Application of 3D printing for beetroot by-product valorization in gluten-free bread: Effects of leavening agent and geometry on printability

Impact of 3D food printing techniques on waste reduction and personalized nutrition in the digital age: A review

3D-printed alginate-based biocatalysts enable efficient myrosinase immobilization for sulforaphane production

Complete edentulism affects oral function and requires prosthetic rehabilitation. Denture accuracy depends on fabrication technique. While digital additive manufacturing offers advantages, evidence on 3D-printed versus conventional dentures is conflicting, and no study compares the manufacturing accuracy of pack-and-press, pour, and 3D printing together. Sixty denture bases were fabricated (n = 15 per group) using a standardized reference cast. The experimental groups included: 3D printed dentures printed at 0° (DP-0), 3D printed dentures printed at 45° (DP-45), dentures made using the pack and press technique (PP), and dentures fabricated via the pouring technique (PO). All intaglio surfaces were scanned and compared to the reference model using 3D metrology software, measuring Root Mean Square (RMS) values across five anatomical regions. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. The 3D printed group at 45° showed the highest overall accuracy, with significantly lower RMS trueness and RMS precision values compared to PP and PO techniques (p < 0.05.) The PP and PO methods exhibited greater deviation at the borders compared to DP techniques (p < 0.0001), while the PO technique showed improved trueness over PP (p < 0.01). The ridge area consistently showed the lowest RMS values across all techniques. Manufacturing technique and printing orientation significantly influence denture base accuracy. Among the tested methods, 3D printing at a 45° angle yielded the most accurate results. Future studies should explore intraoral factors and optimized post processing strategies to further validate these findings.

The literature lacks a comprehensive evaluation of 3D printing in restorative dentistry, particularly regarding its cost-efficiency, material waste, production time, and environmental impact compared to traditional methods. This scoping review aims to systematically map current literature on the economic, environmental aspects, and clinical outcomes of traditional manufacturing compared to additive 3D printing methods for dental prosthesis materials. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a literature search was conducted in March 2025 across PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Studies investigating the costs of materials, labor, equipment, and production times of milled, pressed techniques, and 3D printing for crowns, bridges, and dentures were included. Data were independently extracted and analyzed, emphasizing cost-effectiveness, material waste, environmental impact, and clinical outcomes. Out of 185 identified studies, 9 met the inclusion criteria, comprising in vitro, clinical trials, retrospective clinical studies, and comparative economic analyses. Evidence suggests that 3D printing exhibits lower material costs, lower initial investments, and less waste compared to the milling manufacturing method. While milling provides higher accuracy and faster production for single-unit restorations, 3D printing demonstrates superior cost-effectiveness, especially in high-volume scenarios, with notable reductions in material waste and environmental impact. Clinical performance between methods appears comparable in terms of patient satisfaction, retention, and performance, though milling achieves marginally higher precision. Furthermore, willingness to pay analysis favors milled prosthesis when it comes to patient preferences. Despite milling being favored for cases demanding high precision and mechanical strength, 3D printing is advantageous for cost-efficiency and sustainability, particularly for large-scale or provisional restorations.

Exploiting its exceptional structural tunability and digital manufacturing capability, 3D printing emerges as a transformative technique for the rational design and scalable fabrication of catalytic electrodes tailored for advanced electrochemical energy systems. In this study, hierarchically porous, self-supporting carbon electrodes were fabricated via 3D printing technique in combination with the sequential conformal carbonization. An optimized polymerizable ionic liquid-based ink was employed to produce a 3D printed polymer gel, which was subsequently functionalized with B-containing species. The as-prepared gel was then pyrolyzed to yield B/N-co-doped carbon electrodes with a high surface area possessing micropores, mesopores and macropores. The metal-free cathode demonstrated good performance in electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction, producing syngas with tunable H 2 /CO ratios ranging from 0.37 to 2.6, thereby catering to diverse application requirements. This study naturally integrates 3D printing with ionic-liquid chemistry to fabricate customizable metal-free carbon electrodes for efficient CO 2 -to-syngas conversion, offering a Power-to-X route to store intermittent renewable electricity as chemical energy and to deliver tunable H 2 /CO syngas suitable for downstream fuel and chemical synthesis. • Self-supporting carbon electrode for CO 2 RR is developed by 3D printing. • 3D printing is based on photopolymerization using ionic liquid-based ink. • The hierarchically porous 3Dp-H-BNC has a high S BET of 842 m 2 g -1 . • Composition of as-produced syngas can vary from 0.4 to 2.6 (H 2 / CO).

This paper explores the impact of 3D printing (3DP), a technology popularly described as being able to “produce (almost) anything from anywhere”, on the spatial organization of production. Although some scholars have theorized that 3DP may affect the location of manufacturing, empirical evidence on its implications for the spatial footprint of production activities remains limited. This study investigates how 3DP adoption, together with pre-existing local capabilities, is associated with the export performance of countries in terms of 3D-printable products. Using trade data and exploiting a recent change in the Harmonized System classification, we identify 3DP adopting countries and analyze the relationship between 3DP adoption, pre-existing specializations and export outcomes. Our findings suggest that countries not previously specialized in a product but that adopted 3DP technologies tend to catch up with, and in some cases overtake, previously specialized countries, a result compatible with the idea of a shifting geography of production. We further examine the heterogeneity across product types and levels of complexity. This paper contributes to the literature by conceptually framing the spatial implications of 3DP, leveraging a novel empirical approach to capture 3DP adoption, and providing new empirical insights on the relation between 3DP and export performance. • We analyze how 3D printing is associated with changes in the global geography of production. • This paper proposes a new approach to capture 3D printing adoption using trade data. • We find that adopting countries tend to catch up with previously specialized countries. • 3D printing's spatial impacts vary across industries and product complexity levels.

Continuous 3D printing of medicines via a directly coupled twin-screw hot-melt extrusion printing system.

3D printing integrated trapezoidal spiral chip coupled with ICP-MS for single-cells analysis.

Lyophilized L-PRF enhances the bioactivity and rheological properties of 3D-printed and bioprinted scaffolds containing Dental pulp stem cells.

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) are materials in which ceramics are reinforced with fibers or other materials, providing enhanced functionalities, such as damage tolerance, in addition to their inherent heat resistance. This study investigates a manufacturing method for continuous alumina-mullite fiber-reinforced alumina CMCs using a commercial Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printer, demonstrating a flexible and practical route for continuous fiber-reinforced CMC fabrication. The process utilizes a pre-impregnated filament, which serves as the fundamental component for depositing both the ceramic matrix and continuous reinforcement. The 3D printing filament was fabricated by melting a mixture of alumina, serving as the matrix material, and a thermoplastic resin to impregnate the alumina-mullite mixed fibers. Filaments with a diameter of 0.4 mm exhibited fewer cracks compared to those with a diameter of 0.6 mm. Moreover, a filament with fewer voids was produced when the heating temperature during impregnation was 230 °C. Using the fabricated filament, simple three-layered rectangular test specimens, with a length of 110 mm and a width of 10 mm, were successfully printed. A tensile strength of approximately 250 MPa was achieved along the fiber direction. The observed fracture behavior indicates that improving the interlaminar strength would likely further enhance the tensile strength. The impact of this research is introducing a new manufacturing method that will expand the design freedom and accessibility of complex-shaped CMCs. This pioneering achievement provides a foundational baseline for researchers and engineers to transition 3D printed continuous fiber-reinforced CMCs from laboratory-scale prototypes to structural components.

Fractures strongly influence fluid flow and shear behavior in rock masses. However, direct testing on natural rock fractures is limited by scale, repeatability, and difficulties in controlling fracture geometry, particularly under dislocation. This study examined the effects of fracture dislocation on physical aperture, roughness, and fluid flow in a single induced tensile fracture of Kuru granite. Furthermore, it combined high-resolution photogrammetry and 3D printing to evaluate the feasibility of using fracture replicas for fluid flow testing. A fracture measuring 6 cm × 6 cm was analyzed using high-resolution photogrammetry, and 3D models of well-matched and dislocated surfaces were used to quantify aperture and roughness. Results showed a nonlinear increase in physical aperture with dislocation up to the maximum tested dislocation of 5 mm, accompanied by a decrease in surface roughness. A custom fluid flow setup was developed to test both natural and printed samples under varying hydraulic pressure gradients. Flow tests demonstrated that dislocation enlarged hydraulic apertures and increased flow rates, following a nonlinear relationship with hydraulic pressure gradient. Forchheimer's analysis indicated that hydraulic aperture (e h ) and the non-Darcy coefficient (β) are direction-dependent and highly sensitive to the magnitude of dislocation, resulting in flow anisotropy, jointly controlled by aperture and roughness. Comparisons between natural and printed samples revealed consistent flow trends but overestimated hydraulic apertures compared to the natural rock. The findings highlight the suitability of 3D-printed replicas for controlled fracture flow studies, while underlining current challenges in replicating natural roughness due to limitations in 3D printing and photogrammetry.

Tablet subdivision is widely used for dosage adjustment, particularly in pediatrics and geriatrics, but conventional splitting often leads to poor dose uniformity, increased friability, and stability issues. This study explored the feasibility of two leading 3D printing technologies, fused deposition modeling (FDM) and binder jetting (BJ), for producing detachable tablets specifically designed for accurate subdivision. Tablets were designed with distinct score geometries (continuous and dotted) and fabricated using PVA (FDM) or calcium sulfate (BJ). In addition, a representative drug-loaded FDM sample was also evaluated. BJ tablets were further treated with saline to enhance structural cohesion. The printed dosage forms were systematically characterized for mass variation, mass loss, friability, pore volume, and morphology. Results demonstrated that FDM tablets achieved the highest performance, with mass variation consistently below 2% and negligible mass loss (<0.1%), even after subdivision into eighths, with comparable subdivision accuracy observed for the drug-loaded formulation. BJ tablets showed greater variability but achieved acceptable results when optimized with dotted-score design and saline post-treatment, with friability values (∼0.3%), well below the 1% pharmacopeial limit. Morphological analyses confirmed improved cohesion and reduced porosity after post-treatment. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of 3D printing to overcome the limitations of conventional tablet splitting by enabling dosage forms specifically engineered for accurate and reproducible subdivision. This approach may complement both individualized and large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing scenarios.

Prospects for SLS 3D printing of PA12/bentonite/kaolinite composite membrane

To empower MR scientists and clinicians to produce customized, high-definition anthropomorphic MRI phantoms directly from patient or volunteer DICOM images using commercially available 3D printers and printing materials. Suitable 3D printing materials were identified and calibrated to reproduce target MR image contrasts when scanned using clinical MR sequences with default acquisition parameters. A custom software tool was developed to convert the DICOM images into 3D-printing material maps, in which micrometer-scale droplets of three distinct printing materials were spatially intermixed to replicate tissue-equivalent contrasts consistent with those in the source MR images. A prototype MR head phantom was fabricated based on 0.5 × 0.5 × 1.0 mm3 resolution head images acquired from a volunteer. When scanned with clinical MR sequences across various contrast settings, the phantom images reproduced fine anatomical details, demonstrating the phantom's ability to replicate realistic anatomy. This work advances the efforts to bridge the gap between the needs of researchers and clinicians for MRI phantoms with realistic anatomy and tissue-specific contrast, and the practical availability of such phantoms to all interested users. The approach eliminates the need for complex image segmentation, advanced computer-aided design (CAD) skills, specialized manufacturing techniques, or in-depth knowledge of material science.

3D bioprinting requires biocompatible and rheologically tuned bioinks. In this study, we present the initial use of a visible-light riboflavin-5′-phosphate (FMN)/L-arginine photoinitiation system with synthetic, fully degradable poly(α,L-amino acid) (PolyAA) precursors, specifically methacrylated poly( N 5 –2-hydroxyethyl- l -glutamine) (PHEG-MA) and hyaluronic acid methacrylated (HA-MA). Systematic evaluation of FMN (0.1–0.5% w / v ) and L-arginine (1–2% w/v) concentrations revealed a specific kinetic window for efficient gelation under mild visible light (450 nm, 30 mW/cm 2 ). The resulting PHEG-MA and HA-MA hydrogels exhibited high yield and tunable cross-linking density and mechanical properties.These findings led us to develop a range of bioinks made from PHEG-MA for 3D bioprinting. To address the low inherent viscosity of PHEG-MA, we developed a modular bioink platform using HA-MA and guar gum as rheological modifiers. This approach enabled high-fidelity fabrication across multiple 3D bioprinting setups, including temperature-controlled extrusion, electromagnetic droplet (EMD) and photocuring printheads on a the Cellink BIO X 3D printer. The resulting constructs exhibited structural stability in culture and maintained high viability of encapsulated HEK 293 T cells, establishing these modular PolyAA-based formulations as a versatile, cell-friendly, and synthetic alternative to animal-derived bioinks, such as gelatin methacrylate (GelMA). This demonstated theirpotential for use in tissue engineering applications. • This is the first implementation of visible-light FMN/L-arginine photoinitiation for the synthesis of fully degradable poly(α-amino acid) (PolyAA) precursors. • Optimized FMN:L-arginine ratios (1:10) overcome radical quenching and define precise kinetic windows for PolyAA gelation. • Modular rheological tuning using HA-MA and guar allows for precise electromagnetic droplet (EMD) and extrusion-based bioprinting. • Visible-light curing preserves high cell viability, providing a synthetic, animal-free alternative to GelMA bioinks.

Clinical effectiveness of a patient-tailored mouthpiece based on 3-dimensional (3D) scanner modeling and 3D printing technology for microstomia caused by burns: A pilot study.

Glucose-sensitive and 3D-printable dynamic chitosan hydrogels from boronic acid-functionalized chitosan and gallol-functionalized chitosan.

Multi-phase particles: Versatile fabrication process enhanced by 3D printing

Modified 3D-printed screwdriver as a rescue innovation for activation of a mandibular external multi-vector distractor.