Abdominal Ultrasound Scan Research Articles

Giant mesenteric lipoma in a pre-school child: a case report

Abstract Lipomas are common benign tumors, typically affecting subcutaneous tissues in the head, neck, trunk, and upper limbs, particularly in individuals over 40 years old. However, visceral involvement, such as mesenteric lipomas, is exceedingly rare, with fewer than 50 pediatric cases reported in the English literature. Mesenteric lipomas are generally asymptomatic but may present with non-specific symptoms like abdominal distension or signs of partial or complete intestinal obstruction. Imaging modalities such as abdominal ultrasound and CT scan often reveal a well-differentiated fatty tumor, but histological confirmation is essential for diagnosis and management. We present a case of a 3-year-old female who experienced progressive abdominal distension over the course of a year. Imaging identified a large lipomatous tumor, which was surgically excised. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a mesenteric lipoma.

006. Wilm’s Tumor with Obstructive Ileus in A Newborn

Background: Wilms' tumor is the most common kidney malignancy in the pediatric population. Wilms' tumor can spread to other organs, pressing on surrounding organs, and causing kidney damage and high blood pressure. This case report aims to report on neonatal patients with Wilms' tumor which complicate into obstructive ileus. This study aims to explore the effect of wilm’s tumor on causing obstructive ileus which can be detrimental to a newborn. Methods: A 21-day-old baby boy was brought in with complaints of a lump in the left abdomen that had been felt since birth. The lump was felt to be growing rapidly and feels hard. Physical examination revealed sunken eyes, dry lips, holosystolic murmur on parasternal line intercostal II-IV, and a solid mass sized 5x4 cm in the left hypochondrium up to left iliac region. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scan confirmed a renal mass. Results: The patient was diagnosed with partial obstructive ileus due to left kidney tumor suppression, suspected Wilms tumor and low intake malnutrition with moderate to severe dehydration. The patient was managed with laparotomy and left nephrectomy. The procedure alleviated all symptoms and upon 1 month follow up, the patient was healthy with good nutrition status. Conclusion: The presence of large abdominal mass in neonates can be a sign of Wilms tumor. This disease can lead to obstructive ileus and can be treated with laparotomy and nephrectomy.

EP553 - Omental Infarction mimicking acute cholecystitis - A Case Report

Abstract Introduction Spontaneous torsion and infarction of the omentum is a rare presentation with a variety of clinical presentations. We report a middle-aged male patient who presented with signs and symptoms mimicking acute cholecystitis. Case Presentation A 47-year-old man presented with an 18-hour history of right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain. Pain was constant, worse on movement and inspiration. On examination, he was exceptionally tender in the RUQ with positive Murphy’s sign. Initial investigations showed a mild inflammatory response, and the working diagnosis was acute cholecystitis. An abdominal ultrasound scan demonstrated a thin-walled gallbladder, free from gallstones and no evidence of acute cholecystitis. Given the patients ongoing severe pain and examination findings, a CT scan of abdomen and pelvis with contrast was performed. This demonstrated an oval shaped area of localized omental fat stranding in the RUQ, suggestive of omental infarction. The patient was managed conservatively with analgesia and discharged once symptoms were adequately controlled. Discussion Torted, infarcted omentum is a rare cause of acute abdominal pain. It is more frequently observed in 40–50-year-olds with male predominance. Most commonly it mimics symptoms and signs of acute appendicitis. However, this is a rare case mimicking acute cholecystitis. In this case, the necrotic segment was adherent with the anterior abdominal wall, causing significant pain and tenderness. When the clinically presentation of acute cholecystitis is not reflected by abdominal ultrasound, cross sectional imaging should be obtained to ensure definitive diagnosis is established in timely manner.

Ultra-high-frequency ultrasound (48-70 MHz) is a promising tool for improved gastrointestinal diagnostics in infants.

To investigate the clinical feasibility of ultra-high-frequency abdominal ultrasound (UHFUS) scans of preterm and term infants. Prospectively, 19 healthy term newborn infants were examined with conventional ultrasound (CUS) (Toshiba, Aplio i700, linear probe 14L5) and UHFUS (Visualsonics VevoMD, linear probes UHF48 and UHF70) according to a standardised protocol. Measurements of wall thickness were performed for; stomach, small intestine, colon and peritoneum. Five preterm infants, with or without suspected necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), were also examined with UHF48. Of these, only one was later diagnosed with NEC. Differences between CUS and UHFUS (UHF48) were found in measurements of thickness; for peritoneum 0.25 versus 0.13 mm (p < 0.001), small intestine 0.76 versus 0.64 mm (p = 0.039) and colon 0.7 versus 0.47 mm (p < 0.001) in healthy term infants. Gaining frequency from 46 to 71 MHz showed a mean reduction in measurements of peritoneum from 0.13 to 0.09 mm (p < 0.001). One preterm infant with NEC showed a fivefold and twofold increase in peritoneal and gastrointestinal wall thickness respectively, compared to healthy preterm infants. UHFUS was a clinically feasible, promising method with potential to improve gastrointestinal diagnostics in infants. Lower peritoneum thickness and gastrointestinal wall thickness were demonstrated with UHFUS compared to CUS, suggesting an overestimation by CUS.

Intrarectal Migration of an Intrauterine Device: A Case Study and Review of Literature

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a widely used and generally safe method of long-term contraception. However, complications such as uterine perforation and migration can occur, although they are rare. This article presents a case of a 30-year-old woman with a history of two pregnancies and deliveries, who had a copper IUD inserted two years prior during the lactation period. She was admitted with severe pelvic pain and constipation lasting for three days, without externalized gastrointestinal bleeding or vomiting. Clinical examination revealed generalized abdominal tenderness with hypogastric guarding, while laboratory tests indicated elevated inflammatory markers. Imaging studies, including abdominal ultrasound and CT scan, revealed the migration of the IUD and its partial perforation into the rectal ampulla. Emergency surgery was performed, including the repair of a rectal perforation, lateral protective colostomy, and appendectomy. The postoperative course was uneventful, and colonic continuity was restored six weeks later. This case underscores the importance of considering IUD migration in a patients presenting with abdominal pain and highlights the need for timely diagnosis and intervention to prevent serious complications. Regular follow-up and patient education on the potential risks and signs of IUD complications are essential for early detection and management.

195 Use of Abdominal Ultrasound Scans in Surgical Assessment Unit

195 Use of Abdominal Ultrasound Scans in Surgical Assessment Unit

Anicteric Cholestasis Syndrome with Pruritus Revealing Systemic Sarcoidosis

Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatosis of unknown aetiology characterised by the formation of non-caseating granulomas in organs. Hepatic involvement can be difficult to diagnose. Material and method: We report the case of a 30-year-old female patient with a long history of intractable pruritus revealing systemic sarcoidosis. Case report: A 30-year-old female patient presented with a persistent pruritus without jaundice or fever. Examination revealed tender hepatomegaly and scratch lesions. Laboratory tests revealed elevated liver enzymes with cholestasis, and serum protein electrophoresis showed an inflammatory profile. The different viral hepatitis tests were non-contributory. Alpha fetoprotein was normal. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scans revealed a heteronodular hepatomegaly. The first liver biopsy was consistent with autoimmune hepatitis lesions. The disease improved with general corticosteroid therapy and azathioprine. Two years later, with the persistence of the pruritus, blood calcium levels and angiotensin-converting enzyme tests were found to be elevated. A new liver biopsy showed epitheliogigantocellular granulomas without caseous necrosis. A thoracic CT scan revealed mediastinal adenopathy. This suggested systemic sarcoidosis. The patient progressed well clinically and radiologically on general corticosteroids with adjuvant therapy and azathioprine. Conclusion: Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease that can affect most tissues and organs. Hepatic involvement is frequent and more often difficult to diagnose.

Isolated Splenic Sarcoidosis: A Case Report with Review of Literature

Sarcoidosis is an uncommon chronic multisystemic fibro-inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, characterized histologically by the presence of non-caseating granuloma. We report the 15th case of isolated splenic sarcoidosis in a 71-year-old Nigerian female, which was discovered incidentally while being managed for acute intestinal obstruction due to volvulus. Abdominal ultrasound scan revealed a large multinodular spleen. Open splenectomy was performed and the diagnosis of splenic sarcoidosis was confirmed histologically. Her post-operative condition has been stable. Sarcoidosis should always be considered in isolated nodular splenomegaly with or without symptoms.

Amoebic liver abscess in an adult Nigerian: A case report

Background: Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is a parasitic infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica. ALA is a significant health concern, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Radiological imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of ALA. Methods: We present a case report of a 40-year-old male patient with ALA. The patient presented to a radio diagnostic centre in Umuahia with right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever,diarrhea and weight loss. Radiological evaluation was performed using abdominal ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT scan. The imaging findings were correlated with clinical presentation and laboratory investigations. Results: The radiological findings revealed a focal hypoechoic lesion in the right hepatic lobe with ill-defined margins and internal echoes suggestive of liquefaction. The contrast-enhanced CT scan confirmed the presence of a well-defined, hypodense lesion with peripheral enhancement and central hypoattenuation. No evidence of biliary ductal dilatation or vascular invasion was observed. Based on the findings, a diagnosis of ALA was made, and the patient was initiated on intravenous metronidazole therapy. Follow-up imaging demonstrated a decrease in abscess size and resolution of internal echoes, indicating a positive response to treatment. Conclusion: Radiological imaging, including ultrasound and CT scan, plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of ALA. The characteristic imaging findings, such as hypoechoic lesions with internal echoes and peripheral enhancement with central hypoattenuation, aid in differentiating ALA from other hepatic lesions. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate therapy are crucial for favorable patient outcomes. Radiological follow-up allows monitoring of treatment response and guides further management decisions.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Abdominal Point of Care Ultrasound in Primary Care: Study Design and Protocol.

The aim of this study is to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal point of care ultrasound (POCUS) performed by family physicians (FPs) in primary care (PC), in comparison with the findings in the medical record (MR) at 12 months of follow-up. This study is conducted entirely in PC healthcare centers in Spain. Abdominal ultrasound scans performed by FPs (selected on the basis of their ultrasound knowledge and experience) are compared with the findings, or not, in the patient's MR after a 12-month follow-up period. The study will involve 100 FPs in Spain and an estimated sample size of 1334 patients who are to undergo abdominal POCUS at the indication of their physician. The results of the abdominal POCUS will be collected and compared with the findings of the MR. This comparison will be performed by another physician of the research team, different from their FP after one year of follow-up.The diagnostic accuracy of abdominal POCUS has been addressed in the hospital setting but not in PC. This lack of evidence can begin to be resolved with studies such as the one we present, designed for unselected populations such as those treated in PC and taking the patient's MR as the gold standard, which will allow us to make comparisons with the patient's clinical course.

Frequency of Dengue and Malaria Co-Infection in Patients Admitted in Jinnah Hospital, Lahore

Prevalence of malaria and dengue infection coexistence is increasing during endemic periods although causing quite similar symptoms and signs, the treatment of these two illnesses is different. Any suspicion of malaria in disease-endemic areas must be excluded with microscopy and/or rapid antigen test. Objective: To find out the incidence of co-infection of dengue and malaria based on clinical and hematological parameters in patients presenting with acute febrile illness. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in the Medicine Unit of Jinnah hospital, Lahore from October - December 2022. 140 diagnosed as dengue fever by Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) and IgM were included in the study. All the cases were subject to a thorough medical examination i.e. complete battery summary of temperature together with the serology of Dengue, X-ray of the chest, abdominal ultrasound scan, renal function test (RFT), liver function test (LFT), malarial parasite slide, complete blood count with peripheral smear etc. Accordingly, the treatment was given to them with follow-up medical evaluation including detailed investigations. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS version. 27.0 and presented as frequency and percentages. Chi square test was used to assess statistical significance with P &lt; .05. Results: Mean age of respondent was 35.5 + 15.6 years. Co-infection rate with malaria and severe disease along with prolong duration fever and persistent thrombocytopenia among subjects was15.0%. Conclusions: Majority of co infected individuals were having severe disease, with subsequent development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and sepsis, responding well to anti-malarial treatments

A Case Report of a Rare Cause of Diagnostic Dilemma in the Management of Gestational Choriocarcinoma

Choriocarcinoma belongs to one extreme of molar pregnancy, the other end is hydatidiform mole. It is a fast-growing tumor that occurs in a woman’s uterus but can easily metastasize to the lungs, liver, and brain. The abnormal tumor cells start in the tissue that would normally become the placenta. Choriocarcinoma developed after a normal pregnancy in 1 in 50,000, miscarriages in 1 in 15,000, and complete mole 1 in 40. The tumor may mimic uterine fibroid, especially when it presents as a uterine mass (which is not the common presentation) posing an initial diagnostic dilemma, as seen in our patient. The patient was an 18years P0+1 whose last normal menstrual period was a year before presentation. She presented with a history of loss of 14-week conception, then followed by 11months history of abnormal scanty vaginal bleeding lasting 21-27 days monthly, the patient was found to be mildly pale but had stable vital signs, she had a uterine mass of about 22weeks size, abdominal ultrasound scan revealed uterine fibroid. In the process of investigation serum pregnancy test was done and was found to be positive, with markedly elevated serum beta hcg. We made an assessment of choriocarcinoma and we commenced her on chemotherapy, she received 4 courses but with no decline in beta HCG. She had a total abdominal hysterectomy and histology confirmed choriocarcinoma, serum beta HCG was then immediately noticed to decline, she had further chemotherapy, and the patient did well subsequently. Huge choriocarcinoma may be mistaken for uterine fibroid, hence a high index of suspicion for choriocarcinoma is important if a patient presents with a recent history of miscarriage, uterine mass, vaginal bleeding, and a positive pregnancy test.

Comparing conventional abdominal ultrasound scanning versus a ROBotic assisted UltraSonography sysTem (ROBUST)

BackgroundWork-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) among sonographers is a major problem with a high prevalence rate of more than 80% in North America and United Kingdom. In Singapore, this is particularly relevant because statistics have showed WRMSD accounted for 60% of all confirmed occupational diseases cases. The ROBotic UltraSonography sysTem (ROBUST) was developed to overcome the WRMSD challenges sonographers faced in their daily clinical practice and, more importantly, increase their career longevity and productivity. ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of ROBUST in producing diagnostic images equivalent to conventional ultrasound (US) scans and to assess its clinical feasibility and receptiveness. MethodsA total of 50 adult patients from two tertiary hospitals underwent conventional abdominal US followed by ROBUST scans. Six sonographers performed the US scans using the standard protocol. Four expert readers, blinded to the scanning methods, graded the image quality of 2,218 images (1,317 conventional, 901 ROBUST). Surveys were distributed immediately after the scan to assess the patient’s and sonographers’ opinions on maneuverability, pain, and comfort. ResultsWilcoxon signed rank test showed no significant difference between conventional US and ROBUST for image quality (p = 0.317). Sixteen (16/50 = 32%) patients responded feeling slight to moderate pain when scanned by ROBUST (p = 0.251). All the sonographers felt that the imaging task using ROBUST was not physically strenuous. One sonographer felt that the ROBUST was easy to manipulate; two were neutral (p = 0.007), and three experienced difficulties manipulating the ROBUST. ConclusionROBUST can produce diagnostic images equivalent to conventional scans. It is feasible in clinical settings with good acceptance by sonographers and patients. Adoption of this innovation in clinical practice could potentially increase career longevity and productivity by alleviating pain and discomfort experienced by sonographers.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with surgical resection, toceranib phosphate and firocoxib in a dog: a case report

Exocrine pancreatic carcinomas are rarely reported in dogs. A ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a 10-year-old intact beagle is described in this report. The diagnosis was made based on clinical signs, imaging (abdominal ultrasound and CT scan) and histopathology. Treatment consisted of partial right lobe pancreatectomy followed by adjuvant therapy with toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) and firocoxib (Previcox®) for six months. The treatment was well tolerated, and the survival time was 445 days. To our knowledge, this is the longest survival reported in the literature for a dog diagnosed with exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The results described here may contribute to provide a better understanding about this neoplasia and potential treatment options.

Diagnosis and treatment experience of atypical hepatic cystic echinococcosis type 1 at a tertiary center in China.

Some hydatid cysts of cystic echinococcosis type 1 (CE1) lack well-defined cyst walls or distinctive endocysts, making them difficult to differentiate from simple hepatic cysts. To investigate the diagnostic methods for atypical hepatic CE1 and the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic surgeries. The clinical data of 93 patients who had a history of visiting endemic areas of CE and were diagnosed with cystic liver lesions for the first time at the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (China) from January 2018 to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical diagnoses were made based on findings from serum immunoglobulin tests for echinococcosis, routine abdominal ultrasound, high-frequency ultrasound, abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan, and laparoscopy. Subsequent to the treatments, these patients underwent reexaminations at the outpatient clinic until October 2023. The evaluations included the diagnostic precision of diverse examinations, the efficacy of surgical approaches, and the incidence of CE recurrence. All 93 patients were diagnosed with simple hepatic cysts by conventional abdominal ultrasound and abdominal CT scan. Among them, 16 patients were preoperatively diagnosed with atypical CE1, and 77 were diagnosed with simple hepatic cysts by high-frequency ultrasound. All the 16 patients preoperatively diagnosed with atypical CE1 underwent laparoscopy, of whom 14 patients were intraoperatively confirmed to have CE1, which was consistent with the postoperative pathological diagnosis, one patient was diagnosed with a mesothelial cyst of the liver, and the other was diagnosed with a hepatic cyst combined with local infection. Among the 77 patients who were preoperatively diagnosed with simple hepatic cysts, 4 received aspiration sclerotherapy of hepatic cysts, and 19 received laparoscopic fenestration. These patients were intraoperatively diagnosed with simple hepatic cysts. During the follow-up period, none of the 14 patients with CE1 experienced recurrence or implantation of hydatid scolices. One of the 77 patients was finally confirmed to have CE complicated with implantation to the right intercostal space. Abdominal high-frequency ultrasound can detect CE1 hydatid cysts. The laparoscopic technique serves as a more effective diagnostic and therapeutic tool for CE.

An intricate vagina penetrating injury with a 22 cm cassava stick in situ for 6 months: a case report

BackgroundTrauma remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality and a threat to attainment of sustainable development goal 11. Genital urinary trauma is reported in about 10% of patients presenting with trauma worldwide, and in about 6.6% of patients in Sub-Saharan Africa. If not careful enough, one may miss the foreign body in the vagina and this may be associated with morbidity, and although rare, mortality.Case presentationWe report a case of a 7-year-old Black Ugandan that had suffered vagina trauma 6 months prior to presentation at our facility and presented with chronic vagina pus discharge for 6 months. Prior examinations had failed to recognize the foreign body and so did the two abdominal pelvic ultrasound scans. During examination under anesthesia, we were able to locate the cassava stick that had caused penetrating vagina injury and we were able to dislodge it. It was a blunt cassava stick with length of 22 cm and diameter of 2 cm. Although it had gone through the peritoneal cavity, we did not do a laparotomy.ConclusionThis case emphasizes the need for a thorough vaginal exam including the need to do it under anesthesia with good lighting even when ultrasound scan findings are normal. It presents an opportunity for one to manage penetrating peritoneal injury without a laparotomy in highly selected cases. Gynecologists should be keen as well to rule out child molestation.

Analysis of neural networks for routine classification of sixteen ultrasound upper abdominal cross sections.

Abdominal ultrasound screening requires the capture of multiple standardized plane views as per clinical guidelines. Currently, the extent of adherence to such guidelines is dependent entirely on the skills of the sonographer. The use of neural network classification has the potential to better standardize captured plane views and streamline plane capture reducing the time burden on operators by combatting operator variability. A dataset consisting of 16 routine upper abdominal ultrasound scans from 64 patients was used to test the classification accuracy of 9 neural networks. These networks were tested on both a small, idealised subset of 800 samples as well as full video sweeps of the region of interest using stratified sampling and transfer learning. The highest validation accuracy attained by both GoogLeNet and InceptionV3 is 83.9% using transfer learning and the large sample set of 26,294 images. A top-2 accuracy of 95.1% was achieved using InceptionV3. Alexnet attained the highest accuracy of 79.5% (top-2 of 91.5%) for the smaller sample set of 800 images. The neural networks evaluated during this study were also successfully able to identify problematic individual cross sections such as between kidneys, with right and left kidney being accurately identified 78.6% and 89.7%, respectively. Dataset size proved a more important factor in determining accuracy than network selection with more complex neural networks providing higher accuracy as dataset size increases and simpler linear neural networks providing better results where the dataset is small.

Fecal Shedding, Antimicrobial Resistance and In Vitro Biofilm formation on Simulated Gallstones by Salmonella Typhi Isolated from Typhoid Cases and Asymptomatic Carriers in Nairobi, Kenya.

Typhoid fever, caused by the human restricted pathogen Salmonella Typhi, remains a major global public health concern. Even after successful treatment, approximately 3-5% of patients with typhoid fail to clear the bacteria within one year and become chronic carriers. Most typhoid carriers have gallstones in their gallbladder, and biofilm formation on gallstones is highly correlated with chronic carriage. This study's goal was to identify asymptomatic typhoid carriers in an endemic setting in Kenya, and to compare acute versus chronic isolates. A cohort of typhoid fever patients identified through blood and/or stool culture, and their household contacts, were followed up after treatment to detect longitudinal S. Typhi stool shedding. An abdominal ultrasound scan was used to identify individuals with gallstones. A total of 32 index patients and 32 household contacts were successfully followed-up. Gallstones were detected in 4 cases and 1 household contact. The duration of S. Typhi shedding was significantly longer in individuals with gallstones compared to those without, P<0.001. Eighty-three (83) S. Typhi strains were tested for susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials and examined by in vitro biofilm formation assays. Out of 37 infected individuals, 32.4% had infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) S. Typhi strains and only 18.9% were infected by susceptible strains. Non-MDR strains formed significantly better biofilms in vitro than the MDR strains (P<0.001). This study provides data on S. Typhi chronic carriage that will influence public health approaches aimed at reducing typhoid transmission and the burden of infection.

Hospital- and county-level characteristics explain geographic variability in prices of cancer-related procedures: Implications for policy and interventions.

Healthcare costs in the U.S. are high and variable, which can hinder access and impact health outcomes across communities. This study examined hospital- and county-level characteristics to identify factors that explain geographic variation in prices for four cancer-related procedures. Data sources included Turquoise Health, which compiles publicly-available price data from U.S. hospitals. We examined list prices for four procedures: abdominal ultrasound, diagnostic colonoscopy, brain MRI, and pelvis CT scan, which we linked to characteristics of hospitals (e.g., number of beds) and counties (e.g., metropolitan status). We used multilevel linear regression models to assess multivariable relationships between prices and hospital- and county-level characteristics. Supplementary analyses repeated these models using procedures prices for commercial insurance plans. For each procedure, list prices varied across counties (intraclass correlation: abdominal ultrasound = 23.2%; colonoscopy = 17.1%; brain MRI = 37.2%; pelvis CT = 50.9%). List prices for each procedure were associated with hospital ownership (all p < 0.001) and percent of population without health insurance (all p < 0.05). For example, list prices for abdominal ultrasound were higher for proprietary versus Government-owned hospitals (β = 539.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 256.12, 822.08, p < 0.001) and for hospitals in counties with more uninsured residents (β = 23.44, 95% CI: 2.55, 44.33, p = 0.03). Commercial insurance prices were negatively associated with metropolitan status. Prices for cancer-related healthcare procedures varied substantially, with considerable heterogeneity associated with county location as well as county-level social determinants of health (e.g., health insurance coverage). Interventions and policy changes are needed to alleviate the financial burden of cancer care among patients, including geographic variation in prices for cancer-related procedures.

Cholesterol Gallstone among Patients with Cholelithiasis Admitted to the Department of Surgery of a Tertiary Care Center.

Gallstone is one of the most common pathological conditions found mostly in females. The incidence of cholesterol gallstones is developing higher nowadays which is increasing the burden of cost in society. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of cholesterol gallstones among patients with cholelithiasis admitted to the Department of Surgery of a tertiary care centre. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with cholelithiasis who presented in the Department of Surgery of tertiary care centre for cholecystectomy (laparoscopic or open) from 23 December 2022 to 22 September 2023 after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. Patients who were diagnosed by use of abdominal ultrasound or CT scan were included. Those patients with gallbladder polyps, cholangitis, and gallbladder tumours were excluded from the study. A convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval. Among 190 patients, the prevalence of cholesterol gallstones was seen in 85 (44.74%) (37.67-51.81, 95% Confidence Interval). The female to male ratio was 6.72:1. The prevalence of cholesterol gallstones was found to be higher as compared to other studies done in similar settings. cholesterol; gallbladder; gallstone; prevalence.