4C Framework Research Articles

CARES Model for Supporting Computing Education and 4C Framework for Teaching in Hybrid Classrooms

CARES Model for Supporting Computing Education and 4C Framework for Teaching in Hybrid Classrooms

The 4C framework: Towards a holistic understanding of consumer engagement with augmented reality

Augmented Reality (AR) is an emerging concept that impacts many disciplines, such as business, marketing, tourism, gaming, human–computer interaction, and manufacturing. Surprisingly, many scholarly and practical discussions overlook the fundamental primary factors that distinguish AR from other concepts, namely, that it involves a computing device that integrates virtual content into a consumer's perception of the real world in a specific context. The current article addresses this gap in the literature by proposing the 4C framework (based on the 4Cs: consumer, content, context, and computing device; pronounced: foresee) that highlights the importance of, and interplay among these four factors. Building on configurational theory, the framework calls for the systematic identification of additional AR-relevant factors across the 4Cs. Scholars can use this framework to systematically identify research gaps and variables of interest. Practitioners across various disciplines can employ the framework to systematically assess, communicate, and develop AR use cases.

Lessons learned from pandemic response to COVID-19 in Bangladesh: NGO-based emergency response framework for low- and middle-income countries

BackgroundResponse to COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh was led by the Government of Bangladesh aided by Non-Government Organisations (NGO) among others. The aim of the study was to explore the activities of such an NGO to understand the philosophy, aspiration and strategy to plan and implement an effective response to COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.MethodsA case study of a Bangladeshi NGO called SAJIDA Foundation (SF) is presented. From September to November 2021, using document review, field observation and in-depth interviews, four aspects of their COVID-19 pandemic related activities was explored – a) why and how SF initiated their COVID response; b) what adaptations were made to their usual programmes; c) how SF’s response to COVID-19 were designed and what were the anticipated challenges including overcoming measures; and d) perception of the staff about SF’s activities related to COVID-19. Fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted with three groups of SF staff: frontliners, managers and leaders.ResultThe impact of COVID-19 has been beyond health emergencies and posed multidimensional challenges. SF took a two-pronged approach – aid the government to respond to the emergency and adopt an all-inclusive plan to address diverse challenges related to overall well-being of the population. The underlying strategy of their response has been to: define the challenge of COVID-19 and identify required expertise and resources, ensure people’s health and social wellbeing, adjust existing organisational processes, ensure functional partnership with other organisations for effective resource and task sharing, and safeguard health and wellbeing of the organisation’s own employees.ConclusionThe findings suggest a ‘4C framework’ including four components as the basis of a comprehensive response to emergencies by NGOs: 1. Capability assessment to identify who are in need and what is needed; 2. Collaboration with stakeholders to pool resources and expertise; 3. Compassionate leadership to ensure health and social safety of the employees which ensures their dedication in managing the emergency; and 4. Communication for quick and effective decision making, decentralisation, monitoring and coordination. It is expected that this ‘4C framework’ can help NGOs to embark on a comprehensive response to manage emergencies in resource constrained low- and middle-income countries.

Clil Approach to The Students' Foreign- Language Communication Skills: Teacher's Perception

This study aimed to describe teachers’ perceptions of using CLIL to improve students’ communication skills in foreign languages without knowing the material elementary school students are taught. This research is motivated by the main problem of the low foreign language ability of students in elementary schools who apply bilingual learning. This situation makes it difficult for students to understand the material taught by the teacher in bilingual education. According to Coyle et al. (2010), CLIL is an approach with a dual focus between content and language with a 4C framework consisting of Content, Cognition, Communication, and Culture; This research includes descriptive qualitative research with interview data collection techniques, document studies, and field notes. The participants in this study consisted of 2 teachers who taught Cambridge Science and Mathematics subjects in grade 4 of SD Lazuardi Kamila GCS. For the application of CLIL in the classroom, teachers use peer learning methods to motivate students to learn foreign languages. Teachers have a perception that CLIL influences the process of learning English communication skills in students. The situation is supported by teachers’ creativity in applying 4C and teaching methods that follow the needs of students as peer learning methods.
 Keywords: CLIL, Communication, Perception, Teacher

Blockchain Companies in Marketing Communication: The Study on 4C Framework of Strategic Marketing Analysis

This paper aim to introduce 4C framework of strategic marketing to analyze how blockchain companies are working in marketing communication and advertising. The 4C framework of strategic marketing includes: customer, cost to the customer, convenience and communication. Based on our study, we would be able to have the conclusion that using the blockchain technology in business marketing would be able to build and maintain good relations with customers through customer loyalty plans and reward plans. Blockchain technology could also lower the cost of the product and service, hence lower the cost to the customer eventually. Using blockchain technology is more convenient since the blockchain technology could build more connection between different brands and companies. Both internal and external communication will be increased since blockchain technology does not need support from intermediate agents. Blockchain technology also could make communication more effective and efficient.

Parental attitudes in the pediatric emergency department about the COVID-19 vaccine

BackgroundCOVID-19 vaccinations are now recommended in the United States (U.S.) for children ≥ 6 months old. However, pediatric vaccination rates remain low, particularly in the Hispanic/Latinx population. ObjectiveUsing the 4C vaccine hesitancy framework (calculation, complacency, confidence, convenience), we examined parental attitudes in the emergency department (ED) towards COVID-19 vaccination, identified dimensions of parental vaccine hesitancy, and assessed parental willingness to have their child receive the COVID-19 vaccine. MethodsAs part of a larger multi-methods study examining influenza vaccine hesitancy, we conducted interviews that included questions about COVID-19 vaccine authorization for children. We used directed content analysis to extract qualitative themes from 3 groups of parents in the ED: Hispanic/Latinx Spanish speaking (HS), Hispanic/Latinx English speaking (HE), non-Hispanic/non-Latinx White English speaking (WE). Themes were triangulated with the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) survey, where higher scores indicate increased vaccine hesitancy. ResultsFactors influencing vaccine hesitancy were mapped to the 4C framework from 58 sets of interviews and PACVs. HE and HS parents, compared to WE parents, had less knowledge about COVID-19 and its vaccine, and more beliefs in COVID-19 vaccine myths. However, both HS and HE parent groups were more inclined to endorse COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness as a reason to have their children vaccinated. HS parents felt that COVID-19 increased their fear of illnesses in general and were worried about confusing COVID-19 with other infections. Median PACV scores of HS (Mdn = 20) and HE (Mdn = 20) parent groups were higher than of WE parents (Mdn = 10), but parental willingness to have their child receive COVID-19 vaccination was similar across groups. ConclusionsHigher COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among HS and HE parents compared to WE parents may be attributed to insufficient knowledge about COVID-19, its vaccine, along with COVID-19 vaccine myths. Efforts to provide targeted vaccine education to different populations is warranted.

How Anheuser-Busch InBev is tackling the top challenges of Category Management for modern offline retail channel

In this paper we present a practical approach that AB InBev’s Global Capabilities Centre (“GCC or ABI or Ab InBev”) has developed to solve the challenges of Category Management for Retailers. The approach brings technical rigor from the areas of data science, econometrics, and measurement methodologies very close to business context. This has allowed us to create a solution which is highly contextual and relatable to our business stakeholders. The strength of the presented solution lies in it being a semi-automated framework that allows a wide array of disparate data to be modelled and captures the nuances of different markets - such as socio-demographic profiles, consumption behaviours, local preferences towards beer styles. We also present the ABI created 4C framework to arrive at the optimal assortment recommendation for a Retailer.

Non-Dyadic Interaction: A Literature Review of 15 Years of Human-Robot Interaction Conference Publications

Going beyond dyadic (one-to-one) interaction has been increasingly explored in HRI. Yet we lack a comprehensive view on non-dyadic interaction research in HRI. To map out 15 years of works investigating non-dyadic interaction, and thereby identifying the trend of the field and future research areas, we performed a literature review containing all 164 publications (2006-2020) from the HRI conference investigating non-dyadic interaction. Our approach is inspired by the 4C framework, an interaction framework focusing on understanding and categorising different types of interaction between humans and digital artefacts. The 4C framework consists of eight interaction principles for multi-user/multi-artefact interaction categorised into four broader themes. We modified the 4C framework to increase applicability and relevance in the context of non-dyadic human-robot interaction. We identify an increasing tendency towards non-dyadic research (36% in 2020), as well as a focus on simultaneous studies (85% from 2006-2020) over sequential. We also articulate seven interaction principles utilised in non-dyadic HRI and provide specific examples. Last, based on our findings, we discuss several salient points of non-dyadic HRI, the applicability of the modified 4C framework to HRI and potential future topics of interest as well as open-questions for non-dyadic research.

4C: A Computation, Communication, and Control Co-Design Framework for CAVs

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) are promising due to their potential safety and efficiency benefits, and have attracted massive investment and interest from government agencies, industry, and academia. With more computing and communication resources available, both vehicles and edge servers are equipped with a set of cam-era-based vision sensors, also known as Visual IoT (VIoT) techniques, for sensing and perception. Tremendous efforts have been made to achieve programmable communication, computation, and control. However, they are conducted mainly in silo mode, limiting the responsiveness and efficiency of handling challenging scenarios in the real world. To improve the end-to-end performance, we envision that future CAVs require co-design of communication, computation, and control. This article presents our vision of the end-to-end design principle for CAVs, called 4C, which extends the VIoT system by providing a unified communication, computation, and control co-design framework. With programmable communications, fine-grained heterogeneous computation, and efficient vehicle controls in 4C, CAVs can handle critical scenarios and achieve energy-efficient autonomous driving. Finally, we present several challenges to achieving the vision of the 4C framework.

Evaluating Key Factors of Container Shipping Lines from the Perspective of High-tech Industry Shippers

Because of the changes in customers' needs and demands created by the development of container transport in the 1960s, the global container transport business has become increasingly competitive. With the high-tech industry ranged with one of the few competitive industries in Taiwan from 2002, container shipping lines have been forced to implement innovative operating patterns to meet the evolving demands of the high-tech industry shippers. This study conducts a survey questionnaire of domestic high-tech industry shippers to explore the different factors affecting their selection of container shipping lines, evaluating the key influencing factors by maritime marketing's 4C framework: customer needs, customer costs, customer communication, and customer convenience. It aims to detect the appropriateness of key influencing factors and the correlation between them for high-tech industry shippers selecting container shipping lines by the Fuzzy Delphi Method and the Revised Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (the Revised DEMATEL). The conclusions indicates management implications and recommendations for container shipping lines to develop future operating strategies.

Sustainable Mobility through Safer Roads: Translating Road Safety Strategy into Local Context in Western Australia

Road safety is an ongoing challenge to sustainable mobility and transportation. The target set by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) suggests reframing the issue with a broader outlook and pragmatic system. Unlike previous road safety strategies and models that favour engineering solutions and legal instruments, there is an increasing need to consider local context and complexities. While such principles have been increasingly featured in higher-level policy frameworks in national or state-level strategies (e.g., Safe System or Vision Zero approach), an effort to translate them into implementable actions for local development areas is absent. To address this gap, this study aims to develop a conceptual framework to examine the nature and extent to which statewide principles are translated into local government policies. We outline a 4C Framework (consisting of clarity, capability, changing context, and community engagement) to evaluate local policy integration in Perth, Western Australia. A five-point indicative scale is applied to evaluate the selected policy instruments against this framework. The results show that only a little over a quarter (27%) demonstrated a highly satisfactory performance in capturing higher-level policy objectives. The low-scoring councils failed to demonstrate the ability to consider future changes and inclusive road design. Councils along the periphery having new residential development showed comparatively greater success in translating overarching strategies. Regional cooperation has been very effective in enabling local agencies to adopt a more sustainable pathway to road safety measures. The criteria proposed within the framework will play a pivotal role in effective policy integration and to achieve more context-sensitive outcomes that are beyond the scope of modern road safety strategies.

Exploring regional innovation ecosystems: an empirical study in China

ABSTRACT This paper explores the regional innovation ecosystem (RIE) in an effort to fully understand its static and dynamic nature. We investigate how organisations coevolve within an ecosystem and how it affects their ecosystems. Based on a longitudinal, qualitative in-depth case study analysis of the three most representative Chinese RIEs, we empirically explore and validate a 4C framework. The framework includes construct, cooperation, configuration and capability and offers insights into 1) a better redistribution of roles and coordination of ecosystem resources, 2) delivering a better understanding of the dynamic and co-evolution nature of ecosystem development and 3) inspiring the practitioners to further explore their complementary partners. The key findings suggest importance of within- and inter-RIE complementarity-based collaboration, which – with appropriate and well-informed governmental support – can significantly boost the national innovation system.

The participatory dimension of teachers’ self-regulated professional learning about learning design: beliefs versus behaviours

ABSTRACT This study reports the outcomes of a survey investigating the beliefs and self-reported behaviours of a sample of 238 in-service school teachers in Italy and Spain concerning their self-regulated professional learning about the design of learning interventions, an activity generally referred to as Learning Design (LD). The study adopts the lens of the 4C Framework for Self-Regulated Professional Learning, which distinguishes between Consume, Create, Connect and Contribute behaviours. The results indicate that all four Cs are deemed important by respondents, but there are statistically significant differences between perceived importance and behaviours, especially for the two Cs that can be termed ‘altruistic’ (Connect and Contribute). As for the ‘individualistic’ behaviours (Consume and Create), the gap between perceived importance and practice is narrower, especially for Create. The main conclusion is that, at least in the teaching populations of the two countries involved, the participatory culture of LD is far from being a reality, despite being strongly advocated in the literature. To this end, the authors believe that to achieve truly collaborative professionalism, responsive actions should be directed especially towards removing motivational and emotional barriers hindering ‘altruistic’ behaviours.

Investigating the influence of relativistic effects on absorption spectra for platinum complexes with light-activated activity against cancer cells.

We report the first systematic investigation of relativistic effects on the UV-vis spectra of two prototype complexes for so-called photo-activated chemotherapy (PACT), trans-trans-trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)2] and cis-trans-cis-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)2]. In PACT, design of new drugs requires in-depth understanding of the photo-activation mechanisms. A first step is usually to rationalize their UV-vis spectra for which time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is an indispensable tool. We carried out TD-DFT calculations with a systematic series of non-relativistic (NR), scalar-relativistic (SR), and four-component (4c) Hamiltonians. As expected, large differences are found between spectra calculated within 4c and NR frameworks, while the most intense features (found at higher energies below 300 nm) can be reasonably well reproduced within a SR framework. It is also shown that effective core potentials (ECPs) yield essentially similar results as all-electron SR calculations. Yet the underlying transitions can be strongly influenced by spin-orbit coupling, which is only present in the 4c framework: while this can affect both intense and less intense transitions in the spectra, the effect is most pronounced for weaker transitions at lower energies, above 300 nm. Since the investigated complexes are activated with light of wavelengths above 300 nm, employing a method with explicit inclusion of spin-orbit coupling may be crucial to rationalize the activation mechanism.

The Development of Competitive Advantage Global Model of PT Tiphone Mobile Indonesia, Tbk: Case Study Using 4C Framework

This paper discusses about the application of global competitive advantage with the 4C's Framework model (Hao Ma, 2004) that consists of Creation, Competition, Cooperation and Co-option variables.The research method used is case study that aims to present information in a structured, factual, and accurate way about the object that is under study. This study also uses SWOT Analysis method to identify strategic strengths and weaknesses as well as threats and opportunities facing the company. The results of the analysis are outlined in IFAS and EFAS analysis.The result of the research shows that the source of global competitive advantage of PT Tiphone Mobile Indonesia, Tbk. First, the Creation and Innovation variables are new product / market, effective organizational structure, organizational learning, superior corporate culture and creative human resource practice. Second, the Competition variables are timing and positioning, direct attack, flanking attack, and concentration. Third, the Cooperation variables are setting foothold, pooling resources, learning from partners, building alliances, weighing options. Fourth, the Co-option variables are enticiting the third party and co-opting customer. The application of these four variables produces a global competitive advantage variable that is divided into three types, namely ownership based, access based, and proficiency based.The research provides a managerial impact to the company that is under study, namely the implementation of 4C’s Framework model so the company has the advantage of competing globally. The Company achieves global competitive advantage based on ownership-based, access-based, and proficiency-based through the implementation of Creation and Innovation, Competition, Cooperation, and Co-option. Keywords: 4c’s framework, EFAS, IFAS, global competitive advantage, SWOT analysis.

Development Global Competitive Advantage at PT Tiphone Mobile Indonesia, Tbk Case Study using 4C’s Framework Model

This paper discusses about the application of global competitive advantage with the 4C's Framework model (Hao Ma, 2004) that consists of Creation, Competition, Cooperation and Co-option variables in PT Tiphone Mobile Indonesia, Tbk.. The research method used is case study and SWOT Analysis method. The research provides a managerial impact to the company that is under study, namely the implementation of 4C’s Framework model so the company has the advantage of competing globally. The Company achieves global competitive advantage based on ownership-based, access-based, and proficiency-based through the implementation of Creation and Innovation, Competition, Cooperation, and Co-option.

The 4C framework for making reasonable adjustments for people with learning disabilities.

Background People with learning disabilities experience significant inequalities in accessing healthcare. Legal frameworks, such as the Equality Act 2010, are intended to reduce such disparities in care, and require organisations to make 'reasonable adjustments' for people with disabilities, including learning disabilities. However, reasonable adjustments are often not clearly defined or adequately implemented in clinical practice. Aim To examine and synthesise the challenges in caring for people with learning disabilities to develop a framework for making reasonable adjustments for people with learning disabilities in hospital. This framework would assist ward staff in identifying and managing the challenges of delivering person-centred, safe and effective healthcare to people with learning disabilities in this setting. Method Fourth-generation evaluation, collaborative thematic analysis, reflection and a secondary analysis were used to develop a framework for making reasonable adjustments in the hospital setting. The authors attended ward manager and matron group meetings to collect their claims, concerns and issues, then conducted a collaborative thematic analysis with the group members to identify the main themes. Findings Four main themes were identified from the ward manager and matron group meetings: communication, choice-making, collaboration and coordination. These were used to develop the 4C framework for making reasonable adjustments for people with learning disabilities in hospital. Discussion The 4C framework has provided a basis for delivering person-centred care for people with learning disabilities. It has been used to inform training needs analyses, develop audit tools to review delivery of care that is adjusted appropriately to the individual patient; and to develop competencies for learning disability champions. The most significant benefit of the 4C framework has been in helping to evaluate and resolve practice-based scenarios. Conclusion Use of the 4C framework may enhance the care of people with learning disabilities in hospital, by enabling reasonable adjustments to be made in these settings.

Putting Students First: How Colleges Develop Students Purposefully (review)

Putting Students First: How Colleges Develop Students Purposefully, by Larry A. Braskamp, Lois Calian Trautvetter, and Kelly Ward. Bolton, MA: Anker, 2006. ISBN 1882982940. To think holistically means to attend to the whole person by addressing issues affecting the mind, the body, and the spirit. While colleges and universities have always provided a great deal of attention to the mind and most now operate recreation and health facilities to attend to the needs of the body, the spirit often receives little or no attention on campus. In Putting Students First: How Colleges Develop Students Purposefully, Larry Braskamp, Lois Calian Trautvetter, and Kelly Ward explore the idea of holistic student development. Throughout the book, the authors use holistic student development to refer to the ways that institutions help students learn more about who they are, what they want to do, and who they want to become. Essentially, holistic student development attends to the mind, the body, and the spirit. In defining and illustrating the concept of holistic student development, the book presents data and analysis of 10 private, four-year, church-related colleges in the United States. The authors contend that each of the institutions studied operates from a student-centered perspective that includes attending to their intellectual, physical, and spiritual needs. The authors use what they call the 4C framework--culture, curriculum, cocurriculum, and community--to analyze and describe how colleges can become and remain holistic and student-centered. The book contains seven chapters. The first chapter explains the rationale for the study, explicates why colleges need to be student-centered, and defines holistic student development as the authors use the term throughout the book. The second chapter discusses the theoretical foundation for the authors' concept of holistic student development, the project design, and brief descriptions of the institutions in the study. Each of the next four chapters explores one of the 4Cs established by the authors. The book concludes with an overview of the study results, a discussion of the elements most important in establishing an environment that supports and fosters holistic student development, and questions and suggestions for institutions looking to become more student-centered. The authors' exploration of the 4C framework begins with culture in chapter 3. Within the 4C framework, culture serves as a direct link between the mission and vision of an institution and the activities used to maintain, communicate, and promote these ideals. Culture also includes campus facilities, institution faculty, and the impact each has on its definition and implementation. Believing that the colleges in the study have successfully sustained and brought new faculty and students into their institutional culture, the authors suggest that a successful campus culture fosters holistic student development by providing students with academic and intellectual challenges within an environment that supports and remains connected to students as they endure these challenges. Working from different perspectives, the culture succeeds because all stakeholders promote and perpetuate the same ideals about the institution, which helps to support holistic student development by offering students a common message that reverberates throughout the entire campus. Curriculum is the second of the 4Cs and includes the academic knowledge as well as the skills and attitudes that institutions expect students to learn. Curriculum helps to communicate campus culture to students by overtly challenging them to expand their intellects while covertly illustrating the hidden curriculum, the unwritten rules that structure college life and enable students to achieve academic success (Smith, 2004). The authors argue that curriculum, beyond course content, also includes learning and knowledge related to the structure of the world, the nature of life, and the definition of self. …