Ga-67 Citrate Research Articles

The role of gallium 67 imaging in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of gallium 67 imaging in the detection of gastrointestinal (GI) non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and in the assessment of the therapeutic effects, images were reviewed in 24 cases (25 lesions: stomach, 20; ileum, 2; and terminal ileum and or cecum, 3) and were compared using barium studies and, in 16 cases, computerized tomography (CT). In all, 23 (92.0%) of the 25 lesions were detected by 67Ga citrate imaging, the barium studies detected all 25, and CT detected 15 of 16 lesions (93.8%). The two lesions not identified by imaging and the one not found by CT were the smallest of all. In 2 (8.7%) of the 23 lesions positively identified by 67Ga-citrate imaging, both CT and imaging revealed the extent of the tumor more accurately than did the barium studies. In all but one of the patients, a close correlation existed between the imaging results and the therapeutic effects. These data suggest that 67Ga imaging is useful in conjunction with CT and barium studies for the detection of GI NHL and for the assessment of both the spatial extent of disease and the therapeutic effects, although a lack of 67Ga uptake after therapy does not always indicate a good therapeutic effect.

Formula omitted] separation with an organic adsorbent

A 67Ga Zn separation method is presented which uses an organic polymer containing no ion exchange groups, instead of an ion exchange resin. With the apparatus described, high quality 67Ga citrate can be obtained in good yield with little effort. Values for distribution coefficients for Ga on various resins and at different HCl concentrations are presented.

Altered Biodistribution of Ga-67 by Intramuscular Gold Salts

The authors observed a deviation from the normal scintigraphic pattern of Ga-67 citrate biodistribution. An 8-year-old black girl with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, who had been treated with intramuscular injections of gold salts, had a Ga-67 study as part of her workup. The study demonstrated no hepatic uptake, but showed elevated skeletal and renal activity. This characteristic biodistribution of Ga-67 may be due to inhibition of lysosomal enzymes by gold and/or to accumulation of gold in lysosomes. To study these possibilities, the authors reviewed the mechanisms of Ga-67 localization and gold metabolism. Alteration of the Ga-67 citrate scintigraphic pattern due to earlier treatment with gold salts has not been reported previously.

Differential diagnosis of AH109A tumor and inflammation by radioscintigraphy with L-[methyl-11C]methionine.

For the evaluation of tumor imaging with l‐[methyl‐11C]methionine (11C‐Met), a basic study on the differentiation of tumor from inflammation with 11C‐Met and a comparison of the diagnostic value of the image with that obtained using 67Ga citrate, a conventional scintigraphic agent, are important. 11C‐Met accumulations into inflammatory lesions, AH109A tumor and normal tissues of rats were examined by means of a tissue distribution study. Aseptic inflammatory lesions on the back of Donryu rats induced by croton oil and 1.5% carrageenan showed significantly lower accumulations of 11C‐Met than the AH109A tumor. Histologically, croton oil induced granulomatous inflammation and carrageenan, acute exudative inflammation. Whole‐body antoradiography with l4C‐Met, a substitute for 11C‐Met, was negative in the carrageenan lesion and showed a slightly increased activity at the periphery of the croton oil lesion, in contrast with the high tumor activity. Whole‐body autoradiogra‐phy with 67Ga citrate was performed to compare the imaging ability with that of 14C‐Met; it showed high activities in the tumor, bone, and intestine, and a broad increased activity at the periphery of the croton oil lesion, but was negative in the carrageenan lesion. 11C‐Met accumulations in the inflammations were very low and clinical application with positron emission tomography, should be useful for the differential diagnosis of tumor from inflammation.

Tumor imaging of Dalton's lymphoma using antibody-desferal-ga-67 complex

Using desferal, a bifunctional chelating agent, Ga-67 was conjugated to the antibody, anti DLAA, specific for a 80 KD antigen associated with Dalton's lymphoma (DLAA) and was used for imaging of murine lymphomas induced by an ‘air-pouch’ technique. Scintiscan studies were carried out at 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, after i.v. administration of Ga-67-anti DLAA-DF complex and compared with scintigrams obtained after administration of free Ga-67 citrate and suspension of Ga-67, DF, anti DLAA to different batches of tumor bearing mice. The study was also carried out using mouse IgG, a non-specific antibody, instead of anti DLAA. The results were compared with biodistribution studies. Scintigrams demonstrated that with anti DLAA there was maximum uptake of Ga-67 by the tumor providing the best images.

Comparative studies of radiotracer citrates in oncological models—2. 153Smcitrate and 67Gacitrate

153Smcitrate solutions were prepared from enriched 152Sm 2O 3 which had been irradiated at 10 12n cm −2 s −1 in the University of Alberta Slowpoke reactor. 153Sm was rapidly bound (93% in 2 h) by Melanoma 2AB cells in tissue culture upon incubation in the presence of 153Smcitrate (1.9 nmol 10 6 cells). In vitro ultracentrifugation studies of 153Smcitrate solutions showed that colloid formation under incubation conditions could have been responsible in part for the uptake by cultured cells. Low uptakes (<1% in 2h) of 67Gacitrate were seen under similar conditions. 153Smcitrate injected into BDF 1 mice (Lewis lung carcinoma) and Copenhagen × Fisher rats (Dunning R3327-H prostatic tumors) was concentrated mainly in the liver, with some tumor and bone uptake. The percent of injected dose per organ for 153Sm and 67Ga in the murine and rat models respectively, 24 h after i.v. dosing, was 17.2 ± 4.7 and 2.0 ± 0.6 (tumor), 63.9 ± 7.9 and 14.4 ± 1.4 (liver) and 0.6 ± 0.1 and 1.3 ± 0.1 (blood); % injected dose g −1 femur was 6.2 ± 2.7 and 12.9 ± 2.7, respectively. Scintigrams of rats showed qualitative biodistributions similar to the quantitative mouse data obtained by dissection studies. The high hepatic uptake detracted from the otherwise superior tumor localization of 153Sm citrate when compared to 67Gacitrate in these models. The murine Lewis lung tumor index (% injected dose g −1 tumor × tumor:blood) was 303.6 for 153Smcitrate and 48.9 for 67Gacitrate, 24 h after injection.

当院における&lt;sup&gt;67&lt;/sup&gt;Ga-citrateシンチグラフィーの施行状況と考察

当院における&lt;sup&gt;67&lt;/sup&gt;Ga-citrateシンチグラフィーの施行状況と考察

Whole-body autoradiography of tumor-bearing hamsters with a new tumor imaging agent, indium-111-labeled porphyrin.

We have synthesized a new tumor imaging agent, 111In‐labeled porphyrin (111In‐ATN‐2). In order to image transplantable pancreatic carcinoma in Syrian golden hamsters, we investigated the biodistribution of 111In‐ATN‐2 72 hr after injecting the agent by means of whole‐body autoradiography. The efficacy of the agent was compared with that of 67Ga citrate. The images with 111In‐ATN‐2 were found to be clearer than those with 67Ga citrate. Tumor‐to‐tissue radiodistribution ratios of the former were higher than those of the latter. Thus, 111In‐ATN‐2 seems to be more useful for tumor diagnosis.

67Ga citrate scanning, X-ray computed tomography and chest X-ray in the study of interstitial pneumonia in patients with AIDS.

Problems in the investigation of pulmonary interstitial pneumocystis carinii in AIDS patients in the early phase with 67Ga, high-resolution CT scan and chest X-ray are discussed, and a clinical study of 12 individuals is presented. The combination of the three examinations is useful in reducing false negative cases. The use of 67Ga scanning, chest X-ray and high-resolution CT is also proposed in the follow-up of AIDS patients during remission of their lung pathology.

Options in camera technology for the bone scan: Role of SPECT

Planar imaging with current generation gamma cameras and tomographic imaging with current generation rotating camera single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) systems provide excellent spatial resolution and good fidelity between image quantitation and activity levels. Their use in imaging the localization and clearance of skeletal imaging agents such as the Tc-99m labeled diphosphonates, Ga-67 citrate, and In-111 leukocytes offers a sensitive and accurate means to detect occult disease and to investigate skeletal blood flow, metabolism, and pathology. SPECT progressively plays an increasingly important role in imaging studies of joint disease, infection, avascular necrosis, bone growth, developmental abnormalities and the effects of weight bearing, exercise, and other forms of treatment on skeletal repair processes.

Ga-67 citrate, Tl-201 chloride SPECTによる原発性肺癌のTN因子の検討

Ga-67 citrate, Tl-201 chloride SPECTによる原発性肺癌のTN因子の検討

Distribution of 103Ru—chloride in tumor-bearing animals and the mechanism for accumulation in tumor and liver

Tumor uptake rates of 103Ru—chloride were smaller than those for 67Ga—citrate. In three tumors and liver, 103Ru in the mitochondrial fraction containing lysosome increased with time after the administration of 103Ru—chloride. The concentration of 103Ru was more dominant in connective tissue (especially inflammatory tissue) than in viable tumor tissue or in necrotic tissue. Quite large amounts of 103Ru in the tumor and liver were bound to the acid mucopolysaccharide whose molecular masses exceeded 40,000. Behavior of this nuclide was essentially similar to that of 67Ga.

TUMOR IMAGING WITH [111niIn]MONO‐DTPA‐ETHYLENEGLYCOL‐Ga‐DEUTEROPORPHYRIN

Abstract Mono‐DPTA‐ethyleneglycol‐Ga‐deuteroporphyrin (MDEGD) was synthesized, by coordinating non‐radioactive Ga in the porphyrin ring and connecting DTPA (diethylene‐triamine‐N,N,N,N,N,‐pentaacetic acid) to its side chain. By labeling with 111In, chemicals for scintigraphy were developed. They were applied to Syrian golden hamsters with implanted pancreatic gland cancers and C57‐black mice with Lewis lung cancer to enable tumor imaging and biodistribution examination. A comparative study was also conducted with [67Ga]citrate. In the resultant data, [111In]MDEGD showed larger tumor/lung, tumor/kidney and tumor/blood ratio with [67Ga]citrate. The affinity of [nIn]MDEGD in inflammatory tissue was much lower than that of 67Ga citrate. [111In]MDEGD lost its photosensitivity.

The Usefulness of Gallium-67 Citrate Scanning in Testicular Seminoma

An analysis of 77 consecutive patients with a histologic diagnosis of seminoma testis, assessed and treated at the Cross Cancer Institute between 1977 and 1982, is presented. Ga-67 citrate was first used in the assessment of patients with malignant testicular tumors in 1973. Following three years of study that supported the observation of the gallium-avid nature of seminoma, gallium scans became routine in the initial staging assessment and were used also when recurrence was suspected. From 1977 through 1982, 72 patients with biopsy-proven seminoma testis were assessed initially for extent of disease by Ga-67 scanning. Comparison with intravenous pyelography and bipedal lymphography was possible for accuracy of tumor assessment. The scan sensitivity was 83%, and the specificity was 95%. During the same period, gallium was studied in nonseminomatous testicular tumors but the results were disappointing and its use was discontinued. The gallium-avid nature of seminoma testis may be useful in determining the extent of disease.

Comparisons of labeling efficiency, biological activity and biodistribution among 125I-, 67Ga-DTPA-and 67Ga-DFO-lectins.

The labeling efficiency, biological activity and biodistribution of 125I labeled and 67Ga chelating agent conjugated lectins were investigated. Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA) and Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCH) were efficiently labeled with 67Ga using bifunctional chelating agents such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and deferoxamine (DFO), whereas labeling with 125I was significantly less efficient. The agglutinating activity of these lectins towards Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells was retained on conjugation with DFO, but not with DTPA. The in vitro binding ratio of 67Ga-DFO-lectins for EAT cells was almost the same as that of 125I-lectins. However, the value was significantly decreased in the case of 67Ga-DTPA-lectins. In the biodistribution study of radiolabeled lectins in Ehrlich solid tumor (EST) bearing mice, the accumulation of radioactivity in tumor tissue was very much less with 67Ga-DTPA-lectins than with 125I-lectins. However, the concentration was significantly elevated in the case of 67Ga-DFO-lectins. While, these lectins accumulated in liver, spleen, lung, and kidney to a greater extent than 67Ga citrate, the tumor to organ ratios became very low. These low tumor to organ ratios, in contrast to 67Ga citrate, will certainly inhibit the tumor delineation, and therefore it seems that in spite of a high accumulation ratio of 67Ga-DFO-lectins in tumor tissue, these agents are not useful in tumor detection.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Ga-67 citrate imaging.

All gallium-67 citrate scans obtained in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Md.) were retrospectively analyzed and correlated with the results of bronchoscopy, chest radiography, and endoscopy. There were 164 scans of 95 patients. Twenty scans were from patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; 19 were abnormal, for a sensitivity of 95%. Ga-67 uptake tended to be less in patients receiving therapy for P. carinii pneumonia. Chest radiographs were normal at least initially in three patients with abnormal scans and P. carinii pneumonia. Unusually prominent colonic activity was associated with infection in some patients. No lesions of Kaposi sarcoma showed tracer uptake. Gallium scanning is useful for detecting P. carinii pneumonia and other opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS, but it is not useful for localizing Kaposi sarcoma.

｀９９ｍ´Ｔｃ ＭＤＰシンチと｀６７´Ｇａシンチを用いた悪性腫よう骨浸潤症例の検討 高度に下顎骨浸潤した症例について

Ten patients with intensely invaded malignant tumors at the mandibles were studied with bone scintigraphy (Tc-99m MDP) and Ga-67 citrate scintigraphy. All patients were classified by type of accumulation of both radionuclide pharmaceuticals. In almost all patients with invaded malignant tumors, bone scintigraphy revealed decreasing uptake in the center of the lesion and increasing uptake in the peripheral region. Ga-67 citrate scintigram showed increasing concentrated accumulation which was smaller than the area of Tc-99m MDP uptake in almost all cases. These types of accumulation were compared with those of other oral and maxillo-facial diseases. The patterns of accumulation of both radionuclide pharmaceuticals in ameloblastoma (3 cases), radicular cyst (3 cases), bone fracture (2 cases), diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis (2 cases), and one sagittal ramus osteotomy case were different from that of bone involvement of malignant tumor cases. From the types of accumulation, we may be able to differentiate the oral and maxillo-facial diseases to some extent. In addition, the intensity of accumulation of Tc-99 m MDP was measured by using bone to soft tissue ratio (4 hrB/St ratio). The mean 4 hrB/St ratio was higher in moth-eaten absorbed type than in permeated type of resorption in roentgenogram. However, we could not obtain a definitive conclusion because of too few cases. The mean 4 hrB/St ratio in the bone involvement by malignant tumor was higher than that in radicular cyst, and lower than that of diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis. Unfortunately, we could not differentiate each disease of the involved malignant tumor, ameloblastoma, or bone fracture by only the 4 hrB/St ratio. The Tc-99m MDP accumulated beyond the region where the radiolucencies exist in roentgenograms. We consider that both scintigraphies have a great role in planning surgical treatment, especially in selecting osteotomy.

間質性肺疾患の病態に関する研究

Gallium-67 citrate (67Ga) is known to accumulate in inflammatory areas. Though the exact mechanism of the transportation and localization of 67Ga citrate in foci of inflammaion is still obscure, 67Ga scintgraphy has been used clinically to evaluate patients with interstitial pneumonia with regard to disease activity and progression. Quantitative analysis using 67Ga scintigraphy has been attempted several times, but the results have been inadequate, even with computer analysis. In this study, the combination of 67Ga scintigraphy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was applied to patients with various types of interstitial pneumonia to estimate quantatively 67Ga accumlation in the lungs. The radio activity of BAL fluid and peripheral blood were measured directly, and the ratio of radioactivity of BAL fluid/peripheral blood was calculated for each of the patients. Radioactivity in the peripheral blood was contained mainly in the plasma. On the other hand, most radioactivity in BAL fluid was shown to be located in the cellular component. The cellular component of BAL fluid was separated by culture in plastic culture plates into adherent cells (macrophage-enriched fraction) and non-adherent cells (lymphocyte-enriched fraction). Comparison of radioactivity of each cell fraction proved that alveolar macrophages contained most of the 67Ga citrate in BAL fluid. Therefore, the high 67Ga uptake in scintigrams of patients with interstitial pneumonia represents the increased number or activated state of alveolar macrophages in the lungs. The direct measurement of 67Ga radioactivity in BAL fluid could be a useful method to analyze quantatively 67Ga scintigrams of interstitial pneumonia patients.

Images of Liposarcoma Using Technetium-99m Bleomycin and Technetium (V)-99m DMSA

The effectiveness of Tc-99m bleomycin (BLM) and Tc(V)-99m DMSA are compared with that of Ga-67 citrate, which is currently the most widely used agent. In four patients with lipomatous tumors, the clinical significance of tumor imaging with each of these three agents is discussed and compared. Results indicate that both Tc-99m BLM and Tc(V)-99m DMSA are superior in detecting the extension or localization of liposarcomas.

Subtraction of simultaneously acquired dual radionuclide images.

The physical aspects of a simultaneous dual radionuclide technique incorporating computer subtraction for the diagnosis of infection using 67Ga citrate and 99mTc methylene diphosphonate (MDP) or sulfur colloid are considered. The efficacy of the data acquisition protocol and the interpretation of the subtracted images are shown to depend significantly on fundamental imaging system parameters. Measurement of these parameters using simple phantoms and their role in elucidating the technique is detailed. Subtracted images produced by three variations of the basic method arising from different normalization algorithms in current usage are compared. Simple phantoms are again used in assessing the accuracy of each variation. Clinical results are reported elsewhere.