Prevalence Of Abdominal Obesity Research Articles

Evaluation of the Correlation between Coronary Artery Disease and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Is There Any Correlation?

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are 2 common diseases around the globe. This investigation aimed to evaluate NAFLD prevalence in patients with CAD and the potential association between NAFLD and CAD. This case-control study was performed between January 2017 and January 2018 at Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran, Iran. All patients aged between 35 and 5 years and referred for myocardial perfusion imaging were selected for the study. Totally, 180 participants were divided into CAD+ and CAD- groups. CAD was defined as stenosis of greater than 50.0% in at least 1 coronary artery. Afterward, all the patients underwent abdominal sonography and laboratory tests for NAFLD evaluation. Patients with a history of liver diseases, alcohol consumption, and drug-induced steatosis were excluded. The study population consisted of 122 women (67.8%) and 58 men (32.2%) at a mean age of 49.31±5.42 years. NAFLD was detected in 115 patients. NAFLD prevalence in the CAD+ group was 78.9%. NAFLD was determined as an independent risk factor for CAD (OR, 3.9). NAFLD prevalence was high in the CAD+ group. The incidence of steatosis is on the rise in the general population. Hence, considering the high prevalence of abdominal obesity, all patients with NAFLD should be evaluated for CAD.

The effect of empowerment program to reduce Sugar Consumption based on the Multi-Theory Model on Body Mass Index and abdominal obesity in Iranian women

BackgroundConsidering the prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity in middle-aged women, this study was conducted to determine the effect of empowerment program to reduce sugar consumption based on the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) on Body Mass Index (BMI) and abdominal obesity in women aged 30–60 in Joven.MethodsThis quasi-experimental study (include descriptive and interventional sections) was conducted on the Joven city, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran country from October 2020 to August 2021. Sampling was performed as a multi-stage cluster. First, a descriptive study was performed among 400 women, and then 128 people who were eligible to enter the interventional phase of the study were selected. In the control group, 63 people and in the intervention group, 65 people were eligible to enter the study. The educational intervention was performed in five 60-minute sessions for groups of 12 people. The instruments included the demographic questionnaire, sugar consumption checklist and researcher-made questionnaire based on MTM constructs. Before the intervention, one, three and six months after the intervention, the questionnaire was completed by both intervention and control groups also measurement of waist circumference and BMI were performed using standard instruments. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 17.ResultsAfter the educational intervention, there was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in all the MTM constructs. Also, six months after the educational intervention, BMI, waist circumference and amount of consumption of sugary substances decreased significantly in the intervention group (p < 0.05).ConclusionEducational intervention based on the MTM can be effective in reducing the consumption of sugary substances and shaping behaviors related to healthy lifestyle in women.

Hypertension in peri- and postmenopausal women — pathophysiological mechanisms and approaches to treatment

This review presents epidemiological data on the effect of sex hormones and reproductive status on the level of blood pressure (BP) and the incidence of es­sential hypertension (EHT) in women. The role of estrogen deprivation and hyper­androgenism in the development of EHT in peri- and postmenopause is discussed. The main mechanisms of EHT in periand postmenopausal women: sympathetic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system hyperactivity, salt-sensitivity, high prevalence of abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial dilatation and high risk of atrial fibrillation, stroke and heart failure with preserved left ventricle ejection fraction. Data on the efficacy and tolerability of the main classes of antihypertensive drugs in women is presented. We discussed the mechanisms of selective I1-imidazoline receptor agonists and the results of cohort studies of moxonidine monotherapy and its combination with other antihypertensive drugs and hormonal menopausal therapy in peri- and post­menopausal women. Moxonidine reduces high blood pressure in peri- and postmenopausal women and has a beneficial effect on metabolic syndrome components, but is also effective in patients with hypertensive crises, especially with sympathetic hyperactivity.

Independent and Joined Association between Socioeconomic Indicators and Pediatric Obesity in Spain: The PASOS Study.

Childhood obesity is a public health problem worldwide. An important determinant of child and adolescent obesity is socioeconomic status (SES). However, the magnitude of the impact of different SES indicators on pediatric obesity on the Spanish population scale is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the association between three SES indicators and obesity in a nationwide, representative sample of Spanish children and adolescents. A total of 2791 boys and girls aged 8 to 16 years old were included. Their weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. SES was assessed using two parent/legal guardian self-reported indicators (educational level -University/non-University- and labor market status -Employed/Unemployed-). As a third SES indicator, the annual mean income per person was obtained from the census section where the participating schools were located (≥12.731€/<12.731€). The prevalence of obesity, severe obesity, and abdominal obesity was 11.5%, 1.4%, and 22.3%, respectively. Logistic regression models showed an inverse association of both education and labor market status with obesity, severe obesity, and abdominal obesity (all p < 0.001). Income was also inversely associated with obesity (p < 0.01) and abdominal obesity (p < 0.001). Finally, the highest composite SES category (University/Employed/≥12.731€ n = 517) showed a robust and inverse association with obesity (OR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.16-0.48), severe obesity (OR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05-0.81), and abdominal obesity (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.23-0.54) in comparison with the lowest composite SES category (Less than University/Unemployed/<12.731€; n = 164). No significant interaction between composite SES categories and age and gender was found. SES is strongly associated with pediatric obesity in Spain.

Temporal Trends of the Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Children and Adolescents between 2007 and 2020.

The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is increasing worldwide, which is of concern because obesity can lead to various complications such as metabolic syndrome (MS). Waist circumference (WC) and waist-height ratio (WHtR) are useful indicators of abdominal obesity and MS. In this study, we investigate trends in the prevalence of abdominal obesity and MS using two different references. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007 to 2020) were used. In total, 21,652 participants aged 2 to 18 years and 9,592 participants aged 10 to 18 years were analyzed for abdominal obesity and MS, respectively. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and that of MS were compared using the Korean National Growth Chart in 2007 (REF2007) and the newly published WC and WHtR reference values in 2022 (REF2022). Both WC and WHtR showed an increasing trend. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 14.71% based on REF2022, 5.85% points higher than that of 8.86% based on REF2007. MS based on REF2022 had a higher prevalence for both the National Cholesterol Education Program definition (3.90% by REF2007, 4.78% by REF2022) and the International Diabetes Federation definition (2.29% by REF2007, 3.10% by REF2022). The prevalence of both abdominal obesity and MS increased over time. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and MS increased in Korean children and adolescents from 2007 to 2020. When analyzed by REF2022, both abdominal obesity and MS showed higher prevalence rates than when using REF2007, indicating that previous reports were underestimated. Follow-up for abdominal obesity and MS using REF2022 is needed.

Cardiovascular risk profiles in patients with inflammatory bowel disease differ from matched controls from the general population.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We compared cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and 10-year risk in IBD patients to the general population. In this cross-sectional study, consecutive IBD patients ≥45 years were included. History of ASCVD and CVD risk factors (smoking, hypertension, overweight, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome) were assessed. The Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE2) algorithm was used to estimate 10-year CVD risk. One to four age/sex-matched controls were derived from the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study cohort. In total, 235 IBD patients were included {56% women, median age 59 years [interquartile range (IQR) 51-66]} and matched to 829 controls [56% women, median age 61 years (IQR 56-67)]. Inflammatory bowel disease patients experienced ASCVD events more often compared with matched controls [odds ratio (OR) 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23-3.27], specifically heart failure (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.02-4.01) and coronary heart disease (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.7-3.13). Inflammatory bowel disease patients showed lower odds of overweight (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.35-0.66) and hypercholesterolaemia (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.31-0.65) and higher odds of hypertension (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.19-2.32), as well as higher waist circumference (+4 cm, P = 0.006) and triglyceride levels (+0.6 mmol/L, P < 0.001) as compared with controls. Mean 10-year CVD risk was 4.0% [standard deviation (SD) ±2.6] in 135 IBD patients vs. 6.0% (SD ±1.6) in 506 controls. The increased CVD risk in IBD is discrepant with the 10-year CVD risk estimate. Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation may underestimate CVD risk in IBD patients due to differing CVD risk profiles compared with the general population, including a lower prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia and overweight and a higher prevalence of hypertension, abdominal obesity, and hypertriglyceridaemia.

Conicity index as an indicator of abdominal obesity in individuals with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis.

The conicity index is indicated as a tool for assessing the nutritional status of renal individuals undergoing hemodialysis. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of abdominal obesity using the conicity index in individuals with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis to verify its association with sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors. This is a cross-sectional study with 941 individuals undergoing hemodialysis in a metropolitan area in southeastern Brazil. The conicity index was estimated and cutoffs of 1.275 and 1.285 for men and women, respectively, were used. For the analysis of the results, binary logistic regression was performed and the odds ratio (OR) was estimated with their respective confidence intervals (95% CI). The conicity index was high in 56.54% of men (95% CI: 34.34-70.16) and 43.46% of women (95% CI: 38.45-55.20). We found that both adult men (OR = 3.71; 95% CI: 2.27-6.07) and adult women (OR = 4.06; 95% CI: 2.41-6.84) were more likely to have abdominal obesity, as well as self-declared mixed-raced (OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.01-3.00) and single men (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.00-2.68). The conicity index is an important anthropometric indicator to estimate abdominal obesity in individuals with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis.

Identification of sex characteristics of obesity and hypertension in the adult population of the Vladimir region

Aim. To identify sex characteristics of the prevalence of obesity and hypertension (HTN) in the adult population of the Vladimir region.Material and methods. The study included 1350 people, men and women aged 30-69 years from 5 cities of the Vladimir region (Vladimir, Kovrov, Murom, Yuriev-Polsky and Vyazniki). The response rate was at least 80%. In total, 1174 people completed the study, including 424 men (36,1%) and 750 women (63,9%). The survey was conducted according to a standard questionnaire, including socio-demographic parameters and behavioral risk factors. In all patients, anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, heart rate and resting electrocardiography were assessed.Results. The average body mass index among women was significantly highercompared to men (29,9±6,2 kg/m2 vs 28,3±4,7 kg/m2, p&lt;0,001), while waist circumference among men exceeded similar parameters among women (95,5±11,7 cm vs 91,9±15,3 cm, p&lt;0,001). Sex differences in anthropometric indicators have a number of features in different cities. Every third man is obese, while among women this figure was significantly higher (33,7% vs 42,1%, p&lt;0,001). Every second man and 2/3 of women had abdominal obesity (53,1% and 71,6%, p&lt;0,001). The prevalence of HTN among men and women was comparable (41,5% and 39,9%, respectively). Electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy are detected in every third respondent, while its prevalence between men and women did not differ statistically (30,5% and 35,5%, respectively).Conclusion. In the surveyed population of men and women of the Vladimir region, the prevalence of obesity and HTN were comparable. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity has sex differences due to the greater severity among women. Hypertension is also highly likely to be associated with LV hypertrophy. Obviously, in order to correct obesity and HTN, lifestyle changes at the population level must be combined with the use of antihypertensive therapy to achieve target blood pressure levels and regress LV hypertrophy.

Dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, adiposity and obesity status.

IntroductionThe principal source of exposure to Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs) in humans comes from food intake. PCDD/Fs, are a family of potential endocrine disruptors and have been associated with different chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. However, studies assessing the relationship between dietary exposure to PCDD/Fs and adiposity or obesity status in a middle-aged population are limited. ObjectiveTo assess cross-sectionally and longitudinally the associations between estimated dietary intake (DI) of PCDD/Fs and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and the prevalence/incidence of obesity and abdominal obesity in a middle-aged population. MethodsIn 5899 participants aged 55–75 years (48% women) living with overweight/obesity from the PREDIMED-plus cohort, PCDD/Fs DI was estimated using a 143-item validated food-frequency questionnaire, and the levels of food PCDD/F expressed as Toxic Equivalents (TEQ). Consequently, cross-sectional and prospective associations between baseline PCDD/Fs DI (in pgTEQ/week) and adiposity or obesity status were assessed at baseline and after 1-year follow-up using multivariable cox, logistic or linear regression models. ResultsCompared to participants in the first PCDD/F DI tertile, those in the highest tertile presented a higher BMI (β-coefficient [confidence interval]) (0.43kg/m2 [0.22; 0.64]; P-trend <0.001), a higher waist circumference (1.11 cm [0.55; 1.66]; P-trend <0.001), and a higher prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity (1.05 [1.01; 1.09] and 1.02 [1.00; 1.03]; P-trend = 0.09 and 0.027, respectively). In the prospective analysis, participants in the top PCDD/F DI baseline tertile showed an increase in waist circumference compared with those in the first tertile after 1-year of follow-up (β-coefficient 0.37 cm [0.06; 0.70]; P-trend = 0.015). ConclusionHigher DI of PCDD/Fs was positively associated with adiposity parameters and obesity status at baseline and with changes in waist circumference after 1-year of follow-up in subjects living with overweight/obesity. Further large prospective studies using a different population with longer follow-up periods are warranted in the future to strengthen our results.

Associations of dietary antioxidant micronutrients with the prevalence of obesity in adults.

Antioxidant micronutrients have a therapeutic potential for clinical treatment of obesity. NO research, however, has examined the connection between the complex level of dietary antioxidants and obesity. We mainly aimed to investigate the relationship between a combination of antioxidants and obesity using the database of the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES). This cross-sectional study contains a survey of 41,021 people (≥18 years) in total ranging from 2005 to 2018. Multivariate logistic and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were performed to investigate the associations between these antioxidants, both individually and collectively, and the prevalence of obesity. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was also utilized to analyze the linearity of these associations. According to multivariate logistic models, we found that the levels of most antioxidants in the highest quartile were independently related to a lower prevalence of obesity, while a reverse result was observed in selenium (p for trend <0.05). The WQS index revealed that a total of the 11 antioxidants is negatively related to the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity (all p<0.001), and iron/vitamin C have the greatest weight in the negative associations between antioxidant complex and obesity, as well as abdominal obesity. In addition, the RCS regression showed that retinol, vitamin A, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, vitamin C, iron, and copper all had a non-linear association with obesity. Threshold effect analysis demonstrated that the inflection points of retinol, vitamin A, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, vitamin C, iron, and cooper were 235.57, 374.81, 58.89, 891.44, 30.70, 43,410.00, 11,240.00, and 990.00 μg/day, respectively. Our study found that a high level of a complex of 11 dietary antioxidants is related to a lower prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity, among this inverse associations iron and vitamin C have the greatest weight.

Eating speed and abdominal adiposity in middle-aged adults: a cross-sectional study in Vietnam

BackgroundSeveral studies have associated fast eating speed with the risk of general obesity, but there are inadequate data on the association between eating speed and abdominal adiposity which may pose a higher threat to health than general obesity. The present study aimed to investigate the association between eating speed and abdominal obesity in a Vietnamese population.MethodsBetween June 2019 and June 2020, the baseline survey of an ongoing prospective cohort study on the determinants of cardiovascular disease in Vietnamese adults was conducted. A total of 3,000 people aged 40–60 years old (1,160 men and 1,840 women) were recruited from eight communes in the rural district of Cam Lam, Khanh Hoa province, in Central Vietnam. Self-reported eating speed was assessed on a 5-point Likert scale, and responses were collapsed into the following three categories: slow, normal, and fast. Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist-to-height ratio of ≥ 0.5. Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator was used to assess the association between eating speed and abdominal obesity.ResultsCompared with slow eating speed, the adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) for abdominal obesity was 1.14 (1.05, 1.25)1.14 (1.05, 1.25) for normal eating speed and 1.30 (1.19, 1.41) for fast eating speed (P for trend < 0.001).ConclusionA faster eating speed was associated with a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity in a middle-aged population in rural Vietnam.

Association of Different Obesity Phenotypes with Sarcopenia in Han Chinese Middle-Aged and Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Individuals.

To investigate the relationship between different obesity phenotypes and sarcopenia in hospitalized Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This cross-sectional study included 385 men. Anthropometric measurements including applied the determination method of Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) determination of limb skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) and blood samples were analyzed. The people were divided into four groups according to body mass index (BMI) (≥24kg/m2) and waist circumference (WC) (female ≥85cm, male ≥90cm). Group A (BMI and WC were normal), Group B (BMI was normal and high WC), Group C (high BMI and WC were normal), and Group D (BMI and WC were abnormal). The prevalence rates of sarcopenia and abdominal obesity were 32.2% and 74.0%, respectively. The detection rate of lower ASMI decreased gradually from Group A to Group D(74.6% vs 68.3% vs 54.5% vs 51.6%, χ 2 =14.243, P=0.003). Logistic analysis showed that the risk of lower ASMI were decreased by 62.4% (95% CI: 0.149-0.950, P = 0.039) in Group C and 68.8% (95% CI: 0.165-0.593, P = 0.000) in Group D compared with Group A, respectively. The risk of lower ASMI were increased 4.153-fold (95% CI: 2.623-6.576, P = 0.000) in male. Male (OR = 4.065, 95% CI: 2.246-7.356, P = 0.000) and WC (OR = 1.053, 95% CI: 1.004-1.104, P = 0.033) were risk factors for lower ASMI, but the risk of lower ASMI was decreased by 32% (95% CI: 0.5744-0.804, P = 0.000) by elevated BMI in the overweight and obese group (Group C and Group D). The prevalence of sarcopenia and abdominal obesity was elevated in han Chinese middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM. Being overweight or obesity as defined by BMI protect against sarcopenia, while abdominal obesity increases the risk of sarcopenia.

Effects of Dietary Habits on General and Abdominal Obesity in Community-dwelling Patients with Schizophrenia

To investigate the effects of dietary habits on general and abdominal obesity in community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder according to sex. A total of 270 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder registered at mental health welfare centers and rehabilitation facilities were recruited. General obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, and abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumstance ≥ 90 cm in men and ≥ 85 cm in women. Dietary habits were evaluated using dietary guidelines published by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. Demographic and clinical characteristics along with dietary habits and information related to obesity were collected. Factors related to obesity were evaluated separately by sex. Dietary habits differed according to sex, in that scores for healthy eating habits were lower in men than in women. In men, the prevalences of general and abdominal obesity were 17.0% and 37.3%, respectively. In women, the prevalences of general and abdominal obesity were 23.1% and 38.5%, respectively. Regression analysis showed that the scores of regular eating habits were negatively associated with general and abdominal obesity in men, and the scores of healthy eating habits were negatively associated with general and abdominal obesity in women. Among patients with schizophrenia, regular eating habits might reduce the risk of obesity in men, and healthy eating habits might reduce the risk of obesity in women. Nutrition education should be provided to community- dwelling patients with schizophrenia to prevent obesity in this population.

Comparison of the Prevalence of COVID-19 in Female Students based on Body Mass Index and Waist–Hip Ratio

Introduction: COVID19 is an acute respiratory syndrome that affects the immune system. Obesity can increase the risk of developing this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of COVID-19 in female students based on their body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR).&#x0D; Methods: 700 girl students aged 15-18 years in Neyshabur City, Iran were selected by simple random sampling and divided into two groups: the healthy (n=519) and Corona (n=181). The results were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests of Mann-Whitney U Test, Spearman correlation coefficient and two-point string test at a significance level of p≥0.05.&#x0D; Results: In the healthy group, the mean of BMI was 21.09±3.4, WHR 0.77±0.07, and age 16.53±1 years and in the Corona group, the mean of BMI was 22.32±4.11, WHR 0.77±0.06 and age was 16.80±0.89 years, respectively. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test in the BMI of the two groups were significantly different (P = 0.001). Abdominal obesity was not significant in both groups (P = 0.469). There was a significant positive relationship between BMI and WHR (P = 0.00094). There was a significant relationship between BMI and Corona using the agreement coefficient with the two-point string test (P = 0.001). Also, the results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed that the resting heart rate of the two groups was significantly different (P = 0.026).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that in adolescents, increasing BMI and resting heart rate increases the prevalence of Corona disease and abdominal obesity has no effect on corona virus infection. Therefore, due to the effect of exercise activities on losing weight and resting heart rate, the need to do these activities during quarantine is considered.

The association of plant-based dietary pattern with general and abdominal obesity: a large cross-sectional study.

Only a few studies have studied the association between plant-based dietary index (PDI) and the prevalence of obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between PDI and the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in a large sample of Iranian adults. The current cross-sectional study was performed from 2010 to 2012 in Isfahan, Iran. This study comprised 6,724 adults between the ages of 18 and 55. We analyzed data from 6,724 participants who were classified as having general obesity and 5,203 individuals who were classified as having abdominal obesity. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. We determined the PDI by assigning plant foods positive scores and animal foods negative values using the method of Satija et al. General obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30kg/m2, whereas abdominal obesity was classified as having a waist circumference (WC) greater than 88cm for women and 102cm for men. Data was examined using Chi-squared test and the analysis of variance (ANOVA and ANCOVA). Multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between PDI and risk of general as well as abdominal obesity. The mean age of the study participants was 36.8 ± 8.08 years, and 57% of them were female. General obesity prevalence was 9.6%, while abdominal obesity was 26.8%. In all the unadjusted and multivariable adjusted models of the total population, there was no significant association between highest vs. lowest adherence to the PDI and general obesity or abdominal obesity. No significant association was found when men and women were analyzed separately as well. In the present study, no association was observed between PDI and general and abdominal obesity in the Iranian adult population.

High prevalence of abdominal obesity, inadequate food consumption, and low level of physical activity regardless of body mass index across women

High prevalence of abdominal obesity, inadequate food consumption, and low level of physical activity regardless of body mass index across women

Overweight and obesity among women living in peri-urban areas in West Africa

Aim: This study assessed selected correlates of overweight and obesity among women in a sub-urban population of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during April-May, 2014 in Abobo-Anonkoi 3, a peri-urban city of Abidjan in Côte d’Ivoire. Women of 18 years and older healthy in appearance were randomly recruited from households. Overweight and obesity were measured by BMI respectively greater or equal to 25 and 30 kg/m2. Abdominal obesity was defined by waist to hip ratio greater or equal to 0.80. The level of physical activity was evaluated by the IPAQ questionnaire and the blood pressure according to the criteria of the JNC7 report. A regression analysis of the associated factors with overweight and obesity (age, marital status, level of study, level of physical activity, blood pressure, and socioeconomic status) was carried out. Results: We visited 486 households in which 398 women were approached and 327 agreed to participate in the survey. The average age was 35.25 ± 12.4 years. The prevalence of overweight was 27.2% and that of obesity was 19.6%; 72.2%of women had abdominal obesity. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 90.6% among obese people. Age (p=0.006), marital status (p=0.002) and blood pressure (p=0.004) were significantly associated with obesity. With regard to abdominal obesity, there was a significant association of educational level in addition to the above factors. Conclusion: Overweight and obesity are a reality in this population of Côte d’Ivoire and about one in five people are affected by the scourge of obesity.

Multilevel correlates of abdominal obesity in adolescents and youth living with HIV in peri-urban Cape Town, South Africa.

Chronic non-communicable disease comorbidities are a major problem faced by people living with HIV (PLHIV). Obesity is an important factor contributing to such comorbidities and PLHIV face an elevated risk of obesity. However, there is data paucity on the intersection of obesity and HIV in adolescents and youth living with HIV (AYLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa. We therefore aimed to investigate the prevalence of abdominal obesity and associated multilevel factors in AYLHIV in peri-urban Cape Town, South Africa. We conducted a cross-sectional study enrolling AYLHIV aged 15-24 years attending primary healthcare facilities in peri-urban Cape Town in 2019. All measures, except for physical examination measures, were obtained via self-report using a self-administered electronic form. Our outcome of interest was abdominal obesity (waist-to-height ratio ≥ 0.5). We collected individual-level data and data on community, built and food environment factors. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics, stratified by obesity status. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted to investigate factors associated with abdominal obesity, adjusted for sex and age. A total of 87 participants were interviewed, 76% were female and the median age was 20.7 (IQR 18.9-23.0) years. More than two fifths had abdominal obesity (41%; 95% CI: 31.0-51.7%), compared to published rates for young people in the general population (13.7-22.1%). In multilevel models, skipping breakfast (aOR = 5.42; 95% CI: 1.32-22.25) was associated with higher odds of abdominal obesity, while daily wholegrain consumption (aOR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05-0.71) and weekly physical activity (aOR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.06-0.92) were associated with lower odds of abdominal obesity. Higher anticipated stigma was associated with reduced odds of obesity (aOR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.33-1.00). Land-use mix diversity (aOR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.27-0.97), access to recreational places (aOR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.18-0.74), higher perceived pedestrian and traffic safety (aOR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05-0.80) and having a non-fast-food restaurant within walking distance (aOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.10-0.93) were associated with reduced odds of abdominal obesity. The main limitations of the study were low statistical power and possible reporting bias from self-report measures. Our findings demonstrate a high prevalence of abdominal obesity and highlight multilevel correlates of obesity in AYLHIV in South Africa. An intersectoral approach to obesity prevention, intervening at multiple levels is necessary to intervene at this critical life stage.

Regional urbanicity levels modify the association between ambient air pollution and prevalence of obesity: A nationwide cross-sectional survey

Ambient air pollution exposure may increase the risk of obesity, but the population susceptibility associated with urbanicity has been insufficiently investigated. Based on a nationwide representative cross-sectional survey on 44,544 adults, high-resolution night light satellite remote sensing products, and multi-source ambient air pollution inversion data, the present study evaluated the associations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations with the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity. We further calculated the associations in regions with different urbanicity levels characterized by both administrative classification of urban/rural regions and night light index (NLI). We found that 10 μg/m3 increments in PM2.5 at 1-year moving average and in NO2 at 5-year moving average were associated with increased prevalence of obesity [odds ratios (OR) = 1.16 (1.14, 1.19); 1.12 (1.09, 1.15), respectively] and abdominal obesity [OR = 1.08 (1.07, 1.10); 1.07 (1.05, 1.09), respectively]. People in rural regions experienced stronger adverse effects than those in urban regions. For instance, a 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 was associated with stronger odds of obesity in rural regions than in urban regions [OR = 1.27 (1.23, 1.31) vs 1.10 (1.05, 1.14), P for interaction <0.001]. In addition, lower NLI values were associated with constantly amplified associations of PM2.5 and NO2 with obesity and abdominal obesity (all P for interaction <0.001). In summary, people in less urbanized regions are more susceptible to the adverse effects of ambient air pollution on obesity, suggesting the significance of collaborative planning of urbanization development and air pollution control, especially in less urbanized regions.

Changes in the Prevalences of Obesity, Abdominal Obesity, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Korean Children during the COVID-19 Outbreak.

We aimed to investigate the prevalences of obesity, abdominal obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among children and adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. This population-based study investigated the prevalences of obesity, abdominal obesity, and NAFLD among 1428 children and adolescents between 2018-2019 and 2020. We assessed the prevalences of obesity, abdominal obesity, and NAFLD according to body mass index, age, sex, and residential district. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationships among obesity, abdominal obesity, and NAFLD. In the obese group, the prevalence of abdominal obesity increased from 75.55% to 92.68%, and that of NAFLD increased from 40.68% to 57.82%. In age-specific analysis, the prevalence of abdominal obesity increased from 8.25% to 14.11% among participants aged 10-12 years and from 11.70% to 19.88% among children aged 13-15 years. In residential district-specific analysis, the prevalence of both abdominal obesity and NAFLD increased from 6.96% to 15.74% in rural areas. In logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio of abdominal obesity for NAFLD was 11.82. Our results demonstrated that the prevalences of abdominal obesity and NAFLD increased among obese Korean children and adolescents and in rural areas during the COVID-19 outbreak. Additionally, the prevalence of abdominal obesity increased among young children. These findings suggest the importance of closely monitoring abdominal obesity and NAFLD among children during COVID-19, focusing particularly on obese young children and individuals in rural areas.