Abnormal Climate Research Articles

Noninvasive Sonic Tomography for Detecting Internal Defects in Old, Large Oriental White Oak in Cultural Heritage Areas

Incidence rates of tree damage are increasing because of the increased intensity and frequency of abnormal climate events such as strong winds and heavy rains. Structural defects inside trees are difficult to detect by visual inspection; therefore, it is difficult to respond to them in advance based on prediction. Noninvasive sonic tomography (SoT) is a method that estimates internal defects while minimizing physical damage to trees; however, its accuracy differs depending on the species. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the performance of noninvasive SoT and invasive resistance micro-drilling (RM) in detecting tree damage in oriental white oak (Quercus aliena Blume) distributed in East Asia and performed wood section analysis to verify the accuracy of noninvasive SoT. Linear regression analysis showed that defects in tomograms tended to increase with an increase in the number of defects in the RM profile, but the value of R2 was 0.405, which is lower than that of other tree species. The results from the wood section analysis and SoT were compared; the SoT tomograms appropriately reflected the location and size of the defects with a tendency to overestimate the defects when cracks were present, while the electric resistance tomography was effective for detecting incipient decay.

NbOx-Based Catalysts for the Activation of C-O and C-C Bonds in the Valorization of Waste Carbon Resources.

Escalating energy demand, the depletion of fossil fuels, and abnormal climate change are recognized as the key challenges in the 21st century. The valorization of biomass and plastic, representing the most abundant natural and man-made polymers, respectively, as alternatives to fossil fuel is one of the promising solutions to creating a carbon-neutral, waste-free society. Catalysis is an essential tool for manipulating energy transformations via bond-breaking and bond-forming principles. To producing chemicals and fuels via biomass valorization and plastic upcycling, the cleavage of C-O and C-C bonds is the major catalytic route, given that the two are mainly constructed by various interunit C-O and C-C linkages. In this work, a consensus concerning the catalytic mechanism is reached: the activities for the cleavage of C-O and C-C bonds highly depend on the catalyst ability to activate the C-O and C-C bonds. Among the catalysts reported, NbOx-based catalysts show a unique, superstrong ability to activate C-O and C-C bonds. While research on biomass valorization over NbOx-based catalysts maintains its momentum, plastic upcycling driven by an efficient NbOx-based catalyst capable of activating C-O and C-C bonds is quickly catching up. Therefore, deepening the understanding of NbOx-based catalysts for the activation of C-O and C-C bonds is of importance to further drive biomass valorization and plastic upcycling, even in many other related areas. Herein, we present progress on the activation of C-O and C-C bonds in waste carbon resources, with an emphasis on our own work in using NbOx-based catalysts. First, we introduce NbOx-based catalysts for the activation of C-O and C-C bonds in biomass with a special focus on explaining how NbOx-based catalysts activate C-O and C-C bonds and why NbOx-based catalysts can activate C-O and C-C bonds so efficiently. Then, unified descriptors to embody the abilities to extract O from oxygenated compounds and an adsorbed benzene ring, namely "oxygen affinity" and "benzene ring affinity", were defined to standardize C-O and Carom-Caliph activation chemistry. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging opportunities of NbOx-based catalysts for plastic upcycling by learning the wisdom accumulated from the activation of C-O and C-C bonds in biomass. Finally, our own insights into future recommendations in this promising field are provided.

Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change and Abnormal Climate on Tropical Fruit Imports

This study aims to measure whether climate change and abnormal climate affect agricultural product imports, focusing on tropical fruit crops. A panel gravity model based on import performance in the form of multiple origins to single destination was constructed to analyze the fruit imports from major importing countries to Korea from 1996 to 2018. Methodologies verified in other previous studies, such as the panel tobit model proposed in the study, the panel Poisson model, and the Poisson pseudo-most likelihood estimation method, were used. As the increase in temperature at the origin had a negative effect on the import of tropical fruits in Korea, and the increase in precipitation at the origin also had a negative effect on the import of tropical fruits. The higher the intensity of the abnormal climate at the starting point, the more negatively the import of tropical fruits in Korea was. Among the natural disasters at the origin, drought negatively affected the import of tropical fruits, and the natural disasters at the rest of the origin did not significantly affect the imports of tropical fruits.

Lee Don-hwa's Donghak Ideology and Civil Society

근대 시민사회의 원리는 사회계약론과 권리 개념에 입각해 있다. 그러나 이는 이분법적이고 모나드적이며 자유경쟁에 입각한 것이기에 오늘날 ‘무한 독점과 양극화’, ‘환경파괴와 이상 기후’ 등 시대적 위기에 봉착하고 있다. 일제하 이돈화는 홉스, 로크, 루소 등의 사회계약론을 분석하면서 그 한계점을 논하고 동학에 바탕한 ‘인간격(人間格) 생활’의 신사회를 주장하여 ‘삶의 원리적 대전환’을 이루고자 했다. 여기서 ‘인간격’이란 낱낱의 인격과 달리 우주 대생명의 중심이 되는 우주격(한울격)을 뜻하고, ‘생활’이란 우주생명과 인간, 개인과 사회를 내적으로 결합하는 우주생활을 지칭한다. 당시 동학사상가들은 서구의 천부인권 개념을 인간의 ‘한울 본성을 잘 보호하고 펼쳐나갈 권리’로 개념지어 천권(天權)이라 명명했고, 이돈화는 이를 보다 구체화하여 인간격의 우주생명권, 창조의 자유권, 동귀일체의 평등권을 지향했다. 이러한 권리 개념은 서구 인권개념으로서 개인 중심의 생명권이나 욕망적 권익 옹호와는 차원을 달리한 것이었다. ‘인간 본연성’의 실현이자 ‘인간격의 권리’ 구현은 우주생활을 향상케 하는 ‘신사회 건설’ 운동이고, 인간격의 사회는 곧 우주생명의 거점이 된다.The principles of modern civil society are based on the social contract theory and the concept of rights. However, Western ideology, which is dichotomous, monadic, and based on free competition, is facing crises of the times, such as ‘infinite ownership and polarization’ and ‘environmental destruction and abnormal climate’. During the Japanese colonial era, Lee Don-hwa discussed the limitations of the social contract theory of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. And he tried to achieve a ‘principal transformation of life style’ by advocating a new society of ‘holon character(人間格)’ based on Donghak. Here, ‘holon character’ refers to the ‘cosmic character(宇宙格)’ that is the center of the universe’s great life, unlike individual personalities. In addition, modern Donghak philosophers at the time named the western concept of natural human rights as “the right to protect and unfold the human nature of Hanul” and named it ‘Heavenly Rights (天權).’ This concept of rights was different from the individual-centered right to life and the protection of lustful rights and interests, which are the core of Western human rights thought.

The Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Climate Anomaly on Adulthood Cognitive Function and Job Reputation.

Background: The long-term effect of abnormal climate on cognitive function and socioeconomic status remains elusive. We explored the association between prenatal exposure to climate anomaly and adulthood cognitive function and job reputation. Methods: We obtained repeated cognitive and job reputation measurements from 17,105 subjects for the years 2010, 2014, and 2018, and ascertained their birth date and other covariates. We used sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Southern Pacific Ocean as the indicator for global climate anomaly in the main analyses. We calculated its averaged values for different gestational periods and analyzed its possible nonlinear associations with adulthood cognitive function and job reputation. We also calculated associated economic loss due to prenatal exposure to abnormal climate. Results: We found an inverted U-shaped curve between climate anomaly and adulthood cognition. During the entire pregnancy, for SST anomalies increasing/decreasing 1 °C from 0 °C, newborn individuals will have adulthood cognition (measured by math test) changed by −2.09% (95% confidence interval (CI): −2.31%, −1.88%) and −3.98% (95% CI: −4.32%, −3.65%), respectively. We observed a similar inverted U-shaped pattern for cognitive function measured by word test and job reputation. Such an association is likely to be mediated by regional meteorological conditions, not local ones. Subgroup analyses identified females and people from less-developed regions as even more vulnerable to prenatal abnormal climate, finding an interactive effect with other social factors. The economic loss was assessed as the salary reduction due to declined cognition among all newborn individuals in China. For SST anomalies increasing/decreasing by 1 °C from 0 °C, individuals born each year in China would earn 0.33 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.25) and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.23, 0.94) billion U.S. dollars equivalent less in their annual salary at adulthood because of lowered cognitive function, respectively. Conclusion: Prenatal exposure to abnormal global climate patterns can result in declined adulthood cognitive function, lowered job reputation, and subsequent economic loss.

Engineering Properties and Economic Feasibility Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Rainwater Detention System with Red Clay Water-Permeable Block Body

An integrated rainwater management system is necessary due to the frequent occurrence of localized torrential rainfall and heat waves caused by an abnormal climate. It is necessary to develop a rainwater detention system that can implement rainwater infiltration and detention simultaneously. In this study, the safety, durability, and eco-friendliness of an eco-friendly rainwater detention system developed using an eco-friendly inorganic binder, which involves red clay, were evaluated and its economic feasibility was compared with that of the existing detention system. After 14 days, analysis of the maximum compression load and computational finite element analysis confirmed that the strength standard was satisfied and the structure was safe. No heavy metals or organic compounds were detected in the leaching test. Thus, the eco-friendly rainwater detention system is structurally safe and eco-friendly with no impact on the soil and groundwater environment, and is economically feasible because the construction cost and life cycle cost are approximately 30% and 58% lower, respectively, than those of the existing polyethylene infiltration detention tank system. These results indicate that improved safety, eco-friendliness, and economic feasibility can be achieved, compared to those of the existing system, if the eco-friendly rainwater detention system is applied in the field.

Impact of Abnormal Climatic Events on the CPUE of Yellowfin Tuna Fishing in the Central and Western Pacific

To explore the impact of climate change on fishery resources, the temporal and spatial characteristics of the thermocline in the main yellowfin tuna purse-seine fishing grounds in the western and central Pacific Ocean during La Niña and El Niño years were studied using the 2008–2017 Argo grid data (BOA_Argo) and the log data of commercial fishing vessels. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyze the variables affecting yellowfin tuna fishing grounds. The results showed that in La Niña years, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) moved westward as the high-value zone of the upper boundary contracted westward to 145° E, and in the El Niño years this moved eastward to 165° E. Compared with normal years, the upper boundary depth difference of the thermocline on the east and west sides of the equatorial Pacific was larger in La Niña years, and the upper boundary depth of 80–130 m shifted westward. The thermocline strength was generally weaker in the west and stronger in the east. The thermocline had two band-like distribution structures with an axis at 15° N and 15° S. The CPUE was distributed from 120 m to 200 m. The CPUE distribution was dense when the temperature range of the upper boundary of the thermocline was 27.5–29.5 °C, and the intensity was 0.08–0.13 °C·m−1. The upper-boundary temperature had the greatest impact on the CPUE. The eastward shift of the CPUE during El Niño and the westward shift during La Niña were associated with the optimal thermocline parameter values. The factor of year had a fluctuating effect on the CPUE, and the influence of the La Niña years was greater. The areas with high abundance were 5° N–5° S and 150° E–175° E. The results showed that the changes in the thermocline caused by abnormal climate events significantly affected the CPUE.

Genotype and Phenotype Interaction between OsWKRYq6 and BLB after Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae Inoculation in the Field

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is an important and devastating rice disease caused by the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo). In particular, in recent years, the occurrence of abnormal climate and warming phenomena has produced a good environment for the occurrence of BLB, and the rice yield due to the occurrence of BLB continues to decrease. Currently, molecular breeding is applied by searching for resistant genes to development of BLB resistance cultivar. In addition, there are many methods for screening resistant genes, and among them, phenotype analysis in the field and applied research is rarely conducted. Due to recent rapid climate change, BLB is a major problem that has a more serious negative effect on rice yield. Therefore, we suggest OsWRKYq6 to be effectively used for breeding BLB-resistant cultivars by screening BLB-resistant genes. In this study, the BLB-resistant gene was screened using the lesion length, which most definitely changes to the phenotype when Xoo is infected. OsWRKYq6 was finally selected as a BLB resistance gene by analyzing the phenotype and genotype after inoculating Xoo in 120 Cheongcheong/Nagdong double haploid (CNDH) lines in the field. After Xoo inoculation, lesion length and yield were investigated, and 120 CNDH lines were divided from BLB-resistant and susceptible lines. Moreover, when the transcription level of OsWRKYq6 was analyzed in the resistant and susceptible lines after Xoo inoculation in the field, the expression level was regulated to a high level in the resistant line. In this study, we propose OsWRKYq6 as a transcription factor involved in BLB resistance. Currently, the differentiation of various races is proceeding rapidly due to rapid climate change. In addition, screening of transcription factor genes involved in BLB resistance in the field can be effectively applied to molecular breeding to develop resistant cultivars in preparation for rapid climate change.

Investigation on Applicability and Limitation of Cosine Similarity-Based Structural Condition Monitoring for Gageocho Offshore Structure.

The key to coping with global warming is reconstructing energy governance from carbon-based to sustainable resources. Offshore energy sources, such as offshore wind turbines, are promising alternatives. However, the abnormal climate is a potential threat to the safety of offshore structures because construction guidelines cannot embrace climate outliers. A cosine similarity-based maintenance strategy may be a possible solution for managing and mitigating these risks. However, a study reporting its application to an actual field structure has not yet been reported. Thus, as an initial study, this study investigated whether the technique is applicable or whether it has limitations in the real field using an actual example, the Gageocho Ocean Research Station. Consequently, it was found that damage can only be detected correctly if the damage states are very similar to the comparison target database. Therefore, the high accuracy of natural frequencies, including environmental effects, should be ensured. Specifically, damage scenarios must be carefully designed, and an alternative is to devise more efficient techniques that can compensate for the present procedure.

More than the Effects from Temperature Differences:Decoding Towards Algae Under Abnormal Climate Variability with Odorant as a Responsive Indicator

More than the Effects from Temperature Differences:Decoding Towards Algae Under Abnormal Climate Variability with Odorant as a Responsive Indicator

Density and Distribution of the Mosquitoes Population Inhabiting Jeonbuk Region

Following the increase of vector-borne infectious diseases due to climate change and international exchange, the study collected mosquitoes using BL and BG twice a month for nine months, from March to November 2019, at cattle sheds, habitats for migratory birds, and city centers, after which they were classified, identified, and checked for the presence of flavivirus by using real time RT-PCR in order to classify and identify the species of disease vector mosquitoes in the Jeonbuk, estimate their population, and investigate their regional distribution and the presence of viral pathogen infection. A total of 8,234 mosquitoes were collected, which were categorized as seven genera and twelve species. In terms of environment types, the highest number of mosquitoes – 3,884 (Trap Index 215.8) – were collected at the Wanju cattle shed. In terms of mosquito populations, Anopheles spp. was the dominant species with 2,538 mosquitoes (30.9%) collected. As the dominant species, Anopheles spp. mosquitoes were first collected in April, and the greatest numbers were collected in the order of July, August, and June, with numbers gradually decreasing starting in August. In terms of the mosquito species collected in each environment, Anopheles spp. mosquitoes were collected in cattle sheds, Aedes vexans mosquitoes were collected in habitats for migratory birds, and Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were collected in city centers, revealing a difference in the species of mosquitoes collected depending on the environmental characteristics. The collected mosquitoes were tested for flavivirus using real time RT-PCR, but all tests turned out negative. The results of the collection confirmed the habitation of mosquitoes related to vector-borne diseases, predicting further results if an abnormal climate further progresses. The study is also expected to be used as comprehensive pest control standards for future mosquitoes.

Dyeing properties of bionic nylon combined with collagen peptide from marine waste

In recent years, environmental problems such as global warming, in which the average temperature of the earth s atmosphere rises due to the greenhouse effect, abnormal climate, byproducts from production activities, and the shortage of future conservational resources due to the increase in consumption have become global issues. In Korea, phenomena such as yellow dust, fine dust, and air pollution, which are directly related to public health, are emerging as social problems and attracting attention as a sustainable topic. Along with efforts to preserve the environment, technology development for ecofriendly textiles continues to improves in the field of textiles. In this study, to address the global textile industry s desire for sustainability, a bionic nylon material combined with a collagen peptide extracted from marine waste was selected, and R&D was conducted for various commercializations. This study was conducted to investigate the dyeability of circular knitted bionic nylon fabrics, as well as to determine the effect of scouring properties as a function of scouring agent concentration and dyeing properties as a function of dye type, dye concentration, dyeing temperature, and dyeing time on the dyeability of bionic nylon.

침수 시간과 침수 수위가 인삼 생육 및 광합성 특성에 미치는 영향

Background: Abnormal climate change induces many environmental disasters, including flooding. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is highly sensitive to waterlogging, but the experimental approaches to understanding the mechanism are relatively scarce.<BR>Methods and Results: Waterlogging was applied to 2-year-old ginseng plant in July under artificial conditions for 1, 2, 3, and 5 days at two different water levels: above the soil surface [WA(+)] and below the rhizome level [WA(-)]. Growth properties and photosynthetic characteristics were measured during waterlogging, and in the recovery period after waterlogging had stopped. Shoot death was evident in ginseng plants that were treated with WA(+) for 5 days. Growth inhibition in root diameter and root weight were severe when waterlogging lasted more than 3 days, and when the water level was above the soil surface. Chlorophyll fluorescences, F<SUB>v</SUB>/F<SUB>m</SUB>, was significantly decreased during the recovery period in WA(+) for 5 days. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were influenced after waterlogging, depending on waterlogging duration and water levels.<BR>Conclusions: The degree of damage to ginseng upon waterlogging was dependent on the duration and water level. These results will be helpful to understand the waterlogging response of ginseng, and suggest that photosynthetic characteristics can be used as an indicator of damage from waterlogging.

Analysis on the Effect of abnormal climate on Willingness to Pay for Urban Heat Island Mitigation Focused on Street Tree Planting Policy in Seoul, Korea

The paper attempts to analyze the effect of climate change on individual’s willingness to pay for urban heat island mitigation. In this paper, climate change represents change between heatwave and rainy season. Utilizing the contingent valuation method, each willingness to pay for street tree planting policy under two climate conditions is estimated. In order to specify the effect of climate change on willingness to pay, a dummy variable for two climate conditions is included as an explanatory variable for willingness to pay. Then, the statistical difference between the average willingness to pay under each condition is examined. The paper shows that the rainy season had a statistically significant negative effect on the willingness to pay for urban heat island mitigation. Also, it reveals that there is a statistical difference in the willingness to pay between heatwave and rainy season conditions. Finally, this paper suggests a policy direction for urban heat island mitigation based on the results obtained.

Calculation of Dry Matter Yield Damage of Whole Crop Maize in Accordance with Abnormal Climate Using Machine Learning Model

Calculation of Dry Matter Yield Damage of Whole Crop Maize in Accordance with Abnormal Climate Using Machine Learning Model

Safety assessment method of steel protective structure against large-scale debris flow

Recently, steel pipe open type protective structures (steel open dams) have been damaged because of large-scale debris flow resulting from torrential rainfall based on abnormal climate. This article proposes a safety assessment method for the load-carrying capacity of a steel open dam against large-scale debris flow load (level II load) using the energy constant law. First, the safety assessment method of steel open dams is proposed that the ultimate strength must be larger than the required strength against the level II load, which is determined by using the energy constant law. Second, the load-carrying capacities of three types of steel open dams with different structural shapes against the front and eccentric debris flow loadings are investigated by a push-over analysis. Finally, the safety assessments on load-carrying capacities against the front and eccentric debris flow loading are confirmed and the strength reduction by the eccentric loading is examined for three steel open dams.

디젤기관의 Soybean-Oil 혼합율 및 연료 분사시기 변화가 배기배출물특성에 미치는 실험적 연구

In recent years, the issue of energy in the world is the part of most interest, and it is also a problem that is linked to the economic growth of each country. It has been reported to several scholars that the environmental problems of the earth are caused by the abnormal climate change all over the world. Such disasters of climate change frequently occur outside of the predictable range as the cause of the global ecosystem change. This study investigates the effect of the rate of biofuel mixing and the exhaust emissions characteristics caused by changing the fuel injection timing in diesel engines. As a result of experimets in test engines, specific fuel oil consumption is slightly increased in case of increasing biodiesel fuel ration and the NOx was also slightly increased. The specific fuel oil consumption is slightly decreased with leading fuel injection timing, but the NOx was increased.

Comparative Analysis of Combined Heating Systems Involving the Use of Renewable Energy for Greenhouse Heating

The continued use of fossil fuels is contributing to severe environmental pollution and the establishment of an abnormal climate; consequently, alternative renewable energy sources are being actively investigated worldwide. Further, following global trends, numerous countermeasures aimed at improving carbon neutrality, promoting sustainable agriculture, and reducing fossil fuel dependence are being implemented in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the application of renewable energies for greenhouse heating in the Republic of Korea. Three hybrid systems, numbered 1–3, were constructed using a pellet boiler, hydrothermal heat pump, and solar heat collection system, respectively. Thereafter, the heating performance, combined heat efficiency, energy consumption per temperature lifting, and energy cost per temperature lifting of the systems were compared. The combined thermal efficiency results showed no significant differences. However, in terms of energy consumption and cost, hybrid system 1 demonstrated 25.7 and 24.1% savings, respectively, compared with the other systems. Moreover, based on economic analysis via the net present value and life cycle cost analysis methods, the system reduced costs by 29.2 and 27.7%, respectively, compared with conventional fossil fuel boilers. Thus, hybrid system 1 was identified as the most economical system.

Moisture variations during the first millennium CE and their linkage with social developments along the Silk Road in northwestern China

Moisture conditions, especially those that occur as multi-decadal anomalies, have profound impacts on society, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the lack of high-resolution climate data for the first millennium CE greatly limits our understanding of how moisture variations have influenced history. Here, we present an 1882-year (134–2015 CE) tree-ring chronology developed from Qilian juniper (Juniperus przewalskii Kom.) growing in the western Qilian Mountains, northwest China. The tree-ring index correlates significantly with the May–June self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (sc-PDSI) and can be used to reconstruct May–June moisture variations since 241 CE. The reconstruction reflects moisture conditions at the annual to multi-decadal time scales over the past two millennia. During the period from the third to eighth centuries, there were prominent interdecadal fluctuations, with the third century and the late fifth century being the wettest and driest periods during the reconstruction, respectively. The transition from the wet third century to the dry fifth century corresponded with key events in Chinese history, namely the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty and the chaotic Southern and Northern Dynasties. Thus, our reconstruction provides new evidence for the potential linkage between abnormal climate conditions and social changes in ancient times.

Review and Enlightenment of Sponging Renovation Design of Old Communities Based on Smoke-free City Reconstruction and Ecological Restoration

Objectives: The COVID-19 epidemic crisis has attracted the attention of people who are experiencing climate change and resources shortage to the human environment and ecology. In the meantime, COVID-19 and cigarette overlay have become one of the greatest global public menace, which aggravates people’s concern of well-being and urgency about the risk of spreading smoke and poses new challenge to public sanitation, urban management in every nation. City is the key of the revival from COVID-19 crisis and worldwide economy. Community is the basic unit in city. Material circumstance is the vital carrier of healthy ecology in community. Faced with issues concerning healthy ecological chain circle in communities involving frequent abnormal climate, constant urban waterlogging, scarcity of infrastructure in old communities and so on, it is imperative to incorporate relevant mechanism and ways of sponge reconstruction design on old communities based on smoke-free city reconstruction and ecological reparation from visual exploration in all domains. For the sake of that, the study probe for the accordance of smoke-free city reconstruction and ecological restoration via originating from researches and practices concerning smoke-free city, domestic and foreign reconstruction of old communities, rain and flood management/sponge city, green infrastructure and so on, so as to prompt big strategy of health and ecology and construct resilient community and city with resistant ability.