Introduction and importance: Lithopedion (Greek for “stone baby”) is an extremely rare complication of undiagnosed abdominal pregnancy where a dead fetus becomes calcified and retained for decades. This phenomenon demonstrates both a unique obstetric event and global disparities in prenatal care access. Case presentation: A 74-year-old post-menopausal woman presented with vague abdominal discomfort. Imaging revealed a calcified mass resembling a fetal skeleton in the pelvic cavity. Her obstetric history indicated a pregnancy several decades earlier with reported intrauterine fetal death that went unmanaged due to limited medical access. Laboratory results were normal. CT imaging confirmed a densely calcified fetal structure adjacent to the uterus without surrounding inflammation. Considering her age and asymptomatic status, conservative management with regular follow-up was chosen. Six months later, she remained stable and free of symptoms. No calcified placenta or adnexal structures were identified, helping rule out alternative differential diagnoses such as calcified fibroids or teratomas. Clinical Discussion: Lithopedion forms when a dead fetus remains sterile and too large to be reabsorbed, prompting the body to encase it in calcium for protection. Most cases remain asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally in older women during imaging. Management must be individualized, balancing surgical risk and patient preference. Conclusion: This case underlines the importance of early recognition of ectopic pregnancies, the role of imaging in diagnosis, and improved access to obstetric care. This case strongly emphasizes the role of maternal health care access, imaging availability, and timely diagnosis in preventing long-term sequelae such as lithopedion.

Advanced abdominal pregnancy secondary to tubal pregnancy: a rare case report and literature review.

ABSTRACTAn advanced abdominal in a rudimentary horn pregnancy is rare and difficult to diagnose, especially in late gestation. Accurate early recognition, multidisciplinary planning, and preoperative vascular interventions are critical. With precise surgical management, even in high‐risk scenarios, favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes can be achieved despite significant complications.

Ruptured Abdominal Ectopic Pregnancy in a 45-Year-Old Woman Using Long-Term Contraception: A Case Report in Salmaniya Medical Complex

The use of point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) by family physicians is growing worldwide, yet remains uncommon in Türkiye. This study aims to explore what motivates family physicians in Türkiye to voluntarily adopt POCUS and how they perceive its benefits and challenges in daily practice. This qualitative study used a phenomenological approach and thematic analysis. Ten family physicians from different regions of Türkiye, all with prior POCUS training and at least six months of active use in primary care, were purposively recruited through professional referrals and snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted via video conferencing, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was performed using MAXQDA 2020. Broad themes guided interview development, while subthemes emerged inductively during coding and were refined through iterative analysis and peer feedback. Physicians' motivations to use POCUS were driven by clinical needs, professional curiosity, and skills gained during residency or short courses. Applications included abdominal pain evaluation, pregnancy screening, and chronic disease management. Participants described a wide range of devices used during their learning and daily practice. They viewed POCUS as valuable for improving diagnostic accuracy and patient trust, and several perceived its wider adoption as inevitable in modern primary care. However, they acknowledged increased workload and time pressure in busy primary care settings. Barriers included inconsistent training quality, limited access to equipment, and a lack of institutional support. POCUS is perceived by Turkish family physicians as a beneficial, patient-centered tool in primary care, particularly in resource-limited settings. Its broader adoption will require structured training, affordable equipment, and supportive health policy to ensure safe, efficient, and sustainable national-level integration.

Abdominal ectopic pregnancy (AEP) is a rare, life-threatening form of ectopic gestation, accounting for less than 1.4% of ectopic pregnancies, with a maternal mortality rate up to 20%. Limited literature suggests a link between HIV infection and increased risk. We report a 38-year-old, HIV-positive woman (G5 P3+1) on HAART with an unknown last normal menstrual period, presenting with abdominal pain and severe anaemia. Ultrasound confirmed a single, live abdominal pregnancy at 30 weeks and 4 days of gestation with a non-gravid uterus, diagnosed as early preterm secondary AEP. We performed an elective laparotomy, resulting in the delivery of a live male infant (990g) and complete placental removal via left adnexectomy. The mother had a favourable outcome. The infant died at eight months due to failure to thrive, emphasizing the necessity for sustained postnatal support to overcome adverse outcomes related to social determinants of health, even after successful surgical intervention.

The article describes the observation of secondary abdominal pregnancy in a patient after laparoscopic salpingotomy, coeliphoectomy performed for tubal pregnancy. Clinical observation demonstrates the need for careful repair of the abdominal and pelvic organs, as well as a dynamic assessment of the concentration of beta-hCG in the blood of patients after performing conservative operations during ectopic pregnancy.

Splenic pregnancy: A case report

Abdominal ectopic pregnancy: A case report

Intra-abdominal pregnancy complicated by uterine rupture: a case report.

Advanced abdominal pregnancy (AAP) is a rare condition posing significant challenges to mothers, babies, and clinicians, especially in low-resource settings. Despite its association with high morbidity and mortality, there is limited data on its diagnosis and management. This retrospective study aimed to review the demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, imaging findings, treatment approaches, and outcomes for mothers and fetuses affected by AAP at Universitas Academic Hospital (UAH) from May 1, 2020, to May 1, 2022. A secondary objective was to enhance diagnostic and management guidelines at the institution. Out of 1129 deliveries during the study period, 11 patients were diagnosed with AAP. The mean age of the patients was 23 years, with 54% being unemployed, 45% using alcohol, and 27% smoking. Notably, 72% of the patients were HIV-positive, with 50% not virally suppressed and half having CD4 counts below 200 cells/µL. Additionally, 63% had undergone at least one ultrasound where AAP was missed. The most common symptom was abdominal pain, reported by 72% of patients. The study revealed that only 2 neonates survived, and 1 patient required ICU admission. The findings highlight critical gaps in AAP diagnosis and management, particularly missed diagnoses on ultrasound, and underscore the need for heightened clinical awareness, improved skills, and further research to enhance outcomes.

Abstract Introduction/Objective Splenosis is a benign condition of ectopic autotransplantation of splenic fragments following trauma or splenectomy. The condition is particularly common in post-trauma splenectomy patients, with the prevalence in this population estimated as high as 76%. Despite its high prevalence, splenosis does not often come to clinical attention because these tissue fragments are benign and often recruit local blood supply from their new location to maintain normal splenic function. However, due to their abnormally derived rich vascular supply, they are at risk for rupture with massive hemorrhage if disrupted. Ectopic pregnancies occur in roughly 1-2% of all fertilization events, with the overwhelming majority implanting in the Fallopian tubes. Only 1% implant elsewhere in the abdomen, including sites such as the uterine serosa, omentum, bowel, and mesentery, as well as rare cases involving the native spleen. To our knowledge, ectopic pregnancy involving an ectopic spleen, or splenosis, has not been previously described. Methods/Case Report A 39-year-old female, G3P2002 at six weeks gestation by last menstrual period, presented to an outside facility with sudden-onset abdominal pain, syncope, and tachycardia. She had a remote surgical history of splenectomy after motor vehicle collision, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and two Cesarean deliveries. She was found to have an acute abdomen and β-hcg of 27,000, underwent transvaginal ultrasound concerning for ruptured ectopic pregnancy based on pelvic free fluid and irregular soft tissue on the right adnexa, and was transferred to our facility. On arrival, she had a β-hcg of 23,356 mIU/mL, leukocytosis of 16,260/uL, and hemoglobin of 9.3 g/dL. She underwent emergent diagnostic laparoscopy. Intra-operatively, hemoperitoneum was evacuated revealing severe pelvic and abdominal adhesive disease. The ectopic pregnancy was identified within a dense omental adhesion, removed, and sent to surgical pathology. Gross assessment of the specimen revealed an encapsulated, sac-like structure with a pink-red, spongy, hemorrhagic cut surface resembling splenic tissue accompanied by multiple separate red-brown hemorrhagic soft tissue fragments. Microscopic examination revealed splenic parenchyma surrounded by a ruptured capsule, with transcapsular and parenchymal invasion by immature chorionic villi, syncytiotrophoblast, and cytotrophoblast, with surrounding hemorrhage. These findings were consistent with an abdominal ectopic pregnancy involving ectopic spleen. The patient recovered appropriately. Results NA Conclusion This represents, to our knowledge, the first reported case of an ectopic pregnancy discovered in ectopic splenic tissue. Splenosis involves splenic tissue with altered vascular supply, allowing it to function but making it prone to rupture. Splenosis is a known potential cause of hemorrhagic shock, but this case highlights its previously unrecognized role in early pregnancy and obstetric complications. Although the patient’s blood loss progressed rapidly, timely clinical recognition led to life-saving intervention. However, the anatomical etiology remained unknown until pathology’s gross and microscopic examination revealed the diagnosis. Without pathology, this case would have remained an unresolved surgical event rather than a significant clinical discovery. Effective communication with the clinical team is essential for ensuring accurate diagnosis and optimal patient care. An abdominal CT later revealed 1-2 dozen other splenosis nodules in this patient, emphasizing the importance of long-term monitoring in post-splenectomy patients and the importance of this history when interpreting radiologic studies. This case highlights an uncommon but essential differential diagnosis, demonstrating how pathology informs both urgent surgical decisions and ongoing patient care. Understanding splenosis beyond its usual tumor mimics improves diagnostic accuracy, prevents errors, and strengthens patient monitoring, an insight that could directly impact similar cases in the future.

Robotic Approach to Iatrogenic Intra-Abdominal Pregnancy

This study investigates the role of vaginal ultrasound and abdominal ultrasound in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. A total of 240 patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy admitted to Longquanyi District People’s Hospital from January 2020 to December 2024 were enrolled, and all patients underwent vaginal ultrasound and abdominal ultrasound. The diagnostic effect, the detection rate of sonographic features, and the detection rate of different disease types were compared with the surgical pathological results (gestational villous tissue in the blood clot and visible villous matter) as the gold standard. In this study, 240 patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy were analyzed, and the results showed that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of abdominal ultrasound, vaginal ultrasound, and combined examination were 89.04%, 93.15%, and 95.89%, respectively, and 42.86%, 57.14%, and 71.43%, respectively, and 85.00%, 90.00%, and 93.75%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups (P > .05). The detection rate of combined examination in embryo, yolk sac, original heart tube beat, pelvic effusion, adnexal mass, intrauterine pseudogestational sac, and extrauterine gestational sac was significantly higher than that of abdominal ultrasound or vaginal ultrasound alone (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the detection rate of fallopian tube pregnancy, ovarian pregnancy, abdominal pregnancy, and cervical pregnancy among the 3 examination methods (P > .05). The combined examination of vaginal ultrasound and abdominal ultrasound has high diagnostic efficacy in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, which can effectively reduce missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis, clearly display relevant sonographic features, and help to determine the location of ectopic pregnancy.

Natural conception and abdominal pregnancy after total salpingectomy

Complete surgical removal of abdominal pregnancy

Abdominal pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy, accounting for 0.1% of all pregnancies. This condition is associated with unfavorable outcomes due to the difficulty of diagnosis and the lack of standardized management strategies. This article describes a case of abdominal pregnancy resulting in live birth. The patient had been under antenatal observation from the early stages of pregnancy. Routine ultrasound examinations performed at standard gestational ages described a developmental anomaly (bicornuate uterus) as well as signs of placenta previa. In accordance with clinical routing, the patient stayed in a tertiary obstetric hospital from week 33 of gestation. On day 7 of inpatient care, she complained of girdle-like, dull epigastric pain and nausea. Instrumental and clinical-laboratory assessment established an additional diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis in incomplete remission. The patient was transferred to a multidisciplinary regional clinical hospital. The next day, a follow-up obstetric ultrasound revealed a decrease in the amniotic fluid index to 0 mm. Considering the absolute oligohydramnios, complete placenta previa, and placenta accreta, urgent cesarean delivery was performed. Intraoperatively, the diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy was established. A live preterm female infant was delivered.

Background: Caesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy where the gestational sac implants within the scar of a previous caesarean section. With an estimated incidence of 1/1008 to 1/2500 of all previous caesarean deliveries, CSP can lead to life-threatening complications such as uterine rupture and severe bleeding. Case Presentation: A 27-year-old woman, G3P2A0L2, presented with lower abdominal pain, shortness of breath, and nausea. She had a history of two previous caesarean sections. Physical examination revealed abdominal tenderness and rebound tenderness. Ultrasound suggested a 13-14 week pregnancy with suspected CSP rupture. Emergency laparotomy confirmed uterine rupture at the previous CS scar with placental protrusion. A supravaginal hysterectomy was performed. Discussion: CSP occurs when the blastocyst implants in the lower uterine segment of a previous caesarean scar. Early detection is crucial to prevent severe complications. Transvaginal ultrasound with color Doppler is the primary diagnostic tool. Treatment should aim to remove the gestational sac and CSP mass while preserving fertility when possible. Conclusion: The rising caesarean section rates may lead to increased incidence of CSP. Early diagnosis through transvaginal ultrasound and individualized treatment are essential to reduce morbidity. Clinicians should be aware of this condition and counsel patients about the risks associated with caesarean sections.

Ectopic pregnancy is a common acute abdominal disease of gynecology. Ectopic pregnancy refers to a pregnancy in which the fertilized egg is implanted outside the uterine cavity. Abdominal pregnancy is a type of ectopic pregnancy, which refers to the embryo or fetus being located in the abdominal cavity outside the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and broad ligaments. Abdominal pregnancy has a high misdiagnosis rate and mortality rate, seriously endangering maternal health. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve patient prognosis. A 34-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with intermittent nausea and vomiting for 3 months. The final diagnosis of this patient was abdominal pregnancy. The patient underwent a cesarean exploration surgery, intraoperative ectopic pregnancy tissue clearance, partial omentectomy, left fallopian tube resection, and uterine fibroid resection. The patient recovered well 3 days after surgery and was allowed to be discharged. The patient was followed-up regularly. The treatment of mid-pregnancy in the abdominal cavity includes conservative and surgical treatments. The key to successful treatment of mid-pregnancy in the abdominal cavity is the handling of the placenta. Currently, there is a lack of rich treatment experience in the industry for abdominal pregnancy in mid-to-late pregnancy, and there are different considerations for surgical and conservative treatment methods.

Abdominal pregnancies account for less than 1% of all ectopic pregnancies, with a maternal mortality rate that remains eight times higher than for tubal pregnancies. Two types of abdominal pregnancy can occur: primary intra-peritoneal and secondary: expulsion into the abdomen of a pregnancy initiated in a uterine tube (tubo-abdominal abortion). Several risk factors described in the literature are at the origin of ectopic pregnancies, including genital infections in the first instance, infertility as well as intra-uterine device and IVF. In addition to targeted 1st trimester ultrasonography, the deployment of MRI enables us to improve diagnosis and assess the degree of placental adhesion. As for clinical assessment of the parturient, clinical features to look for in an abdominal pregnancy include easy palpation of the fetal parts, abdominal tenderness, atypical fetal presentation and decreased uterine height (IUGR or decreased amniotic fluid). Abdominal pregnancy always carries a high risk of maternal morbidity and mortality, the most dreaded complication being haemorrhage. Nevertheless, the decision to remove the placenta or leave it in situ must be considered on a case-by-case basis, after evaluation of the implantation site. In both cases, the placenta has been completely removed, with hemostasis assured, which justifies the need for no further treatment.