4P Framework Research Articles

Examining the Implementation of Digital Marketing Strategies through the 4P Framework at a Trading Enterprise in Subang Regency, West Java

The rapidly advancing technology, particularly in information and the internet, catalyzes transformations across diverse sectors and business scales, including micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The substantial contribution of MSMEs to national economic development and their rapid numerical growth underscores their capacity to enhance competitiveness via adaptation to change. PD. As an MSME, Mandiri is a peanut-based snack maker that employs digital marketing to adapt to technical advancements and shifts in consumer purchasing behavior and to address the challenge of diminishing sales. The study method employed a qualitative approach utilizing the 4P Model for analysis. Data collecting methodologies include observation, semi-structured interviews, and literature reviews. PD. Mandiri has a digital marketing approach based on the 4P framework: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion, utilizing social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook, as well as marketplaces like Shopee and Tokopedia—data indicating the utilization of digital marketing by MSMEs PD. Mandiri has witnessed a substantial rise in sales volume.

Research on the Impact of Social Media on Luxury Consumer Behavior

A luxury brand needs to decide based on its own positioning whether to retail only on its official website to maintain brand tonality, or to sell some or all of its products on aggregated platforms like Farfetch. We can analyze this from the perspective of "Place" within the 4P framework. In the past, people generally believed that they would not purchase expensive items online, preferring instead to enjoy personalized customer service and tactile shopping experiences in physical stores. However, this perception has shifted in recent years. While e-commerce only accounts for 4% of luxury sales, it represents just one aspect of digital opportunities. This paper depicted that brands need to weigh the pros and cons based on their own positioning, target consumers, and market strategies to choose the most suitable sales channel. Whether retailing only on the official website or selling on aggregated platforms, brands must ensure a quality shopping experience while maintaining their uniqueness and tonality.

Analysis of Laneige Marketing Communication Strategy on Tokopedia and Shopee

The current state of internet access has proven to have apparent beneficial impact across a wide range of sectors, particularly in the e-commerce scene. Laneige, a leading cosmetics brand, effectively employs the digital landscape to broaden its market reach via e-commerce sites such as, Tokopedia and Shopee. Through qualitative descriptive analysis, reveales that Laneige effectively develop its brand image and boost sales performance by systematically adapting marketing strategies to each platform's unique qualities. This strategic alignment is achieved by thorough execution of the 4P framework (Product, Price, Place, Promotion). The results show that through the Shopee platform, Laneige has leading sales numbers when compared to sales numbers on Tokopedia. On Shopee, Laneige targets consumers with attractive visuals, short videos that are informative, a comprehensive description in the description column, and competitive prices. In addition, the use of the "Shopee Mall" feature and strong promotions also add more value in contributing to their success in selling their products through this platform. Laneige's success through the Shopee platform shows the use of effective communication strategies in understanding the characteristics of the platform and its users. The right marketing method, supported by a good promotional strategy, is able to strengthen the brand image and sales success of Laneige products in the e-commerce market.

Global Research Productions Pertaining to Design for Safety: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on WoS Database

Design for Safety (DFS) is a crucial tool that assists humans in paying closer attention to safety and health in project life cycles of buildings and other facilities. Analyzing DFS through a bibliometric perspective can facilitate the development of new theories, promote disciplinary content, and reveal the direction of development in the subject area. This paper presents a systematic, holistic, and comprehensive overview of the global literature focused on DFS, summarizing the number of publications, research hotspots, research methods, and distribution. Scientific publications are a measure of academic level and scientific strength of institutions and individuals, and this article provides an overview of interdisciplinary research on DFS from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2020, based on literature related to DFS in the Web of Science database (WoS-database). The paper highlights current research hotspots, ideas, and trends around the world, offering a global overview of contemporary and interdisciplinary research in DFS. By utilizing both keyword clustering and co-citation clustering techniques, the paper proposes the 4P framework (i.e., purpose, people, procedures, and phenomena) to better understand current global achievements and to achieve a complex structure for future development. This concise description of DFS trends may provide a logical mechanism for assessing and understanding the development of DFS research.

Octahedral Creativity Framework

Abstract Currently, Rhodes’ 4p framework of creativity is the most widely accepted framework to understand creativity. In spite of this, there are many new theories focused on some facets of creativity that shape a fragmented puzzle with pieces that overlap and intertwine in a very complex way. The absence of an integrating framework adapted to the incursion of new theories prevents us from achieving that global vision of a finished puzzle, where each theory fits perfectly. The Octahedral Creativity Framework (OCF) fills this gap. It is built on Hermagoras´ framework of seven circumstances (who, in what way, what, where, when, why, and by what means) and 26 current frameworks and theories of creativity, including Rhodes’ 4P creativity framework (Person-who, Process-How, Product-what and Press-where/when). It is shaped as an octahedron, where the six main dimensions are placed on their vertices: Person, Product, Process, Environment, Motive, and Means. Factors derived from dimension interaction are located on its corresponding edges and faces. This research shows graphically how 26 of the main creativity frameworks and theories integrate their dimensions and factors in the OCF. The OCF provides a better understanding of the construct of creativity. This global integrative framework opens new research paths based on certain factors and their interaction with other close elements. The gain in knowledge also suggests pragmatic consequences in the lines of evaluating and teaching creativity not only to enhance economic development but to enhance our personal well-being.

Practitioners' and Policymakers' Successes, Challenges, Innovations, and Learning in Promoting Children's Well-being During COVID-19: Protocol for a Multinational Smartphone App Survey.

BackgroundThe advent of COVID-19 abruptly thrust the health and safety of children and families into greater risk around the world. As regional and local governments, nongovernmental organizations, communities, families, and children grapple with the immediate public health impact of COVID-19, the rights and well-being of children, especially those who are already marginalized, have been overlooked. Those working with children have likely encountered unprecedented challenges and responded in innovative ways in efforts to address the needs and rights of all children.ObjectiveThis paper presents a protocol for a large-scale, multinational study using a new smartphone app to capture the real-time experiences and perspectives of practitioners and policymakers supporting children and families during the COVID-19 pandemic around the globe in relation to a children’s human rights 4P framework of protection, provision, prevention, and participation.MethodsThis protocol describes a mixed methods survey utilizing a custom-built iOS and Android smartphone app called the COVID 4P Log for Children’s Wellbeing, which was developed in close consultation with 17 international key partner organizations. Practitioners and policymakers working with and for children’s well-being across 29 countries and 5 continents were invited to download the app and respond to questions over the course of 8 weeks. The anticipated large amount of qualitative and quantitative response data will be analyzed using content analysis, descriptive statistics, and word frequencies.ResultsFormal data collection took place from October 2020 until March 2021. Data analysis was completed in July 2021.ConclusionsThe findings will directly inform the understanding of the ways in which COVID-19 has impacted practitioners’, managers’, and policymakers’ efforts to support children’s well-being in their practices, services, and policies, respectively. Innovative and ambitious in its scope and use of smartphone technology, this project also aims to inform and inspire future multinational research using app-based methodologies—the demand for which is likely to continue to dramatically rise in the COVID-19 era. Mitigating the risks of longitudinal remote data collection will help maximize the acceptability of the app, respondents’ sustained engagement, and data quality.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/31013

Depressive disorders in Thai medical students: an exploratory study of institutional, cultural, and individual factors.

ObjectivesThis exploratory qualitative study conducted among Thai medical students aimed to investigate factors related to the development of medical students' depression and how these factors interact in contributing to depressive disorders. MethodsForty-three undergraduate medical students of the six-year Doctor of Medicine program were identified as having moderate to severe depression on an annual depression screening. From these, eighteen students agreed to participate in individual in-depth interviews. Transcriptions of the interviews were analyzed by independent reviewers using a thematic analysis approach. ResultsAmong 43 participants screened as having moderate-to-severe depression, major depressive disorder and adjustment disorder were 9.3% and 14.0%, respectively. Reported factors related to medical students' disorders were personal vulnerabilities, medical educational administration, academic achievement, learning environment, intrinsic motivation, self-care and self-management, relationship, and community. In particular, lack of social support and relationship problems were mentioned among those with more severe and persistent symptoms. Protective factors were social support, positive relationships, a growth mindset, spiritual and mindfulness practices, and an adequate mentoring program. ConclusionsMedical students' depression and suicidal ideations are significant concerns in Thai medical education. Besides personal vulnerabilities, high expectations, the value placed on academic achievement, and relationship problems can precipitate the onset of depressive disorders, if not being properly addressed. The 4P framework of predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective factors are suggested to understand the onset and development of students' depressive disorders and to identify targets for institutional and educational intervention.

COVID-19 infodemic on Chinese social media: A 4P framework, selective review and research directions

During the outbreak of the COVID-19 (2019 coronavirus disease), misinformation related to the virus spread rapidly online and have led to serious difficulties in controlling the disease. The term infodemic is coined to outline the bad effect from the extensive dissemination of misinformation during the outbreak. With regards to this phenomenon, the World Health Organization emphasized the need to fight against infodemic and asked all countries not only to make efforts in slowing down the spread of the COVID-19 but also in countering the risk caused by infodemic. Due to its negative impact, this paper analyzes infodemic on Chinese social media at the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak and presents a 4P framework standing for the four features of Chinese infodemic: Prevention Attention, Problem Orientation, Patterns Interaction and Points Globalization. Furthermore, a selective review of existing datasets in the neural networks domain is synthesized based on the 4P framework. Finally, research directions, including recommendations, about constructing a large-scale dataset for Chinese infodemic automatic detection are proposed.

"Leading with Intentionality: The 4P Framework for Strategic Leadership

The ability to exercise leadership effectively requires skills and capacities that must be developed; they are not innate. Leadership is rarely making one decision and sticking to it, or making a grand development happen with a touch. Mostly, leadership is non-heroic and involves painstaking work, paying attention, and being able to learn quickly and in real time.

Freedom, Trust, and Mobility: A Study in U.S. Autonomous Vehicle Regulatory Policy and Federalism

Over the next decade, autonomous vehicles (AVs) will become increasingly prevalent throughout the United States (U.S.), transforming the nation’s transportation landscape. However, there is no guarantee that the potential benefits offered by AVs will be fully realized or that AV providers will serve the public interest in addition to their bottom line. The Federal, State, and Local Governments in the U.S., for the most part, have not effectively prepared for the inevitable arrival of AVs. Therefore, when our team assessed the current AV regulatory environment, we identified under-regulation at the federal level, a mix of disconnected regulations at the state and municipal levels, and a set of diverse stakeholders across all levels of government who are uncertain of the path forward. To produce the greatest impact, we chose to focus our analysis on the municipal-level governance for several reasons. First, municipalities have been the driving force for innovation and experimentation in AV testing and pilots. Second, the real thought leadership on AV regulation has occurred mainly at the municipal level, as federal and state regulations have provided the base upon which municipal regulations are layered. Third, municipal governments have faced the highest amount of uncertainty and risk surrounding AV implementation. To arrive at a prioritized set of recommendations local governments and AV providers, we used a proprietary “4P Framework,” which assigns equal weighting and consideration to (1) People, (2) Profit, (3) Planet, and (4) Possibility. After a thorough evaluation of these criteria, we focused on six key recommendations: - 1. Implementing A Flexible Curb-use Model with Dynamic Pricing; - 2. Creating an AV Piloting Checklist; - 3. Appling Geofencing to Urban Core; - 4. Prohibiting Digita Redlining; - 5. Defining Clear Rules of Data Ownership, Use, and Retention; and - 6. Taxing Low-Occupancy/“Zombie” Cars. Although we arrive at a set of effective practices recommendations for municipalities to consider, the value of these series of articles is in guiding the development of AV regulation holistically rather than prescribing specific recommendations. As such, municipalities should use this report as a starting point and determine appropriate policies based on the context of their specific situation, adapting the effective practices to best align to their policy goals.

Cultural representation in English language textbooks: a comparison of textbooks used in mainland China and Hong Kong

ABSTRACT The English language curricula in Hong Kong and mainland China place emphasis on ‘culture learning’. This study seeks to examine cultural depictions in two series of primary English language textbooks published in mainland China and Hong Kong. The study adopted Kachru’s three-circle model and Moran’s 4P framework (referring to products, practices, perspectives and persons) to investigate the breadth and depth of cultural presentation. The findings indicate that both series encompass content on the local culture as well as on foreign cultures. While the mainland textbooks focus on British culture in the inner circle through the cultural aspects of products and persons, insufficient attention is paid to other foreign cultures and the cultural aspect of perspectives. In contrast, Hong Kong textbooks include a wider range of foreign cultures and a more balanced presentation of various cultural aspects. However, both series contain mainly static and congratulatory cultural topics, and neglect the underlying value orientations.

Purpose, processes, partnerships, and products: four Ps to advance participatory socio-environmental modeling.

Including stakeholders in environmental model building and analysis is an increasingly popular approach to understanding ecological change. This is because stakeholders often hold valuable knowledge about socio-environmental dynamics and collaborative forms of modeling produce important boundary objects used to collectively reason about environmental problems. Although the number of participatory modeling (PM) case studies and the number of researchers adopting these approaches has grown in recent years, the lack of standardized reporting and limited reproducibility have prevented PM's establishment and advancement as a cohesive field of study. We suggest a four-dimensional framework (4P) that includes reporting on dimensions of (1) the Purpose for selecting a PM approach (the why); (2) the Process by which the public was involved in model building or evaluation (the how); (3) the Partnerships formed (the who); and (4) the Products that resulted from these efforts (the what). We highlight four case studies that use common PM software-based approaches (fuzzy cognitive mapping, agent-based modeling, system dynamics, and participatory geospatial modeling) to understand human-environment interactions and the consequences of ecological changes, including bushmeat hunting in Tanzania and Cameroon, agricultural production and deforestation in Zambia, and groundwater management in India. We demonstrate how standardizing communication about PM case studies can lead to innovation and new insights about model-based reasoning in support of ecological policy development. We suggest that our 4P framework and reporting approach provides a way for new hypotheses to be identified and tested in the growing field of PM.

5<sup>th</sup> - 7<sup>th</sup> Grade Girls’ Conceptions of Creativity: Implications for STEAM Education

Creativity is at the heart of both art and science, yet art is commonly viewed as more creative than science. A STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art, and math) approach to education has the potential to increase understandings about creative practices and dispositions that are common to both fields. In this paper, we examine how 5th - 7th grade girls attending a summer STEAM academy viewed creativity in both art and science. We draw on existing concepts of creativity, with a focus on the 4P framework (person, press, process, product) (Rhodes, 1961), to frame and explain similarities and differences in the girls’ notions of creativity. We found a number of similarities in views about creativity in art and science, as well as some important differences: Girls view creativity as it relates to art as associated with the person, while they more often view creativity as it relates to science as associated with specific practices or processes. Further, the girls viewed art, and creativity in art, as essentially an unstructured enterprise with no rules. We discuss the implications for STEAM instruction that can help support the development of authentic views of creativity in art and science, which in turn may foster interest and engagement with both fields.

Developing public private people partnership (4P) for post disaster infrastructure procurement

Purpose – The paper aims to integrate relevant “people” into public-private partnerships (PPP) to establish a public–private–people partnership (4P) approach that targets more sustainable and better value for money post-disaster infrastructure projects. This recognises “people” as major stakeholders apart from the public and private sectors. This paper also draws on a parallel study of relationship management (RM) to counteract problems arising from multiple participants and to synergise the public, private and “people” groupings. Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews, questionnaire surveys, a case study and a validation exercise through a focus group meeting were adopted to obtain empirical data and develop the 4P framework. Triangulation research strategy combining literature review, interviews and questionnaire survey were adopted in the parallel study of RM. Findings – It is concluded that 4P has great potential to achieve the targets of enhanced sustainability and value of money in post-disaster scenarios. In addition, “people” can provide the “missing link” in traditional PPP to further cement the partnership and achieve effective and integrated partnership between multiple participants. Originality/value – This paper adds a new dimension to PPP in proposing the integration of “people” into PPP to address prevalent gaps in identifying overall sustainable value. It also develops a practical 4P framework to guide practitioners who may wish to test it, to whatever extent possible. In parallel, it provides a methodological and theoretical foundation for such public, private and people partnerships in post-disaster infrastructure development.

A Case Study of Bt Cotton in India: The PLC Framework

This paper aimed to track the marketing journey of GM (genetically modified) cotton in India. It used the basic concepts like PLC (product life cycle) and 4P's framework from the marketing theory to make interpretations. The article underwrote the marketing theory by unifying the theoretical concepts with practicality. The scene was set against the backdrop of India which enhances its significance. The paper revealed that many marketing strategies were used for the introduction as well as penetration of GM cotton in our country. It drew a clear picture of various marketing tactics used by the technology promoters of the product to steer ahead on the path of growth. It also pointed out the legal and procedural irregularities present in the approval system for the new entrants. It further emphasized the fact that GM cotton in India has sailed through many ups and downs in its journey. The marketing strategies adopted were a mix of traditional as well as innovative approaches. The thin line difference between being ethical and unethical also got blurred in some instances.

25 Years of Aid Allocation Practice: Whither Selectivity?

The 4P framework (Poverty, Population, Policy, and Proximity) is introduced as a way of understanding a donor’s aid allocation. We use the two-part model and examine the period 1982–2006. The results indicate that recent conclusions of increasing selectivity are misplaced for the seven major donors analyzed, who together represent the majority of development aid. Indeed, the effect of each of the commonly mentioned time-trends (selectivity, the end of the Cold War, and the commencement of the Global War on Terror) is much smaller than the role of donor heterogeneity, which appears sizeable and entrenched.

PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PEOPLE PARTNERSHIP AS A WAY TO REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

This paper examines the possibility of Public‐Private‐People partnership (4P) model as a way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from residential developments. The case project focuses on the energy system design as a part of urban planning. Based on the case experiences, the paper presents a 4P framework for low‐carbon residential development systems. The theoretical model was tested in one specific case project, Nupurinkartano. The major findings were that the 4P framework is a relevant tool for decreasing carbon emissions when planning a new development; the applied solution delivered an energy system design that could reduce the CO2 emissions of the development by 75%. Based on literature this paper suggests that a new development should be viewed as one system instead of several different subsystems. The paper concludes by suggesting that 4P offers an alternative approach for urban planning, specifically energy system planning, and it can deliver significant improvements in carbon efficiency. Santruka Šiame darbe nagrinejama galimybe viešojo ir privataus sektoriu bei žmoniu partnerystes (angl. Public‐Pri‐vate‐People Partnership ‐ 4P) modeli taikyti kaip būda mažinti anglies dvideginio emisijas gyvenamuosiuose rajonuose. Pasirinktame projekte daugiausia demesio skiriama energetikos sistemos projektavimui, kuris yra miestu planavimo dalis. Remiantis atvejo patirtimi, darbe pristatoma 4P struktūra, skirta mažai anglies dvideginio išmetančioms gyvenamuju rajonu sistemoms. Teorinis modelis išmegintas pasirinkus konkretu projekta Nupurinkartano rajone. Padaryta išvada, kad, planuojant nauja rajona, 4P struktūra — tinkama priemone mažinti anglies dvideginio emisijas. Pritaikius ši sprendima buvo parengtas energetikos sistemos projektas, CO2 emisijas rajone galintis sumažinti 75 proc. Remiantis literatūros šaltiniais šiame darbe teigiama, kad nauja rajona reiketu traktuoti kaip viena sistema, o ne kelis skirtingus posistemius. Darbas baigiamas teigiant, kad 4P — tai alternatyvus miestu, ypač energetikos sistemu, planavimo būdas, galintis suteikti galimybiu veiksmingai mažinti anglies dvideginio emisijas.