150mg/dl. 69% had HDL-C less than 40 mg/dl and 31% had HDL-C more than or equal to 40mg/dl. Out of 8 cases of MS, 3 had abnormal FBS and HDL-C, 2 cases had abnormal TGL and HDL-C, and 3 cases abnormal FBS, TGL and HDL-C. In the remaining 92 cases, only one metabolic abnormality was noticed in 73 cases (abnormal FBS- 2, abnormal TGL-10 and abnormal HDL-C in 61) and in remaining 19 cases none of the risk factors for MS were detected.Conclusions: By identifying these risk factors early in overweight and obese children, we can identify metabolic syndrome early and initiate necessary treatment and prevent the complications of MS.